BDwbU

msL¨v c×wZ
5
f~wgKv
gvbe mf¨Zvi m~PbvjMœ †_‡K gvbyl wnmve I MYbvi Kv‡R wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ ai‡Yi msL¨v c×wZ e¨envi K‡i
Avm‡Q| Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b wKQz msL¨v cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q, wKQz nvwi‡q †M‡Q| †hgb- ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Avgiv `kwgK
msL¨v c×wZ e¨envi Kwi| Avevi Kw¤úDUvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ AbymiY K‡i| GB BDwb‡U eûj
cÖPwjZ msL¨v c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV - 5.1 : msL¨v Avwe¯‹v‡ii BwZnvm, msL¨v c×wZ I msL¨v c×wZi cÖKvi‡f`
cvV - 5.2 : msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi
cvV - 5.3 : `kwgK †_‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi
cvV - 5.4 : `kwgK †_‡K A±¨v‡j iƒcvšÍi
cvV - 5.5 : `kwgK †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi
cvV - 5.6 : evBbvwi †_‡K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi
cvV - 5.7 : A±¨vj †_‡K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi
cvV - 5.8 : †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi
cvV - 5.9 : evBbvwi †_‡K A±¨v‡j Ges A±¨vj †_‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi
cvV - 5.10 : evBbvwi †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j Ges †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi
cvV - 5.11 : A±¨vj †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j Ges †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K A±¨v‡j iƒcvšÍi
cvV - 5.12 : evBbvwi †hvM I we‡qvM
cvV - 5.13 : wPýhy³ msL¨v
cvV - 5.14 : †KvW I †Kv‡Wi aviYv
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-5.1 msL¨v Avwe¯‹v‡ii BwZnvm, msL¨v c×wZ I msL¨v c×wZi cÖKvi‡f`

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 msL¨v c×wZi BwZnvm eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 msL¨v c×wZi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ cÖKvi msL¨v c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã msL¨v c×wZ

5.1.1 msL¨v Avwe®‹v‡ii BwZnvm

mf¨Zvi Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB gvby‡li g‡a¨ wnmve ev MYbv Kivi aviYv m„wó nq| ïiæ‡Z MYbvi Kv‡R gvby l
nv‡Zi Av½yj‡K e¨envi KiZ| cieZ©x‡Z Av½y‡j MYbvi mxgve×Zv †_‡K †ei n‡q c‡o Ges ïiæ nq KvwV, bywo-
cv_i, `woi wMU BZ¨vw` DcKi‡Yi e¨envi| DbœwZi av‡c av‡c MYbvi RM‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i wewfbœ ai‡bi wPý ev
cÖZxK e¨envi K‡i| mv‡_ mv‡_ wewfbœ Dcv‡q MYbvi c×wZI Pvjy nq|
Abygvb Kiv nq L„÷c~e© 3200 mv‡j nvqv‡ivwMø wd· ( Hieroglyphics) wPý ev msL¨v c×wZ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g
me©cÖ_g MYbvi Kv‡R wjwLZ msL¨v ev wP‡ýi cÖPjb ïiæ nq| Gici ïiæ nq †gqvb ( Mayan) c×wZ| Zviv
e¨envi Ki‡Zv 20 wfwËK msL¨v Ges 5 wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ| L„÷c~e© 3400 mv‡j †ivgvbiv Zv‡`i wbR¯^ eY©gvjv
e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †ivgvb (Roman) msL¨v c×wZ Pvjy K‡i| L„óc~e© 4000 mv‡ji w`‡K fviZe‡l© `kwfwËK msL¨vi
cÖPjb nq Ges Avi‡ei cwЇZiv Zv‡`i G c×wZi Dci e¨vcK M‡elYv K‡i `kwfwËK msL¨v cÖKv‡ki †KŠkj I
MYbvi cÖeZ© b K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z Zv Avie †_‡K BD‡iv‡c cÖ‡ek K‡i| L„óc~e© 400 mv‡j wMÖ‡m 27wU wMÖK
Avjdv‡eU wb‡q 10 wfwËK msL¨v c×wZ Pvjy nq|

wPÎ 5.1 : MYbvi Rb¨ wgkixq‡`i Øviv e¨eüZ nvqv‡ivwMøwd· (Hieroglyphics) cÖZxK
wgkixqiv wnmv‡e e¨v‡jÝ bv _vK‡j Zv‡K ÔbdiÕ ev Ôk~b¨Õ w`‡q cÖKvk K‡i| †Kvb wKQz bvB Giƒc †evSv‡Z
fviZxqiv ms¯‹…Z kã Ôk~b¨Õ e¨envi Ki‡Zv| 600 mv‡ji w`‡K FYvZ¡K msL¨v e¨envi Kiv nq Kv‡iv FY
†evSv‡bvi Rb¨| fMœ vsk msL¨v cÖ_g cÖeZ© b nq wgk‡i| Z‡e wMÖ K I fviZxq MwYZwe`iv L„óc~e© Aa©k Zvãx‡Z
fMœvsk msL¨vi ZË¡ I Dccv`¨ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| `vk©w bK Gwi÷Uj me©cÖ_g Amxg () Gi ms‡KZ cÖPjb K‡ib|
cÖvPxb fviZxq MwYZwe` wcsMvjv (Pingala) k~b¨ (Ò0Ó) Avwe®‹v‡ii gva¨‡g wLª÷c~e© 3q kZvãx‡Z cÖ_g evBbvwi
msL¨v c×wZi aviYv †`b| m‡Zi kZvãx‡Z MU‡d«BW wjewbR (Gottfried Leibiz) GKwU AvwU©‡K‡j AvaywbK

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 83

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

evBbvwi msL¨v m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY †`b| wZwb evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ‡Z 0 Ges 1 e¨envi K‡ib| cÖL¨vZ Bs‡iR
MwYZwe` RR© eyj (George Boole) 1854 mv‡j mZ¨ Ges wg_¨v G `yB hyw³ ev jwR‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i eywjqvb
exRMwYZ iPbv K‡ib| evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ Avwe®‹…Z nIqvi ci mZ¨ Ges wg_¨v‡K h_vµ‡g evBbvwi 1 I 0 w`‡q
cwieZ©b Kivi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡i mg¯Í MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e nq| wWwRUvj B‡j±ªwbK hš¿ cvwZi
jwRK †M‡U G msL¨v c×wZi e¨vcK cÖ‡qvM i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov mKj Avay wbK Kw¤úDUv‡i eBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ
e¨envi Kiv nq|

5.1.2 msL¨v c×wZ

†Kvb msL¨v †jLv ev cÖKvk Kivi c×wZ‡KB msL¨v c×wZ ejv nq| msL¨v ˆZwi Kivi wewfbœ cÖZxKB n‡”Q AsK|
AsK e¨envi K‡i msL¨v c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ †h †Kvb cwigvY‡K (Quantity) cÖ Kvk Kiv hvq| †hgb- `kwgK c×wZ‡Z
123 msL¨vwU 1, 2 I 3 Avjv`v wZbwU As‡Ki Øviv MwVZ n‡q‡Q|

msL¨v c×wZi wfwË

†Kv‡bv msL¨v c×wZi wfwË ev †eR n‡jv H c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ †gvU †gŠwjK wPýmg~‡ni ev mvs‡KwZK wPý¸‡jvi
†gvU msL¨v| Avgv‡`i AwZ cwiwPZ `kwgK c×wZ‡Z †gvU `kwU †gŠwjK wPý ev cÖZxK i‡q‡Q| h_v 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8 I 9| †m Kvi‡Y `kwgK c×wZi wfwË n‡jv 10| Avevi evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ‡Z †gvU †gŠwjK wPý
Av‡Q `yBwU (0 Ges 1)| †m Kvi‡Y evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZi wfwË ev †eR n‡jv 2|

¯’vbxq gvb
‡Kvb GKwU msL¨vi ‡h ¯’ v‡b ‡Kvb AsK ev cÖwZKwUi Ae¯’ vb Zv‡K ¯’ vbxq gvb e‡j| Avgv‡`i wnmve-wbKv‡k
me‡P‡q †ewk cwiwPZ `kwgK c×wZi 425 msL¨vwU‡Z 4 AsKwU Z…Zxq Ae¯’ v‡b (A_© vr kZ‡Ki N‡i) Av‡Q Ges
GLv‡b †eR ev wfwË n‡”Q 10| myZivs GB wZbwU As‡Ki wfwˇZ ejv hvq GLv‡b 4wU kZK Av‡Q| MvwYwZK
fvlvq Zv n‡jv
4  100 + 2  10 + 5  1 ev 4  102 + 2 101 + 5  100
D‡jøL¨, k~b¨ Qvov †h ‡Kv‡bv msL¨vi NvZ (Power) k~b¨ n‡j Zvi gvb nq 1|
†Kv‡bv GKwU `kwgK msL¨v cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ GKK, `kK, kZ‡Ki Ni A_©vr 100, 101, 102 BZ¨vw` Ni Av‡Q|
GLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨KwU ¯’ vb‡KB 10 Gi cvIqvi (Power) wnmv‡e †`Lv‡bv nq| myZivs †`Lv hvq †h, †Kv‡bv GKwU msL¨v
c×wZi cici †QvU †_‡K eo ¯’vbxq gv‡bi gvb‡K H msL¨v c×wZi †e‡Ri 0, 1, 2, 3,4 ..... BZ¨vw` cvIqvi
m¤^wjZ gvb w`‡q cÖ Kvk Kiv nq|

5.1.3 msL¨v c×wZi cÖKvi‡f`

msL¨v c×wZi †eR ev wfwËi Dci wbf©i K‡i Pvi ai‡bi msL¨v c×wZi cÖPjb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ
1. `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ ( Decimal Number System)
2. evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ ( Binary Number System)
3. A±¨vj msL¨v c×wZ (Octal Number System) I
4. †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ ( Hexadecimal Number System)|

`kwgK msL¨v c×wZ

gvbyl ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b MYbv wKsev wnmve-wbKv‡ki Rb¨ †h msL¨v c×wZ e¨envi K‡i ZvB `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ| G
c×wZi †eR ev wfwË n‡”Q 10| KviY GB c×wZ‡Z †gvU 10 wU †gŠwjK wPý e¨envi Kiv nq| h_vÑ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8 Ges 9| (101)10 , 12310, (98.73)10 BZ¨vw` n‡jv `kwgK msL¨vi D`vniY| D‡jøL¨, mvaviY wnmve-

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 84

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

wbKv‡ki Rb¨ `kwgK msL¨v c×wZi e¨vcK cÖPjb _vK‡jI Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍixY cÖ‡mwms‡qi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv
hvq bv|

evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ

†h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z 0 Ges 1 GB `yÕwUgvÎ msL¨v ev AsK e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ e‡j| †gvU
`yÕwU AsK e¨env‡ii Kvi‡YB GB msL¨v c×wZi †eR ev wfwË n‡”Q 2| †hgb- (101)2 , 100012, (1000.111)2
BZ¨vw` n‡jv evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZi D`vniY| GB c×wZi 0 Ges 1 GB AsK `yÕwU‡K ms‡ÿ‡c weU ( Binary †_‡K
Bi Ges Digit †_‡K t wb‡q Bit) ejv nq| 0 Ges 1-†K wewfbœfv‡e mvwR‡q †h †Kvb msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨v
c×wZ‡Z †jLv m¤¢e| †hgbÑ `kwgK msL¨v 127 evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ‡Z 10000011|

A±¨vj msL¨v c×wZ

A±¨vj msL¨v c×wZi †eR ev wfwË n‡”Q 8| GB c×wZ‡Z 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Ges 7 GB 8wU †gŠwjK AsK e¨eüZ
nq| (101)8 , (731)8, (645.103)8 BZ¨vw` n‡jv A±¨vj msL¨vi D`vniY|

†n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ

GB c×wZi wfwË n‡”Q 16| A_©vr GB c×wZ‡Z 16 wU †gŠwjK AsK i‡q‡Q| GB msL¨vmg~n 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9 Ges AZtci A, B, C, D, E I F| eY© (Alphabet) Ges msL¨v (Number) Df‡qi e¨envi _vKvi Kvi‡Y
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZi Av‡iK bvg AvjdvwbD‡gwiK msL¨v c×wZ| †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZi A, B, C,
D, E Ges F-Gi mgZzj¨ `kwgK n‡”Q h_vµg 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 Ges 15| (151)16 ,(1B)16,(ABC. B)16 BZ¨vw`
n‡jv †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi D`vniY|

wkÿv_©xi KvR wewfbœ ai‡bi msL¨v c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ †gŠwjK, cÖwZK, †eR D`vniYmn wjLy b|

mvims‡ÿc
mf¨Zvi Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB gvby‡li g‡a¨ wnmve ev MYbv Kivi aviYv m„wó nq| eZ©gv‡b MYbvi Rb¨ g~jZ evBbvwi,
A±¨vj, `kwgK I †n·v‡Wwm‡gj BZ¨vw` msL¨v c×wZ e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e mvaviYZ †Kvb msL¨v †jLv ev
cÖKvk Kivi c×wZ‡KB msL¨v c×wZ ejv nq| msL¨v ˆZwi Kivi wewfbœ cÖZxKB n‡”Q AsK| Avi †Kv‡bv msL¨v
c×wZi wfwË ev †eR n‡jv H c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ †gvU †gŠwjK wPýmg~‡ni ev mvs‡KwZK wPý¸‡jvi †gvU msL¨v|
‡hgb- `kwgK c×wZ‡Z †gvU `kwU †gŠwjK wPý ev cÖ ZxK i‡q‡Q (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 I 9)| †m Kvi‡Y
`kwgK c×wZi wfwË n‡jv 10|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ wfwË KZ?
K) 2 L) 4
M) 8 N) 16
2| msL¨v c×wZi †eR ev wfwËi Dci wbf©i K‡i KZ ai‡bi msL¨v c×wZ Av‡Q?
K) 3 L) 4
M) 5 N) 6

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 85

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

cvV-5.2 msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 wewfbœ msL¨v c×wZi AvšÍ:m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi wel‡q aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi|

5.2.1 wewfbœ msL¨v c×wZi AvšÍ:m¤úK©

msL¨v c×wZi †eR ev wfwËi Dci wbf©i K‡i Pvi ai‡bi msL¨v c×wZ eZ©gv‡b eûj cÖPwjZ| Gme
msL¨v c×wZi †gvU As‡Ki msL¨v Avjv`v| wKš‘ G‡`i cvi¯úwiK iƒcvšÍi m¤¢e| evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ‡Z `yBwU,
A±¨vj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z AvUwU, `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ‡Z `kwU, †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z ‡lvjwU AsK| wb‡Pi
mviwY‡Z 0 †_‡K 20 ch©šÍ `kwgK msL¨vi mgZzj¨ evBbvwi, A±¨vj Ges †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v †`Lv‡bv n‡jv
wewfbœ msL¨v c×wZ‡Z wewfbœ msL¨vi gvb
`kwgK msL¨v evBbvwi msL¨v A±¨vj msL¨v †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14

5.2.2 msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi

Avgiv ‰`bw›`b Rxe‡b `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ e¨envi Kwi wKš‘ Kw¤úDUv‡i evBbvwi, A±¨vj I †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v
c×wZ e¨eüZ nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍixY cÖwµqvKi‡Yi welq e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi¸‡jv
Rvb‡Z nq| †hgb-

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 86

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

o `kwgK msL¨v †_‡K Ab¨ †h †Kvb msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi

o Ab¨ ‡Kvb msL¨v c×wZ †_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
o evBbvwi I A±¨vj msL¨vi cvi¯úwiK iƒcvšÍi
o evBbvwi †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj iƒcvšÍi
o A±¨vj †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj iƒcvšÍi
o †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K A±¨vj iƒcvšÍi
o †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K evBbvwi iƒcvšÍi

5.2.3 `kwgK msL¨v †_‡K Ab¨ †h ‡Kvb msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi

`kwgK msL¨v †_‡K Ab¨ †h †Kvb msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ c~Y© Ask I fMœvs‡ki Rb¨ Avjv`vfv‡e iƒcvšÍi
Ki‡Z nq|
1| c~Y© As‡ki †ÿ‡Î:
 `kwgK msL¨v †_‡K Ab¨ †h ‡Kvb msL¨v c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi †eR ev wfwË Øviv fvM K‡i
fvM‡kl msiÿY K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
 fvMdj k~b¨ bv nIqv ch©šÍ GB cÖwµqv Pj‡Z _vK‡e|
 cÖvß fvM‡kl †kl †_‡K ïiæi w`‡K K‡i mvRv‡jB Kvw•LZ msL¨vwU †c‡q hv‡e|
2| fMœvs‡ki †ÿ‡Î:
 fMœvsk `kwgK msL¨v †_‡K Ab¨ †h ‡Kvb msL¨v c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi †eR ev wfwË
Øviv ¸Y K‡i ¸Yd‡ji c~Y© Ask msiÿY K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
 ¸Yd‡ji gvb k~b¨ bv nIqv ch©šÍ GB cÖwµqv Pj‡Z _vK‡e|
 cÖvß c~Y© Ask ïiæ †_‡K †k‡li w`‡K K‡i mvRv‡jB Kvw•LZ msL¨vwU †c‡q hv‡e|

wkÿv_©xi KvR msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi Ici GKwU cÖw Z‡e`b ˆZwi Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
Avgiv ‰`bw›`b Rxe‡b `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ e¨envi Kwi wKš‘ Kw¤úDUv‡i evBbvwi, A±¨vj I †n·v‡Wwm‡gj
msL¨v c×wZ e¨eüZ nq| ZvB GK ai‡bi msL¨v c×wZ‡K Ab¨ msL¨v c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq| A_©vr
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍixY cÖwµqvKi‡Yi welq e¨vL¨v we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ msL¨v c×wZi iƒcvšÍi¸‡jv cÖ‡qvRb nq| Z‡e
KwZcq wKQz wbqg Abyq vqx GB iƒcvšÍ‡ii KvRwU mn‡RB Kiv hvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| `kwgK msL¨vi 12 Gi evBbvwi gvb KZ?
K. 1001 L. 1010
M. 1011 N. 1100
2| Kw¤úDUvi Af¨šÍixY KvR Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi msL¨v c×wZ e¨envi K‡i ?
K.`kwgK L.evBbvwi
M.A±¨vj N.†n·v‡Wwm‡gj

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 87

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

cvV-5.3 `kwgK †_‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ eY©b v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœ vsk `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã `kwgK msL¨v, evBbvwi msL¨v|

5.3.1 `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

`kwgK c~Y© msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ msL¨vwU‡K 2 Øviv (†h‡nZz evBbvwi msL¨vi wfwË
2) Dch©y cwi fvM Ki‡Z nq hZÿY ch©šÍ bv fvMdj 0 (k~b¨) nq| AZ:ci fvM‡kl¸‡jv‡K m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK
(Most Significant Bit-MSB) †_‡K me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ( Least Significant Bit-LSB) ch©šÍ avivevwnKfv‡e
mvwR‡q msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ evBbvwi gvb wbY©q Kiv hvq|
 c~Y© `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
1. `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨ `kwgK msL¨v‡K 2 w`‡q fvM K‡i fvM‡kl‡K
msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. fvMdj‡K cybivq 2 w`‡q fvM K‡i fvM‡kl‡K msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. G c×wZi cybive„wË Ki‡Z n‡e hZÿY bv fvR¨ 0 nq|
4. msiwÿZ fvM‡kl¸‡jv‡K †kl †_‡K cÖ_g w`‡K avivevwnKfv‡e A_© vr D‡ëv K‡i mvwR‡q wjL‡j †h
msL¨vwU cvIqv hvq ZvB `kwgK msL¨vi mgKÿ evBbvwi msL¨v|

D`vniY 1: (105)10 msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi| D`vniY 2: (7) 10 msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|
mgvavbt mgvavbt
2 105 Aewkó 2 7 Aewkó
2 52  1 me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (LSB) 2 3 1  LSB
2 26  0 2 1 1
2 13  0 0  1 MSB
2 61
2 30 myZivs, (7) 10 = (111)2
2 11
2 01 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (MSB)
myZivs, (105)10 = (1101001)2

 fMœvsk `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

1. fMœvsk‡K Dch©ycwi 2 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e| ¸Yd‡ji c~Y© AskwU msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Gfv‡e fMœ vsk‡K Dch©ycwi 2 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e hZÿY ch©šÍ bv ¸Yd‡ji fMœvsk 0 nq|
3. AZ:ci cÖ vß c~Y© Ask ïiæ †_‡K †k‡li w`‡K K‡i mvRv‡jB Kvw•LZ msL¨vwU †c‡q hv‡e|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 88

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

D`vniY 3: (0.625)10 ‡K evBbvwi iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv

¸Y ¸Ydj fMœvsk c~Y© msL¨v

.625 ×2 1.250 .250 1 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ( MSB)
.250×2 0.50 .50 0
.50 ×2 1.00 .00 1 me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ( LSB)

myZivs, (0.625)10 = (0.101)2

D`vniY 4: (15.25)10 ‡K evBbvwi iƒcvšÍi cÖ wµqv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv

c~Y© Askt
2 15  Aewkó
fMœvskt
¸Y ¸Ydj fMœvsk c~Y© msL¨v
2 7  1 me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK
.25 ×2 0.50 .50 0 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK
2 31
.50 ×2 1.00 .00 1 me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK
2 11
0  1 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK myZivs (0.25)10 = (0.01)2
myZivs (15)10 = (1111)2
 djvdj, (15.25)10 = (1111.01)2

wkÿv_©xi KvR (75.125)10 -‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
`kwgK c~ Y© msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ msL¨vwU‡K 2 Øviv (†h‡nZz evBbvwi msL¨vi wfwË 2)
Dch©ycwi fvM Ki‡Z nq hZÿY ch©šÍ bv fvMdj 0 (k~b¨) nq| AZ:ci fvM‡kl¸‡jv‡K m‡e© v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK
(Most Significant Bit-MSB) †_‡K me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ( Least Significant Bit-LSB) ch©šÍ avivevwnKfv‡e
mvwR‡q msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ evBbvwi gvb wbY©q Kiv hvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| `kwgK msL¨vi wfwË KZ?
K) 2 L) 8
M) 10 N) 16

2| `kwgK c~Y© msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ msL¨vwU‡K KZ Øviv fvM w`‡Z nq?
K) 2 L) 8
M) 10 N) 16

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 89

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

cvV-5.4 `kwgK †_‡K A±¨v‡j iƒcvšÍi

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 `kwgK msL¨v‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœ vsk `kwgK msL¨v‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã A±¨vj msL¨v|

5.4.1 `kwgK msL¨v‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

`kwgK c~Y© msL¨v‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ msL¨vwU‡K 8 Øviv (†h‡nZz A±¨vj msL¨vi wfwË 8) Dch©y cwi
fvM Ki‡Z nq hZÿY ch©šÍ bv fvMdj 0 (k~b¨) nq| AZtci fvM‡kl¸‡jv‡K m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ( Most
Significant Digit -MSD) †_‡K me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ( Least Significant Digit-LSD) ch©šÍ avivevwnKfv‡e
mvwR‡q msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ A±¨vj gvb wbY©q Kiv nq|

5.4.2 c~Y© `kwgK msL¨v‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

1. `kwgK msL¨v‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨ `kwgK msL¨v‡K 8 w`‡q fvM K‡i fvM‡kl‡K msiÿY
Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. fvMdj‡K cybivq 8 w`‡q fvM K‡i fvM‡kl‡K msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. G c×wZi cybive„wË Ki‡Z n‡e hZÿY bv fvR¨ 0 nq|
4. msiwÿZ fvM‡kl¸‡jv‡K †kl †_‡K cÖ_g w`‡K avivevwnKfv‡e A_© vr D‡ëv K‡i mvwR‡q wjL‡j †h msL¨vwU
cvIqv hvq ZvB `kwgK msL¨vi mgKÿ A±¨vj msL¨v|

D`vniY 1: (175)10 msL¨v‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|

mgvavbt
8 175 Aewkó
8 21  7  LSD
8 2 5
8 0  2 MSD

myZivs, (175)10 = (257)8

D`vniY 2: (75)10 msL¨vi mgKÿ ev mgZzj¨ A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|

mgvavbt
8 75  Aewkó
8 9  3 me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ( LSD)
8 11
0  1 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ( MSD)

myZivs, (75)10 = (113)8

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 90

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

5.4.2 fMœvsk `kwgK msL¨v‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

fMœvsk `kwgK msL¨v‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi avc¸wj AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e-
1. fMœvsk‡K Dch©ycwi 8 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e| ¸Yd‡ji c~Y© AskwU msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Gfv‡e fMœ vsk‡K Dch©ycwi 8 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e hZÿY ch©šÍ bv ¸Yd‡ji fMœvsk 0 nq|
3. AZtci Dc‡i w`K †_‡K wb‡Pi w`‡Ki c~Y© Ask¸‡jv evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K ch©vqµ‡g mvwR‡q wjL‡Z n‡e|

D`vniY 3: (0.625)10- A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv

¸Ydj ¸Ydj fMœvsk c~Y© msL¨v

.625 ×8 1.20 .20 1 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ( MSD)
.20 ×8 1.60 .60 1
.60 ×8 4.80 .80 4
.80×8 6.40 .40 6
.40×8 3.20 .20 3 me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ( LSD)
........ ...... .... .......

myZivs, (0.15)10 = (0.11463….)8

D`vniY 4: (0.3125)10- A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi cÖ wµqv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv

¸Ydj ¸Ydj fMœvsk c~Y© msL¨v

.3125 ×8 2.50 .50 2 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ( MSD)
.50 ×8 4.00 .00 4 me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ( LSD)

myZivs, (0.3125)10 = (0.24)8

D`vniY 4: (15.8125)10- A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv

c~Y© Askt
8 15  Aewkó
8 1  7 me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ( LSD)
0  1 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ( MSD)

myZivs, (15)10 = (17)8

¸Ydj ¸Ydj fMœvsk c~Y© msL¨v
.8125 ×8 6.50 .50 6 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ( MSD)
.50 ×8 4.00 .00 4 me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK ( LSD)

myZivs, (0.8125)10 = (0.64)8

 djvdj t (15.8125)10 = (17.64)8

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 91

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

wkÿv_©xi KvR (225.8125)10 †K A±¨v‡j iƒcvšÍi Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
`kwgK c~Y© msL¨v‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ msL¨vwU‡K 8 Øviv (†h‡nZz A±¨vj msL¨vi wfwË 2)
Dch©ycwi fvM Ki‡Z nq hZÿY ch©šÍ bv fvMdj 0 (k~b¨) nq| AZ:ci fvM‡kl¸‡jv‡K m‡e© v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK
(Most Significant Digit - MSD) †_‡K me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (Least Significant Digit -LSD) ch©šÍ
avivevwnKfv‡e mvwR‡q msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ A±¨vj gvb wbY©q Kiv hvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| c~Y© `kwgK msL¨v‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨ `kwgK msL¨v‡K KZ Øviv fvM w`‡Z nq?
K) 2 L) 8
M) 10 N) 16

2| fMœvsk‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Dch©y cwi 8 w`‡q - Ki‡Z n‡e|
K) ¸Y L) fvM
M) we‡qvM N) we‡qvM

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 92

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-5.5 `kwgK †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 `kwgK msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ eY©b v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœ vsk `kwgK msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v|

5.5.1 `kwgK msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

`kwgK c~Y© msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ msL¨vwU‡K 16 Øviv (†h‡nZz †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v
c×wZi wfwË n‡”Q 16) Dch©y cwi fvM Ki‡Z n‡e hZÿY ch©šÍ bv fvMdj k~b¨ (0) nq| AZtci fvM‡kl¸‡jv‡K
m‡e©v”P ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© AsK (MSD) †_‡K me©w bgœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© AsK (LSD) ch©šÍ avivevwnKfv‡e evg †_‡K Wv‡b mvRv‡j
msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e|

5.5.2 c~Y© `kwgK msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

1. `kwgK msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨ `kwgK msL¨v‡K 16 w`‡q fvM K‡i fvM‡kl‡K
msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. fvMdj‡K cybivq 16 w`‡q fvM K‡i fvM‡kl‡K msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. G c×wZi cybive„wË Ki‡Z n‡e hZÿY bv fvR¨ 0 nq|
4. msiwÿZ fvM‡kl¸‡jv‡K †kl †_‡K cÖ_g w`‡K avivevwnKfv‡e A_© vr D‡ëv K‡i mvwR‡q wjL‡j 1 ‡_‡K F Gi
mgš^‡q †h msL¨vwU cvIqv hvq ZvB `kwgK msL¨vi mgKÿ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v|
5. fvM‡kl msiÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î hw` fvM‡kl 10 †_‡K 15 nq Z‡e h_vµ‡g 10 A, 11 B, 12 C,
13 D, 14 E I 15 F msL¨v wjL‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY 1: (962)10 †K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
Aewkó
16 962
16 60  2  LSD
16 3  12 = C  [`kwgK c×wZi 12 = †n·v‡Wwm‡gj c×wZi C]
0  3  MSD

myZivs, (962)10 = (3C2)16

D`vniY 2: (4851)10 †K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
16 4851  Aewkó
16 303  3 me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (LSD)
16 18 15(F)
16 12
01 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (MSD)
myZivs, (4851)10 = (12F3)16

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 93

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

5.5.3 fMœvsk `kwgK msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

`kwgK fMœ vsk‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ cybt cyb t 16 Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e hZÿY ch©šÍ bv
¸Yd‡ji fMœvsk k~b¨ (0) nq| ZvB fMœvsk `kwgK msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi
avc¸wj AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e-
1. fMœvsk‡K Dch©ycwi 16 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e| ¸Yd‡ji c~Y© AskwU msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Gfv‡e fMœ vsk‡K Dch©ycwi 16 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e hZÿY ch©šÍ bv ¸Yd‡ji fMœvsk 0 nq|
3. AZtci Dc‡i w`K †_‡K wb‡Pi w`‡Ki c~Y© Ask¸‡jv evg †_‡K Wvb w`‡K ch©vqµ‡g mvwR‡q wjL‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY 3: (0.925)10- ‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj iƒcvšÍi cÖ wµqv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv
¸Ydj ¸Ydj fMœvsk c~Y© msL¨v
.925 ×16 14.80 .80 14(E) m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (MSD)
.80 ×16 12.80 .80 12(C)
.80 ×16 12.80 .80 12(C)
.80 ×16 12.80 .80 12(C)
… …. …. ….. me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (LSD)
myZivs, (0.925)10 = (0.ECCC….)16
D`vniY 4: (0.3125)10- ‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv
¸Ydj ¸Ydj fMœvsk c~Y© msL¨v
.8125 ×16 5.00 .0 5

myZivs, (0.8125)10 = (0.5)16

D`vniY 5: (726.48)10- †K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
c~Y© Askt
16 726  Aewkó
16 45  6 me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (LSD)
16 2  13(D)
02 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (MSD)
myZivs, (726)10 = (2D6)16
fMœvskt
¸Ydj ¸Ydj fMœvsk c~Y© msL¨v
.48 ×16 7.68 .68 7 m‡e©v”P ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (MSD)
.68 ×16 10.88 .88 10(A)
.88 ×16 14.08 .08 14(E)
.08 ×16 1.28 .28 1
.28 ×16 4.48 .48 4 me©wbgœ ¸iæ‡Z¡i AsK (LSD)
…. …. …. ….

myZivs, (0.48)10 = (0.7AE14…)16

 djvdj t (726.48)10 = (2D6. 7AE14…)16

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 94

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

wkÿv_©xi KvR (15.8125)10 †K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
`kwgK msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨ `kwgK msL¨v‡K 16 w`‡q fvM K‡i fvM‡kl‡K
msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| fvMdj‡K cy bivq 16 w`‡q fvM K‡i fvM‡kl‡K msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| G c×wZi cybive„wË
Ki‡Z n‡e hZÿY bv fvR¨ 0 nq| msiwÿZ fvM‡kl¸‡jv‡K †kl †_‡K cÖ_g w`‡K avivevwnKfv‡e mvwR‡q
wjL‡j `kwgK msL¨vi mgKÿ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| c~Y© `kwgK msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨ `kwgK msL¨v‡K KZ Øviv fvM w`‡Z nq?
K) 2 L) 8
M) 10 N) 16

2| fMœvsk‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Dch©y cwi 16 w`‡q - Ki‡Z n‡e|
K) †hvM L) we‡qvM
M) ¸Y N) fvM

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 95

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

cvV-5.6 evBbvwi †_‡K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 evBbvwi †_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ eY©b v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœ vsk evBbvwi msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã evBbvwi msL¨v |

5.6.1 evBbvwi †_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

†Kvb evBbvwi msL¨vi cÖ‡Z¨KwU AsK‡K wbR wbR ¯’ vbxq gvb Øviv ¸Y K‡i cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³ evBbvwi
msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ `kwgK gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
5.6.2 c~Y© msL¨vi †ÿ‡ÎÑ
evBbvwi ‡_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi mgq cÖ‡ Z¨K AsK‡K 2 Øviv MyY Ki‡Z n‡e| ¸Y Kivi mgq ¯’ vbxq
gvb Abyhvqx 2 Gi NvZ 0 n‡Z evov‡Z n‡e| ‡hgb- GKK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 20 Øviv , `kK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 21
Øviv, kZK ¯’ vbxq AsKwU‡K 22,------- Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³ evBbvwi msL¨vwUi
mgZzj¨ `kwgK gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vniY 1: (1101)2- ‡K ‡Wwm‡gj ev `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
mgvavb:
= (11 Gi ¯’ vbxq gvb) + (11 Gi ¯’ vbxq gvb) + (00 Gi ¯’ vbxq gvb) + (11 Gi ¯’ vbxq gvb)
= 1  23 + 1  22 + 0  21 + 1  2  evBbvwi msL¨vi wfwË = 2
=18+14+02+11
=8+4+0+1
 wfwË Ges Ae¯’ v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i ¯’ vbxq gvb wbY© q
= 13 Kiv nq|
 (1101)2 = (13)10  †Kvb As‡Ki NvZ ev kw³ Ô0Õ n‡j gvb Ô1Õ n‡e|
A_©vr xo = 1; Z`ªæc 100 = 1; GKBfv‡e 2 = 1
D`vniY 2: (1011)2 †K ‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
mgvavbt
1011 = 1  23 + 0  22 + 1  21 + 1  2
=18+04+12+11
=8+0+2+1
= 11
myZivs, (1011)2 = (11)10
5.6.3 fMœvsk evBbvwi ‡_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
evBbvwi ‡_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi mgq cÖ‡ Z¨K AsK‡K 2 Øviv MyY Ki‡Z n‡e| ¸Y Kivi mgq ¯’ vbxq
gvb Abyh vqx 2 Gi NvZ -1 n‡Z ïiæ K‡i Wvb w`‡K evov‡Z n‡e| ‡hgb- cÖ_g AsKwU‡K 2-1 Øviv , wØZxq
AsKwU‡K 2-2 Øviv, Z…Zxq AsKwU‡K 2-3 Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³ evBbvwi msL¨vwUi
mgZzj¨ `kwgK gvb cvIqv hv‡e|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 96

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

D`vniY 3: (.1101)2 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

mgvavbt
(.1101)2 = 1  2-1 + 1  2-2 + 0  2-3 + 1  2-4
1 1 1 1
=1 +1 2 +0 3+1 4
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
= + +0+
2 4 16
= .5 + .25 + .0625
= .8125
 (.1101)2 = (.8125)10

D`vniY 4: (.111)2 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

mgvavbt
(.1101)2 = 1  2-1 + 1  2-2 + 0  2-3 + 1  2-4
1 1 1 1
=1 +1 2 +0 3+1 4
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
= + +
2 4 8
= .50 + .25 + 0.125
= .875
 (.111)2 = (.875)10

wkÿv_©xi KvR (1111.101)2 ‡K ‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
†Kvb evBbvwi msL¨vi cÖ‡Z¨KwU AsK‡K wbR wbR ¯’vbxq gvb Øviv ¸Y K‡i cÖ vß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³
evBbvwi msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ `kwgK gvb cvIqv hvq| A_©vr GKK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 20 Øviv , `kK ¯’vbxq
AsKwU‡K 21 Øviv, kZK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 22,------- Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ vß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³
evBbvwi msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ `kwgK gvb cvIqv hv‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.6
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| evBbvwi †_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨ evBbvwi msL¨v‡K KZ Øviv ¸Y w`‡Z nq?
K) 2 L) 8
M) 10 N) 16
2| c~Y© msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î evBbvwi †_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi mgq 2 Gi NvZ KZ n‡Z ïiæ nq?|
K) 0 L) 1
M) -1 N) †KvbwUB bq

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 97

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

cvV-5.7 A±¨vj †_‡K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 A±¨vj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœ vsk A±¨vj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã A±¨vj msL¨v I `kwgK msL¨v|

5.7.1 A±¨vj †_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

†Kvb A±¨vj msL¨vi cÖ‡Z¨KwU AsK‡K wbR wbR ¯’ vbxq gvb Øviv ¸Y K‡i cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³ A±¨vj
msL¨vi mgZzj¨ `kwgK gvb cvIqv hv‡e|

5.7.2 c~Y© msL¨vi †ÿ‡ÎÑ

A±¨vj ‡_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi mgq cÖ‡ Z¨K AsK‡K 8 Øviv MyY Ki‡Z n‡e| ¸Y Kivi mgq ¯’ vbxq gvb
Abyhvqx 8 Gi NvZ 0 n‡Z evov‡Z n‡e| ‡hgb- GKK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 80 Øviv , `kK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 81 Øviv,
kZK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 82 , .......Øviv ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³ A±¨vj msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨
`kwgK gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vniY 1: (735)8 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
mgvavb t
(735)8 = (7  7 Gi ¯’vbxq gvb) + (3  3 Gi ¯’vbxq gvb) + (5  5 Gi ¯’ vbxq gvb)
= (7  82) + (3  81) + (5  80)
= (7  64) + (3  8) + (5  1) [ 80 = 1]
= 448 + 24 + 5
= 477
 (735)8 = (477)10
D`vniY 2: (212)8 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
mgvavb t
(212)8 = 2  82 + 1  81 + 2  80
= 2  64 + 1  8 + 2  1
= 128+8+2
= 138
myZivs, (212)8 = (138)10

5.7.3 fMœvsk A±¨vj ‡_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

A±¨vj †_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi mgq cÖ‡ Z¨K AsK‡K 8 Øviv MyY Ki‡Z n‡e| ¸Y Kivi mgq ¯’ vbxq gvb
Abyhvqx 8 Gi NvZ -1 n‡Z ïiæ K‡i Wvb w`‡K evov‡Z n‡e| ‡hgb- cÖ_g AsKwU‡K 8-1 Øviv , wØZxq AsKwU‡K
8-2 Øviv, Z…Zxq AsKwU‡K 8-3 Øviv ....... ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³ A±¨vj msL¨vwUi
mgZzj¨ `kwgK gvb cvIqv hv‡e|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 98

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

D`vniY 3: (.146)8 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

mgvavb t
(.146)8 = (1  8-1) + (4  8-2) + (6  8-3)
1 1 1
= (1  ) + (4  2) + (6  3)
8 8 8
1 4 6
= + +
8 64 512
= .125 + .0625 + .01171875
= .19921875

 (.146)8 = (.19921875)10

wkÿv_©xi KvR (165.45)8 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
A±¨vj ‡_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi mgq cÖ‡Z¨K AsK‡K 8 Øviv MyY Ki‡Z n‡e| ¸Y Kivi mgq ¯’vbxq
gvb Abyhvqx 8 Gi NvZ 0 n‡Z evov‡Z n‡e| cÖ vß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³ A±¨vj msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ `kwgK
gvb cvIqv hv‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.7
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| A±¨vj †_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨ A±¨vj msL¨v‡K KZ Øviv ¸Y w`‡Z nq?
K) 2 L) 8
M) 10 N) 16

2| c~Y© msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î A±¨vj †_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi mgq 8 Gi NvZ KZ n‡Z ïiæ nq?
K) 0 L) 1
M) -1 N) †KvbwUB bq

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 99

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

cvV-5.8 †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K `kwg‡K iƒcvšÍi

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ eY©b v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœ vsk †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v I `kwgK msL¨v|

5.8.1 †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

†n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ msL¨vwUi cÖ‡Z¨K AsK‡K wbR wbR ¯’vbxq gvb
Øviv ¸Y K‡i cÖ vß ¸Ydjmg~n‡K †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e cÖvß †hvMdjB n‡e D³ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi mgZzj¨
`kwgK msL¨v|

5.8.2 c~Y© msL¨vi †ÿ‡ÎÑ

†n·v‡Wwm‡gj ‡_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi mgq cÖ‡Z¨K AsK‡K 16 Øviv MyY Ki‡Z n‡e| ¸Y Kivi mgq
¯’vbxq gvb Aby hvqx 16 Gi NvZ 0 n‡Z evo‡Z _vK‡e| ‡hgb- GKK ¯’vbxq AsKwU‡K 160 Øviv , `kK ¯’ vbxq
AsKwU‡K 161 Øviv, kZK ¯’ vbxq AsKwU‡K 162 Øviv,.....¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î ‡Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †h,
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vwUi †Kvb AsK A,B,C,D,E I F n‡j h_vµ‡g 10, 11, 12, 13 , 14 I 15 w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡Z
n‡e| cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ `kwgK gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vniY 1: (2D6)16 msL¨vwU‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
mgvavbt
(2D 6)16 = (2  2 Gi ¯’vbxq gvb) + ( D  D Gi ¯’vbxq gvb) + (6  6 Gi ¯’ vbxq gvb)
= 2  162 + D  161 + 6  160
= 2  256 + 13  16 + 6  1
= 512 + 208 + 6
= 726
 (2D 6)16 = (726)10
D`vniY 2: (234)16 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
mgvavbt
(234)8 = 2  162 + 1  161 + 2  160
= 2  256 + 1  16 + 2  1
= 512+16+2
= 530
myZivs, (234)16 = (530)10

5.8.3 fMœvsk †n·v‡Wwmg¨vj ‡_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

†n·v‡Wwm‡gj ‡_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi mgq cÖ‡Z¨K AsK‡K 16 Øviv MyY Ki‡Z n‡e| ¸Y Kivi mgq
¯’vbxq gvb Abyh vqx 16 Gi NvZ -1 n‡Z ïiæ K‡i Wvb w`‡K evo‡Z _vK‡e| ‡hgb- cÖ_g AsKwU‡K 16-1 Øviv ,
wØZxq AsKwU‡K 16-2 Øviv, Z…Zxq AsKwU‡K 16-3 Øviv...¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖvß ¸Ydj‡K †hvM Ki‡j D³
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vwUi mgZzj¨ `kwgK gvb cvIqv hv‡e|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 100

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

D`vniY 3: (.7AE1)16 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

mgvavbt
(.7AE1)16 = 7  16-1 + A  16-2 + E  16-3 + 1  16-4
1 1 1 1
= 7  + 10  2 + 14  3 + 1  4
16 16 16 16
= .4375 + .03906 + .003417 + .0000152
= .479992
 (.7AE1)16 = (.479992)10

wkÿv_©xi KvR (165.45)16 †K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ msL¨vwUi cÖ‡Z¨K AsK‡K wbR wbR ¯’ vbxq gvb Øviv ¸Y
K‡i cÖvß ¸Ydjmg~n‡K †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e cÖvß †hvMdjB n‡e D³ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi mgZzj¨
`kwgK msL¨v|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.8
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨ evBbvwi msL¨v‡K KZ Øviv ¸Y w`‡Z nq?
K) 2 L) 8
M) 10 N) 16

2| c~Y© msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K `kwgK msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi mgq 16 Gi NvZ KZ n‡Z ïiæ nq?
K) 0 L) 1
M) -1 N) †KvbwUB bq

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 101

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

cvV-5.9 evBbvwi †_‡K A±¨v‡j Ges A±¨vj †_‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 evBbvwi I A±¨vj msL¨vi cvi¯úwiK iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœ vsk evBbvwi msL¨v‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœ vsk A±¨vj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v I `kwgK msL¨v|

5.9.1 evBbvwi †_‡K A±¨vj iƒcvšÍi

GKwU A±¨vj msL¨v wZb weU evBbvwi Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq| Avgiv Rvwb, evBbvwi msL¨vi wfwË 2 Ges
A±¨vj msL¨vi wfwË 8| evBbvwi msL¨v‡K A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z msL¨vwUi AsK¸‡jv‡K wZb weU wewkó †QvU †QvU
fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| Gici cÖwZwU MÖ æ‡ci mgZzj¨ A±¨vj gvb emv‡j Zv evBbvwi †_‡K A±v‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|

5.9.2 c~Y© evBbvwi †_‡K A±¨vj iƒcvšÍi

†Kvb evBbvwi c~Y© msL¨v‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ msL¨vwUi AsK¸‡jv‡K Wvb w`K †_‡K 3 weU wewkó GK
GKwU MÖæ‡c fvM Kiv nq| Z‡e KL‡bv Ggb n‡Z cv‡i †h, me© ev‡gi MÖæc ˆZwii Rb¨ 3 weU †bB| †m‡ÿ‡Î
cÖ‡qvRb Abym v‡i evg w`‡K GKwU ev `yÕwU, k~b¨ (0) ewm‡q 3 we‡Ui MÖæc m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e MÖæc m¤úbœ
nIqvi c‡i cÖwZwU MÖ æc‡K Gi mgZzj¨ A±¨vj msL¨vi gvb emv‡j evBbvwi msL¨vwU mgZzj¨ A±¨vj gvb cvIqv
hv‡e|
D`vniY 1t (1101101)2 †K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
mgvavbt
3-weU MÖæc ˆZwii Rb¨ GB `yÕwU
AwZwi³ k~b¨ †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
0 01 101 101

1 5 5
 (1101101)2 = (155)8
D`vniY 2t (1111011)2 †K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
mgvavbt
3-weU MÖæc ˆZwii Rb¨ GB `yÕwU
AwZwi³ k~b¨ †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
0 01 111 011

1 7 3
 (1111011)2 = (173)8

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 102

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

5.9.3 fMœvsk evBbvwi †_‡K A±¨vj iƒcvšÍi

†Kvb evBbvwi fMœ vsk‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ AsK¸‡jv‡K evg w`K †_‡K (A_© vr evBbvwi we›`yi Wvb w`K
†_‡K) 3 weU wewkó GK GKwU MÖæ‡c fvM Kiv nq| cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î me© Wv‡b GKwU ev `yÕwU k~ b¨ (0) ewm‡q 3 weU
wewkó MÖæc wbwðZ Kiv nq|
D`vniY 3t (.10011011)2- †K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
mgvavbt
3 weU MÖæ c wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨
1wU AwZwi³ (0) k~b¨ emv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
.100 110 110

4 6 6
 (.10011011)2 = (.466)8
D`vniY 4t (11010110.0101111)2 †K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|
mgvavb t
(11010110.0101111)2 = 011 010 110 . 010 111 100 (11010110.0101111)2 = (326.274)8

3 2 6 . 2 7 4

5.9.4 A±¨vj †_‡K evBbvwi iƒcvšÍi

A±¨vj †_‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î cÖw ZwU A±¨vj AsK‡K wZb weU wewkó evBbvwi iƒcvšÍi Ki‡j
evBbvwi msL¨v cvIqv hvq| wb‡P 1 †_‡K 7 ch©šÍ mKj A±¨vj msL¨vi evBbvwi gvb ‡`qv nj-
A±¨vj evBbvwi msL¨v
1 001
2 010
3 101
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
D`vniY 5t (525)8 †K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
mgvavb t
5 2 5

101 010 101

 (525)8 = (101010101)2

D`vniY 6t (727.6)8 †K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

mgvavb t
7 2 7 . 6

111 010 111 110

 (727.6)8 = (111010111.110)2

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 103

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

wkÿv_©xi KvR (165.45) 8 †K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
Avgiv Rvwb, evBbvwi msL¨vi wfwË 2 Ges A±¨vj msL¨vi wfwË 8| evBbvwi msL¨v‡K A±v‡j iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z
msL¨vwUi AsK¸‡jv‡K wZb weU wewkó †QvU †QvU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| Gici cÖwZwU MÖæ‡ci mgZzj¨ A±¨vj gvb
emv‡j Zv evBbvwi †_‡K A±v‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.9
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| A±¨vj †_‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î cÖw ZwU A±¨vj AsK‡K KZ weU wewkó evBbvwi MÖæc Ki‡Z nq?
K) 3 L) 4
M) 5 N) 6

2| 7 A±¨vj msL¨vwUi evBbvwi gvb KZ?

K) 101 L) 011
M) 111 N) 100

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 104

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-5.10 evBbvwi †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j Ges †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 evBbvwi I †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi cvi¯úwiK iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœ vsk evBbvwi msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœ vsk †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v I `kwgK msL¨v|

5.10.1 evBbvwi †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj iƒcvšÍi

GKwU †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v Pvi weU evBbvwi Øviv cÖ Kvk Kiv hvq| BwZg‡a¨ Avgiv ‡R‡bwQ †h, evBbvwi
msL¨vi wfwË 2 Ges †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi wfwË 16(24)| evBbvwi msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z
msL¨vwUi AsK¸‡jv‡K Pvi weU wewkó †QvU †QvU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| Gici cÖwZwU MÖæ‡ci gvb emv‡j Zv evBbvwi
†_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|

5.10.2 c~Y© evBbvwi †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj iƒcvšÍi

†Kvb evBbvwi c~Y© msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ msL¨vwUi AsK¸‡jv‡K Wvb w`K †_‡K 4 weU
wewkó GK GKwU MÖæ‡c fvM Kiv nq| Z‡e KL‡bv Ggb n‡Z cv‡i †h, me© ev‡gi MÖæc ˆZwii Rb¨ 4 weU †bB|
†m‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i evg w`‡K GKwU ev `yÕwU, k~ b¨ (0) ewm‡q 4 we‡Ui MÖæc m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e MÖ æc
m¤úbœ nIqvi c‡i cÖwZwU MÖ æc‡K Gi mgZzj¨ gvb ewm‡q †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq|
D`vniY 1t (101101)2 †K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
mgvavbt 10 1101
4 weU bv _vKvq evg cv‡k `yÕwU k~b ¨ (0)
ewm‡q 4 weU MÖæc m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
0010 1101
= 2 D
 (101101)2 = (2D)16
D`vniY 2t (111110011)2 †K †n·v‡Wwmg¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
mgvavbt wZbwU AwZwi³ k~ b¨ †hvM Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
0001 1111 0011

1 F 3
(111110011)2 = (1F3)16

5.10.3 fMœvsk evBbvwi †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj iƒcvšÍi

†Kvb evBbvwi fMœvsk‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ AsK¸‡jv‡K evg w`K †_‡K (A_© vr evBbvwi we›`yi
Wvb w`K †_‡K) 4 weU wewkó GK GKwU MÖ æ‡c fvM Kiv nq| cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î me© Wv‡b GKwU ev `yÕwU k~b¨ (0) ewm‡q
4 weU wewkó MÖæc wbwðZ Kiv nq|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 105

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

D`vniY 3t (.1011001)2- †K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq

D`vniY 4 t(10100111011.1001011)2- †K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj
iƒcvšÍi | msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|
mgvavbt (.10 11 00 1) 2 mgvavbt (10100111011.1001011)2
.1 01 1 0 01 0 0101 0011 1011 . 1001 0110
=
5 3 B(11) 9 6
B 2 = 53B.96
= ( .B 2 )1 6 

5.10.4 †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K evBbvwi iƒcvšÍi

†n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î cÖw ZwU †n·v‡Wwm‡gj AsK‡K 4 weU wewkó evBbvwi iƒcvšÍi
Ki‡j evBbvwi msL¨v cvIqv hvq|
D`vniY 5t (525)16- †K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
mgvavbt 5 2 5

0101 0010 0101

 (525)16 = (010100100101)2
D`vniY 6t (72D.A)16- †K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e|
mgvavbt 7 2 D A .

0111 0010 1101 1100

 (72D.A)16 = (011100101101.1100)2

wkÿv_©xi KvR (165.45)16 †K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
GKwU †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v Pvi weU evBbvwi Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq| evBbvwi msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi
Ki‡Z msL¨vwUi AsK¸‡jv‡K Pvi weU wewkó †QvU †QvU fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| Gici cÖwZwU MÖæ‡ci gvb emv‡j Zv
evBbvwi †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.9
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii †ÿ‡Î cÖw ZwU †n·v‡Wwm‡gj AsK‡K KZ weU wewkó evBbvwi
msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z nq?
K) 3 L) 4
M) 5 N) 6
2| †n·v‡Wwm‡gj A msL¨vi evBbvwi gvb KZ?
K) 1000 L) 1001
M) 1010 N) 1011

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 106

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-5.11 A±¨vj †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡g‡j Ges †n·v‡Wwm‡gj †_‡K A±¨v‡j iƒcvšÍi

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 A±¨vj I †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi cvi¯úwiK iƒcvšÍi Kivi c×wZ eY©b v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœ vsk A±¨vj msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 c~Y© I fMœ vsk †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v I A±¨vj msL¨v|

5.11.1 A±¨vj †_‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj iƒcvšÍi

A±¨vj msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_‡g A±¨vj msL¨vi cÖ‡ Z¨KwU AsK‡K 3 weU
evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e| AZ:ci cy‡iv evBbvwi msL¨vwU‡K 4 weU evBbvwi MÖæ‡c mvwR‡q mgZzj¨
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj gvb emv‡j D³ A±¨vj msL¨vwUi †n·v‡Wwm‡gj gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vniY 1t (472)8 -†K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|
mgvavbt 4 7 2

100 111 010

0001 0011 1010

 
 

1 3 A(10)
 (47 2) 8 = (13 A)16
D`vniY 2t (531.24)8 -†K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi|
mgvavbt 5 3 1 . 2 4

101 011 001 . 010 100

= 0001  0101 1001 . 0101 0000
     
1 5 9 5 0
= 159.5
 (531.24)8 = (159.50)1 6

5.11.2 †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi

†n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_‡g †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vi cÖ‡Z¨KwU AsK‡K 4 weU
evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e| AZ:ci cy‡iv evBbvwi msL¨vwU‡K 3 weU K‡i GK GKwU MÖæ‡c mvwR‡q mgZzj¨
A±¨vj gvb emv‡j D³ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vwUi A±¨vj gvb cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vniY 4 t (18 F)16 -†K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |
mgvavbt 1 8 F

0001 1000 1111

= 000 110 001 111

  
0 6 1 7
= 0617
 (18F) 16 = (617)8
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 107
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

D`vniY 5 t (13A)16 -†K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

mgvavbt 1 3 A

0001 0011 1010

1 3 A(10)
000 100 111 010
=
0 4 7 2
= 0472
 (13A)16 = (472)8

D`vniY 6t (159.52)16 †K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi |

mgvavbt
1 5 9 . 5 2

0001 0101 1001 . 0101 0010

= 000 101 011 001 . 010 100 100
= 0531.244
 (159.52)16 = (531.244)8

wkÿv_©xi KvR (165.45)16 †K A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
A±¨vj msL¨v‡K †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_‡g A±¨vj msL¨vi cÖ‡Z¨KwU AsK‡K 3 weU evBbvwi
msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e| AZ:ci cy‡iv evBbvwi msL¨vwU‡K 4 weU evBbvwi MÖæ‡c mvwR‡q mgZzj¨
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj gvb emv‡j D³ A±¨vj msL¨vwUi †n·v‡Wwm‡gj gvb cvIqv hv‡e| Aek¨ †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v‡K
A±¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ D³ c×wZi wecixZ KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.11
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 1 I 2 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
wg. AvwZK Kvgvj‡K ejj, Ò‡Zvgvi eqm KZ?Ó Kvgvj ejj †h Zvi eqm (101101)2|
1| Kvgv‡ji eq‡mi mgK¶ msL¨v n‡jvÑ
K. (25)8 L. (35)8
M. (55)8 N. (65)8

2| `k eQi ci Kvgv‡ji eqm evBbvwi‡Z KZ n‡e?

K.(101011)2 L.(101110)2
M.(101111)2 N.(110111)2

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 108

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-5.12 evBbvwi †hvM I we‡qvM

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 evBbvwi msL¨vq †hvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evBbvwi msL¨vq we‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã evBbvwi †hvM I evBbvwi we‡qvM |

5.12.1 evBbvwi †hvM I evBbvwi we‡qvM

`kwgK msL¨v c×wZ‡Z †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y I fvM eûj cwiwPZ| †Zgwb evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ‡Z GB cÖwµqv
we`¨gvb| evBbvwi‡Z `yÕwU AsK _vKvi Kvi‡Y MvwYwZK KvR Kiv LyeB mnR|

5.12.1 evBbvwi †hvM

`kwgK c×wZi gZ GKB Dcv‡q evBbvwi †hvM Kiv nq| `ywU evBbvwi AsK †hv‡Mi Rb¨ PviwU wbgœiƒc Ae¯’v nq t
0+0=0
0+0=1
1+0=1
1+1=0 Ges Gi mv‡_ nv‡Z 1 _vK‡e| (nv‡Z _vKv‡K K¨vwi (Carry) e‡j)

evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZi †hvM n‡”Q LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y © MvwYwZK cÖwµqv| Kw¤úDUvimn cÖ vq me B‡j±ªwbK h‡š¿B †hv‡Mi
mvnv‡h¨ we‡qvM, ¸Y I fvM Kiv nq| †hgbÑch© vqµ‡g †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g ¸Y Kiv hvq| Avevi FYvZ¥K msL¨v‡K
abvZ¥K msL¨vi mv‡_ †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g we‡qvM Kiv nq| Avi fvM n‡jv we‡qv‡MiB mswÿß iƒc| Kv‡RB kyaygvÎ
†hv‡Mi mvwK© U e¨envi K‡i Ab¨vb¨ MvwYwZK cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Kiv hvq| d‡j mvwK©‡Ui mijZv e„wׇZ GUv LyeB
mnvqK|
D`vniY 1 t 1100101 Gi mv‡_ 1010101 †hvM Kiæb|
1100101
1010101
10111010
D`vniY 2t 1101.1101 Gi mv‡_ 1001.0011 †hvM Kiæb|
1101.1101
+1001.0011
10111.0000

5.12.2 evBbvwi we‡qvM

evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ‡Z we‡qv‡Mi wbqg `kwgK c×wZi Abyiƒc| `yÕwU evBbvwi AsK we‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ wb‡gœv³ PviwU
Ae¯’vi m„wó nq t
00=0 10=1
11=0 01=1 Ges K¨vwi 1|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 109

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

G c×wZ‡ZI `kwgK c×wZi gZ †QvU msL¨v A_© vr 1 we‡qvM Ki‡j avi (Borrow) _v‡K 1| G avi cieZ© x ¯Í¤¢
†_‡K †bIqv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡i GB wbq‡g we‡qvM Kiv nq bv| 2 Gi cwic~iK c×wZ‡Z †hv‡Mi mvnv‡h¨ we‡qvM Kiv
nq hv GB Aa¨v‡qi cieZ© x‡Z Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|

D`vniY 3 t 1101 Gi mv‡_ 0101 we‡qvM Kiæb|

1011
-0101
0110

D`vniY 4t 11010.1101 Gi mv‡_ 01001.0011 we‡qvM Kiæb|

11010.1101
-01001.0011
10001.0001

wkÿv_©xi KvR 101011 Gi mv‡_ 101111 ‡K †hvM Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZi †hvM n‡”Q LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© MvwYwZK cÖwµqv| Kw¤úDUvimn cÖvq me B‡j±ªwbK h‡š¿B
†hv‡Mi mvnv‡h¨ we‡qvM, ¸Y I fvM Kiv nq| †hgbÑch© vqµ‡g †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g ¸Y Kiv hvq| Avi fvM n‡jv
we‡qv‡MiB mswÿß iƒc| Kv‡RB kyayg vÎ †hv‡Mi mvwK© U e¨envi K‡i Ab¨vb¨ MvwYwZK cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Kiv hvq|
d‡j mvwK©‡Ui mijZv e„wׇZ GUv LyeB mnvqK|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.12
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| 1+1=0, K¨vwi=?
K) 1 L) 0
M) -1 N) †KvbwUB bq

2| 1-1=?
K) 0 L) -1
M) 1 N) †KvbwUB bq

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 110

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-5.13 wPýhy³ msL¨v

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 wPýhy³ msL¨vi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wPýhy³ msL¨vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©b v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ wPýhy³ msL¨vi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã wPýhy³ msL¨v|

5.13.1 wPýhy³ msL¨v

Avgv‡`i ˆ`bw›`b MvwYwZK Kv‡R abvZ¥K (Positive) I FYvZ¥K ( Negative) msL¨v e¨envi Kiv nq|
myZivs abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K msL¨v †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ msL¨vi c~‡e© wPý (Sign) A_ev + /  _vKv `iKvi| wPý ev
mvBbhy³ msL¨v‡K wPýhy³ msL¨v ev mvBbW b¤^i (Signed number) ejv nq|

5.13.2 mvBbW b¤^i (Signed number)

`kwgK msL¨vq FYvZ¥K †Kvb gvb †evSv‡Z msL¨vwUi cv‡k¦© Ô-Õ wPý ‡`Iqv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡i FYvZ¥K msL¨v
†evSv‡bvi †Kvb AeKvk bvB| evBbvwi c×wZ‡Z mvBb ev wPý †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ mvaviYZ GKwU AwZwi³ weU e¨envi
Kiv nq| G‡K wPý weU e‡j| GB wPý weU 0 n‡j msL¨vwU‡K abvZ¥K Ges 1 n‡j msL¨vwU‡K FYvZ¥K aiv nq|
wb‡gœ 1 evBU ev 8 weU †iwR÷v‡ii †ÿ‡Î GKwU D`vniY †`Iqv n‡jv-

wPý weU   gvb 

99 Gi evBbvwi n‡jv 1100011| GLb 8 weU †iwR÷v‡i +99 Ges  99 Kxfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv wb‡P †`Lv‡bv
n‡jv-
+99 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1  99 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
wPý weU  gvb   wPý weU  gvb  

evBbvwi msL¨v‡K KZ we‡U cÖKvk Kiv n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i †iwR÷v‡ii kã ˆ`‡N©¨i Dci| †iwR÷vi hw` 8 weU ev 1
evB‡Ui nq Zvn‡j mvBb we‡Ui Rb¨ 1 weU Ges gv‡bi Rb¨ 7 weU e¨envi Kiv hv‡e| Abyiƒcfv‡e, †iwR÷vi hw`
16 weU ev 2 evB‡Ui nq Zvn‡j mvBb we‡Ui Rb¨ 1 weU Ges gv‡bi Rb¨ 15 weU e¨envi Kiv hv‡e| mvaviYZ
Kw¤úDUv‡i 4 weU. 8 weU, 16 weU, 32 weU BZ¨vw` †iwR÷vi e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|

D`vniY t 1 evB‡U ev 8 weU †iwR÷v‡i †h mKj wPýhy³ ev mvBÛ msL¨v Dc¯’ vcb Kiv hvq Zvi e¨vwß (Range)
KZ?
mgvavb t †iwR÷vi hw` 8 weU ev 1 evB‡Ui nq Zvn‡j mvBb we‡Ui Rb¨ 1 weU Ges gv‡bi Rb¨ 7 weU e¨envi Kiv
hv‡e|
m‡e©v”P FYvZ¥K gvb t 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (10000000)2 =  27 = (128)10
wPý weU  gvb 

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 111

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

m‡e©v”P abvZ¥K gvb t 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (01111111)2 = 27  1= (+127)10

wPý weU   gvb 
myZivs e¨vwß n‡e  128 †_‡K +127 Gi g‡a¨; †gvU 256 wU ev k~ b¨ mn 28 c„_ K gvb Dc¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e|

5.13.3 Avb-mvBbW b¤^i (Unsigned number)

hw` †Kvb †iwR÷v‡i mvBb weU e¨envi bv Kiv nq Zvn‡j Zv‡K Unsigned number e‡j| 8 we‡Ui g‡a¨ hw` mvBb
weU e¨envi Kiv bv nq Ges me¸‡jv weU hw` gv‡bi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq Zvi †iÄ n‡e 0 †_‡K 255|

m‡e©v”P aYvZ¥K gvb t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (11111111)2 = (255)10

 gvb 
me©wb¤œ abvZ¥K gvb t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (00000000)2 = (0)10
 gvb 

wkÿv_©xi KvR 8 weU †iwR÷v‡i 123 I -123 Dc¯’vcb Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
Kw¤úDUv‡i abvZœ K ev FYvZ¥K msL¨v cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ wPý weU e¨eüZ nq| GB wPý weU 0 n‡j msL¨vwU‡K
abvZ¥K Ges 1 n‡j msL¨vwU‡K FYvZ¥K aiv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.13

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b

1| wPý weU 0 n‡j msL¨vwU‡K?
K) abvZ¥K L) FYvZ¥K
M) abvZ¥K- FYvZ¥K N) †KvbwUB bq

2| 8 we‡Ui †iwR÷v‡ii m‡e©v”P FYvZ¥K gvb KZ?

K) -128 L) -256
M) 256 N) †KvbwUB bq

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 112

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-5.14 †KvW I †Kv‡Wi aviYv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 wewfb ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †KvwWs Gi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †KvwWs Gi Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã †KvwWs ,wewmwW, AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW, BwewmwWK †KvW, BDwb‡KvW|

5.14.1 †KvwWs Gi aviYv

MvwYwZK wPý, msL¨v ev Aÿi‡K wP‡ýi we‡kl mgwói mvnv‡h¨ cÖ Kvk Kiv n‡j †mB wPý mgwó‡K †KvW (Code)
ejv nq| Avgiv Rvwb, evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ 0 Ges 1 AsK `ywU Øviv MwVZ| AsK mgwó Øviv †Kvb msL¨v wKsev
we`y¨‡Zi Dcw¯’ wZ ev Aby cw¯’w Z wbY© q Kiv hvq| G Kvi‡Y Kw¤úDUv‡i Af¨šÍixY cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ Aÿi, wPý ev
msL¨v‡K wewfbœ cÖ Kvi ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kivi cÖ‡ qvRb c‡o| iƒcvšÍ‡ii GB cÖwµqv‡K Gb‡KvwWs ( Encoding) ejv
nq|
Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨eüZ cÖwZwU msL¨v, wPý, eY© ev we‡kl wPý GK GKwU we‡kl K¨v‡i±vi (Character) wn‡m‡e
cwiwPZ| Kw¤úDUvi †KvW e¨envi K‡i cÖwµqvKiY K‡i Ges AvDUcy U cÖKvk K‡i| djvdj ev AvDUcy U gvby‡li
†evaMg¨ Kivi Rb¨ Avevi †KvW‡K msL¨v, eY© ev we‡kl wP‡ý iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡K ejv nq wW‡KvwWs
(Decoding)| Kv‡RB WvUv cÖ‡mwms-Gi Rb¨ Gb‡KvwWs Ges wW‡KvwWs DfqB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

5.14.2 wewfbœ cÖKvi †KvW

WvUv cÖ wµqvKiY Z_v Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ cÖ Kvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ e¨eüZ †KvW¸‡jv n‡jv:
1| wewmwW ( BCD) †KvW
2| AvjdvwbD‡gwiK (Alphanumeric) †KvW
3| A¨vmwK †KvW (ASCII code)
4| A±¨vj (Octal) †KvW
5| †n·v‡Wwm‡gj ( Hexadecimal) †KvW
6| BwewmwWK ( EBCDIC) †KvW
7| BDwb‡KvW ( Uni Code) BZ¨vw`|

5.14.3 wewmwW †KvW

wewmwW ( BCD) k‡ãi c~ Y©iƒc n‡jv evBbvwi †Kv‡WW `kwgK ( Binary Coded Decimal)| `kwgK (Decimal)
msL¨vi evBbvwi iƒcvšÍiB n‡jv wewmwW †KvW| GB c×wZ‡Z `kwgK msL¨v 0 †_‡K 9 ch©šÍ †gvU `kwU AsK‡K
mgZzj¨ 4 weU evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| 4 weU Øviv 24 A_©vr 16 wfbœ Ae¯’ v wb‡`©k Kiv hvq| ZvB 16wU
Ae¯’v e¨envi K‡i K‡qK cÖ Kvi BCD †KvW MVb Kiv m¤¢e| Gi g‡a¨ BCD 8421 †KvW we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨
Ges eûj e¨eüZ| BCD 8421 †KvwWs `kwgK 0 †_‡K 9 ch©šÍ AsK `kwUi BCD iƒcvšÍi wbgœiƒc

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 113

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

`kwgK wewmwW (BCD)

0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
†`Lv hv‡”Q †h, 4 weU BCD †Kv‡Wi †ÿ‡Î 24 ev 16 wU wfbœ Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ ïayg vÎ cÖ_g `kwU A_© vr 0000 †_‡K
1001 ch©šÍ Ae¯’ v e¨eüZ nq|

5.14.3 AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW

Aÿi (a-z, A-Z), AsK (0-9) Ges wewfbœ MvwYwZK wPýmn (+, , ,  BZ¨vw`) Avi KZK¸‡jv we‡kl wPý (!, @,
#, $, %, ^ BZ¨vw`) Gi Rb¨ e¨eüZ †KvW‡K AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW ejv nq| A¨vmwK-7 (ASCII-7) GKwU
AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW| G †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g 27 ev 128 wU wPý‡K wbw`©ó Kiv hvq| Abyiƒcfv‡e A¨vmwK-8I GKwU
AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW| G †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g 28 ev 256wU wPý‡K wbw`©ó Kiv hvq|

5.14.4 A¨vmwK †KvW

ASCII GKwU kã ms‡ÿc hvi c~Y© bvg American Standard Code for Information Interchange| GwU GKwU
eûj e¨eüZ AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW hv gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi, wgwb Kw¤úDUvimn A‡bK †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUv‡i
e¨eüZ nq| A¨vmwK †KvW 7wU weU wb‡q MwVZ| †hgb A AÿiwUi A¨vmwK †KvW 1000001| ASCII †KvW Øviv 27
A_©vr 128wU wewfbœ AsK, Aÿi I wPý wbw`©ó Kiv hvq| ASCII †Kv‡Wi Wvb w`‡Ki PviwU weU‡K msL¨vm~PK weU
Ges evgw`‡Ki wZbwU weU‡K †Rvb ejv nq| Z‡e G‡Kev‡i ev‡g GKwU c¨vwiwU weU (Parity Bit) †hvM K‡i
A¨vmwK‡K 8 weU (ASCII-8)-G iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq|

5.14.5 BwewmwWK †KvW

BwewmwWK ( EBCDIC) Extended Binary Coded Information Code-Gi mswÿß iƒc| GwU GKwU 8 we‡Ui †KvW|
myZivs G †KvW Øviv 28 ev 256wU AsK, Aÿi ev wPý cÖKvk Kiv hvq| GB †Kv‡W †Rvb weU wn‡m‡e 0 †_‡K 9
ch©šÍ, msL¨vi Rb¨ 1111, A †_‡K Z ch©šÍ e‡Y©i Rb¨ 1100, 1101, 1110 Ges we‡kl wP‡ýi Rb¨ 0100, 0101,
0110 I 0111 e¨eüZ nq| `kwgK msL¨v¸‡jv‡K BCD 8421 †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g cÖKvk K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K msL¨vi mv‡_
1111 †hvM K‡i EBCDIC †KvW cÖ Kvk Kiv nq| †hgbÑ 5 †K EBCDIC-G cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡j 5 †K cÖ_‡g BCD
8421 A_© vr 0101-G cÖ Kvk K‡i Gi mv‡_ 1111 †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| Kv‡RB 5-Gi EBCDIC n‡e 11110101|
'A' Gi Rb¨ EBCDIC 1100 0001
'N' Gi Rb¨ EBCDIC 1010 1100 BZ¨vw`|

5.14.6 BDwb‡KvW
BDwb‡KvW n‡”Q 16 weU †KvW| wewfbœ ai‡bi K¨v‡i±vi Ges †U·U‡K cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ BDwb‡KvW e¨eüZ nq|
we‡k¦i mKj †`‡ki fvlvmg~n‡K cÖ Kvk Kivi Rb¨ 16 we‡Ui GB †KvW e¨envi Kiv nq| BDwb‡Kv‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ 216

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 114

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

= 65,535 †KvW MÖæc ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e| d‡j †h mg¯Í †`‡ki fvlv‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z 8 we‡Ui †ewk †KvW e¨eüZ nq
†m me †ÿ‡Î BDwb‡KvW e¨eüZ nq|
wkÿv_©xi KvR evBbvwi msL¨v I wewmwW †Kv‡Wi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjLyb|

mvims‡ÿc
Kw¤úDUv‡i Af¨šÍixY cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ Aÿi, wPý ev msL¨v‡K wewfbœ cÖ Kvi ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb
c‡o| iƒcvšÍ‡ii GB cÖwµqv‡K Gb‡KvwWs ( Encoding) ejv nq| Avi djvdj ev AvDUcy U gvby‡ li †evaMg¨
Kivi Rb¨ Avevi †KvW‡K msL¨v, eY© ev we‡kl wP‡ý iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡K ejv nq wW‡KvwWs
(Decoding)|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.14
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| ASCII Gi c~Y©iƒc †KvbwU?
K. American Standard Code for Information Interchange
L. American Standard Code for International Interchange
M. American Standard Code-II
N. American Standard Code for Interchange

2| EBCDIC †KvwWs Kiv nq †Kvb Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨?

K. IBM Gi †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi L. ENIAC Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨
M. UNIVAC Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ N. ABC Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨

3| BDwb‡Kv‡Wi ˆewkó¨ †KvbwU

K. 8 weU †KvW L. 16 weU †KvW
M. 32 weU †KvW N. 64 weU †KvW

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 115

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- BDwbU 5

K. mvaviY eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| (5)8 -†K evBbvwi‡Z cÖKvk Ki‡j KZ n‡e?
K. 001 L. 110
M. 101 N. 011
2| evBbvwi msL¨v 101100-Gi A±¨vj gvb KZ?
K. 44 L. 54
M. 64 N. 74
3| 102A8 msL¨vwU †Kvb msL¨v c×wZi?
K. `kwgK L. †n·v‡Wwm‡gj
M. evBbvwi N. A±¨vj
4| AB †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨vwUi evBbvwi mgKÿ msL¨v KZ?
K. 10101011 L. 10011001
M. 10101011 N. 10001001
5| evBbvwi msL¨v 11001 †_‡K 1001 Gi we‡qvMdj KZ?
K. 11000 L. 10100
M. 10000 N. 11010
L. eûcw` mgvwßm~PK eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1| `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ ej‡Z eySvq-
i. 10wU cÖ ZxK ii. 10wU A¼ iii. wfwË 10
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
2| †n·v‡Wwm‡gj msL¨v c×wZ‡Z C gv‡bi mgZj¨ gvb n‡e-
i. (14)10 ii. (12)10 iii. (14)8
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

M. Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K 1 I 2 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b:
wbj‡qi evevi eqm 55| wbj‡qi eqm Zvi evevi eq‡mi †P‡q 30 eQi Kg|
1| wbj‡qi eqm evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡j nq-
K.10011 L.11001
M.11011 N. 11100
2| wbj‡qi evevi eqm‡K msL¨v c×wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ki‡j nq (67)| GwU †Kvb msL¨v c×wZ?
K.`kwgK L.evBbvix
M.A±¨vj N.†n·v‡Wwm‡gj

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 116

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ cÖ_g cÎ

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
K. Ávb `ÿZv ¯Íi
1| msL¨v c×wZ Kx?
2| msL¨v c×wZi †eR Kx?
3| A¨vmwK (ASCII) †KvW Kx ?
L. Abyaveb `ÿZv ¯Í i
1| (298)8 msL¨vwU mwVK wK bv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| Òwe‡qv‡Mi KvR †hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kiv m¤¢eÓ-e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3| c„w_exi mKj fvlv‡K †Kvb †Kv‡Wi gva¨‡g †KvWfy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q-e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| wbjq evsjv, Bs‡iwR I AvBwmwU cixÿvq h_vµ‡g 658, 1011012I 4416 b¤^i †c‡q‡Q|
K. †KvW Kx? 1
L. 7 Ges -5 †hv‡Mi †¶‡Î e¨eüZ c×wZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 2
M. DÏxc‡K wbj‡qi evsjv‡Z cÖ vß b¤^i ‡Wwm‡g‡j cÖKvk Kiæb| 3
N. DÏxc‡K wbjq AvBwmwU I Bs‡iwR wel‡qi g‡a¨ †KvbwU‡Z †ewk `~e©j? we‡kølY Ki| 4
DËigvjv :
cvV - 5.1 1 N 2 L
cvV - 5.2 1 N 2 L
cvV - 5.3 1 M 2 K
cvV - 5.4 1 L 2 K
cvV - 5.5 1 N 2 M
cvV - 5.6 1 K 2 K
cvV - 5.7 1 L 2 K
cvV - 5.8 1 N 2 K
cvV - 5.9 1 K 2 M
cvV - 5.10 1 L 2 M
cvV - 5.11 1 M 2 N
cvV - 5.12 1 K 2 K
cvV - 5.13 1 K 2 K
cvV - 5.14 1 K 2 K 3 L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- BDwbU 5
K. mvaviY eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ:
1 M 2 K 3 L 4 K 5 M
L. eûcw` mgvwßm~PK eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1 N 2 M 3 K
M. Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1 L 2 M

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 117