SULTAN QABOOS UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

ECCE4467/MCTE 4210
Power Electronics and Drives
UNIT 4
Full-wave Rectifiers
Single and three phase rectifiers
Slides Prepared by: Dr. Rashid Al-Abri
Modified and Presented by: Dr. Khaled Alawasa

These Slides are Based On (Prof. Mohamed El-Sharkawi, Prof. Adel Gastli, Muhammed Rashid, and Mohan).
 OUTLINES

Full Diode Bridge Rectifiers

Fully controlled SCR Bridge Rectifiers

Single and three phase rectifiers

Rectifier Concept and Circuit Analysis

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 FULL- WAVE RECTIFIER
 The objective of a full-wave rectifier is to produce a voltage
or current that is purely dc or has some specified dc
component.
 While the purpose of the fullwave rectifier is basically the
same as that of the half-wave rectifier, full-wave rectifiers
have some fundamental advantages such as:
 The average current in the ac source is zero in the full-wave
rectifier, thus avoiding problems associated with nonzero
average source currents, particularly in transformers.
 The output of the full-wave rectifier has inherently less
ripple than the half-wave rectifier.

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 DIODE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

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 DIODE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

Question: Compare
between Is in Half-
wave and Full-wave
rectifiers

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 DIODE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

Rectifier with RL load

Question: Plot the waveforms

if the inductive load is too high
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 EXAMPLE
Full bridge rectifier circuit of has an ac source with Vm =100 V at 60
Hz and a series RL load with R =10 ohm and L =10 mH.

(a) Determine the average current in the load.

(b) Estimate the peak-to-peak variation in load current based on the
first ac term in the Fourier series.
(c) Determine the power absorbed by the load and the power factor
of the circuit.
(d) Determine the average and rms currents in the diodes.

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 ANSWER
A) c)

B)

d)

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 SINGLE-PHASE FULL BRIDGE DIODE
RECTIFIER WITH RESISTIVE LOAD
 Example: single-phase diode bridge rectifier has a purely resistive
load of R=15 ohms and, VS=300 sin 314 t and unity transformer
ratio. Determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form factor, (c) Ripple factor,
(d) The peak inverse voltage, (PIV) of each diode, , and, (e) Input
power factor.
 2Vm
1 2Vm I dc   12.7324 A
Vdc 
  Vm sin t dt 

 190.956 V
 R
0 1/ 2
1  
   Vm sin t  dt 
Vm Pdc V I
Vrms 2
  212.132 V   dc dc  81.06 %
  0  2 Pac Vrms I rms
Vac
2
Vrms  Vdc2 2
Vrms Vrms
RF    2
 1  FF 2
 1  0.482 FF   1.11
Vdc Vdc Vdc Vdc
Re al Power V I cos
Input power factor=  S S 1 The PIV=300V
Apperant Power VS I S
 SINGLE-PHASE FULL BRIDGE DIODE

The dc output voltage of a rectifier

should be as ripple free as possible.

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 SINGLE-PHASE, FULL-WAVE CONTROLLED , AC-TO-DC
CONVERSION FOR RESISTIVE LOADS

i1 C

S1 S3
vs i2
R
vt
A B

S4 S2

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 i1 C

S1 S3
vs i2
R
vt
A B

S4 S2

D
i1 i2
vt vt


t
vs
2/9/2023 ECCE4467-MCTE4210: Power Electronics and 12
 i1 i2
vt vt


t
vs
 
1 1
Vave 
  v s dt 
  V max sin(t ) dt

Vmax
Vave  (1  cos  )


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 
1
Vrms   dt
2
v (t )
 

2  2 
V V
Vrms   sin(t ) dt   [1 cos(2t )] dt
max 2 max
  2

Vmax   sin(2 ) 
Vrms  1    2 
2

2 2
Vrms Vmax
P   2   )  sin 2 
R 4 R
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 SIMULATION OF SINGLE-PHASE, FULL-WAVE
Vrms= 100V
,f=50 Hz
2 ohms

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 Vin Vload ILoad

200

100

-100

-200

Is

100

50

-50

-100

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

Time (s)
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 HALF WAVE VERSUS FULL WAVE
Half Wave Full Wave

Average Vmax Vmax

Voltage Vave  (1  cos ) Vave  (1  cos )
2 
RMS
Vrms 
Vmax   sin( 2 )  Vmax   sin( 2 ) 
Voltage
2 1    2  Vrms  1    2 
2
Power 2
Vmax
2
Vmax
P  2 π  α)  sin  2α  P  2 π  α)  sin  2α 
8π R 4π R

Efficiency
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 EXAMPLE
A full-wave, ac/dc converter is connected to a resistive
load of 5 . The voltage of the ac source is 110
V(rms). It is required that the rms voltage across the
load to be 55 V.
Calculate the triggering angle, and the load power.
Solution:

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THYRISTOR TRIGGERING

Gate trigger control circuit.

 THREE-PHASE RECTIFIER
UNCONTROLLED CONTROLLED
RECTIFIER RECTIFIER

• In industrial applications, where three-phase power is available, it is

preferable to use three-phase rectifier circuits because of …
– Higher power handling capability
– Lower ripple content in the waveforms

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 DEFINITIONS FOR THE 3-PHASE VOLTAGE
SYSTEM

V o V pp V p 1 V p 2 V o V ab /V bc /V ca
• Current flows through one diode from the top
group and one from the bottom
• Diode with highest anode potential from the top
and diode with lowest cathode potential from the
bottom will conduct
THREE-PHASE, FULL-BRIDGE RECTIFIER WAVEFORMS

Operation sequence:
1. Da+ and (Db- + Dc-)
2. Db+ and (Dc- + Da-)
3. Dc+ and (Da- + Db-)
THREE-PHASE, FULL-BRIDGE RECTIFIER WAVEFORMS
• Six-pulse rectifier:
Vd (=VPn-VNn) waveform
consists of six segments per
cycle
• Each diode conducts for 120o
• Conduct sequence: 1-2-3….
• Average dc output voltage,

1 1
v d  v ab  2V LL cos t -   t  
6 6
 /6
1
v do 
   /6
 / 3  2V LL cos t d (t )

3 2
 V LL  1.35051V LL

 THREE-PHASE, FULL-BRIDGE RECTIFIER
WAVEFORMS

3 3 Vm 1.654Vm 3 2 VLL 1.3505VLL

I dc    
 R R R R
2 / 3

  2 dt 
3 3 9* 3
Vrms  3 Vm sin t  Vm  1.6554 Vm  1.3516VLL
 2 4
 /3

1.6554 Vm
I rms 
R

1.6554 Vm Vm
Ir   0.9667
R 3 R
 THREE-PHASE, FULL-BRIDGE RECTIFIER
EXAMPLE
Example: Three phase rectifier is operated from 460 V 50 Hz supply
and the load resistance is R=20ohms. If the source inductance is
negligible, determine (a) The efficiency, (b) Form factor (c) Ripple
factor (d) Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of each diode .
3 3 Vm
Vdc   1.654Vm  621.226 V Vrms
 FF   100.08 %
Vdc
3 3 Vm 1.654Vm
I dc    31.0613 A
 R R
3 9* 3
Vrms   Vm  1.6554 Vm  621.752 V
2 4
Pdc Vdc I dc
1.6554 Vm     99.83 %
I rms   31.0876 A Pac Vrms I rms
R
2
Vrms  Vdc
2 2
RF 
Vac
 
Vrms
2
 1  FF 2
1  4 % The PIV  3Vm  650.54V
Vdc Vdc Vdc
 THREE-PHASE HALF-WAVE CONTROLLED
RECTIFIER

S1
ia

van
S2
ib

vcn vbn +
S3
ic Vo
_

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No delay  = 30o (minimum angle)
1.5
vo
1
Voltages
0.5
0
van vbn vcn
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 30 150 270 390 Angle o
S1 S2 S3

Triggering

30 150 270 390 o

Angle
2/9/2023 ECCE4467-MCTE4210: Power
Electronics and Drives -SP23 31
 1.5
Delayed Triggering vo
1
0.5

Voltages
0
van vbn vcn
-0.5
-1
-1.5 o
0 120 + 240 + 360 + Angle
S1 S2 S3

Triggering

cos( )  cos(  4 / 6)

3 4 / 6  3Vsm
Vav 
2  Vsm sin   d 
2
2/9/2023
32
 THREE-PHASE FULL-WAVE CONTROLLED
RECTIFIER

S1 S3 S5
van +
a
vbn
b ZL
vL
vcn
c

6-pulse rectifier
-
S4 S6 S2

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 1.5
vo
3-phase, 1

AC/DC 0.5

Voltages
Conversion 0
vAB vCA
vBC
-0.5

No delay  = /6=30o -1

-1.5 o
-30 30 90 150 210 270 330 390 Angle
S1 S3 S5 S6 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
van + S5 S6 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
a
vbn
b ZL
vL
vcn
c

-
S4 S6 S2

Triggering
2/9/2023 ECCE4467-MCTE4210: Power Electronics and 34
Delayed Triggering
1.5
vo
1

0.5

Voltages
0
vAB vBC vCA
-0.5

-1

-1.5 o
-30 30 90 150 210 270 330 390 Angle

S1
S2
Triggering S3
S4
S5
S6

The output voltage v0 is periodical with a period of 60o

The average output voltage can be calculated over one period from  to /3+ .
2/9/2023 ECCE4467-MCTE4210: Power Electronics and 35
 v0  v AB  3Vmax sin    / 6 , (     / 3   )

1  / 3
Vave   3Vmax sin    / 6d
 /3 

Vmax cos   / 6
3 3
Vave  30o    90o


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 EXAMPLE 3.9
A three-phase full-wave, ac/dc converter has a
balanced source voltage of 208V (line-to-line rms).
Compute the following:
a) Maximum average voltage across the load
b) Triggering angle at which the average voltage of the load
equals the peak phase voltage of the source

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 SOLUTION
a) The maximum average load voltage occurs when the triggering angle is 30o.

 2  208 
3 3  

Vave _ max 
3 3Vmax
  3   281V
 
b) From Equation (3.54), the average voltage of the load can be made equal to the
peak of the phase voltage of the source if:

cos  30  Vmax

3 3Vmax


cos  30   0.6046
3 3

  30  52.8   82.8

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CONNECTION OF MULTIPLE RECTIFIERS (1)
CONNECTION OF MULTIPLE RECTIFIERS (2)

12-pulse rectifier realized by

series 3-phase bridge rectifiers
 THREE PHASE HALF-CONTROLLER
TWELVE PULSE
Semiconductors can be connected in
series to share the voltage and also to
improve the output waveform

With more pluses the output voltage

close to a smooth to DC value Continuous current,
Waveform close to sine wave
 Q. 1
TUTORIAL

Q. 2

Q. 3

Q. 4

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 SUMMARY
The student should be able to:
1. Analyze the thyristor circuit, finding average value rms,
power, and power factor under 1ϕ, 3ϕ, half-wave and
full-wave, half controller and fully controller.
2. Sketch the output waveforms of the controlled- rectifier
under various gating angles.
3. Explain the effect of inductive load on the output
waveforms
4. Explain the purpose of ‘ freewheeling diode’ (
commutating diode).