UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

TEST PART A
GSS556
INNOVATIVE CARTOGRAPHY

NAME NAZRY NURZAHIN BIN MD

NASARUDIN
NO 2022830798
CLASS RAP2204C
LECTURE DR ABDUL RAUF BIN ABDUL RASAM
R
 Introduction
Cartography is the art of science and technology of creating maps. Along with the
development of the times, the understanding of cartography has changed. The fact that
cartography is included in the fields of science and communication. The main element in
cartograpgy is map. What is map? A map is a graphic representation of the cultural and
physical environment. The keyword here is graphic representation, as all maps are visual
representations of the phenomenon to be modeled.

As we are in the era of technology, there are so many development and cartography wants to
make it modern. So here the use of web mapping is used. Web mapping is the process of
using the internet to view, analyse or share a visual representation of geospatial data in map
form. The map can be access by multiple types of users which not only for GIS professional
but everyone else. Some web maping applicatins enable you to integrate data from different
database and file formats. The changed technology made maps more accessible and better
updated.
 Content

i. Background

The history and effects of cartography, or the technology used to create maps, throughout
human history are discussed in the history of cartography. For millennia, maps have been
among the most significant inventions of humankind because they have helped people
interpret and navigate their way across the globe. Although it is unknown when and how the
first maps were created, it is thought that numerous cultures separately developed local
landscape maps. The earliest known maps can be found in etchings on tusks and stones as
well as cave paintings. Ancient Babylon, Greece, Rome, China, and India all generated a lot
of maps. Because the form of the Earth was unknown and because the curvature is not
significant in the small areas being recorded, the early maps omitted the curvature of the
Earth's surface. However, since the time of Classical Greece, maps of large regions,
particularly the world, have used projection from a model globe to control how the inevitable
distortion is distributed on the map. Modern modes of transportation, the use of surveillance
aircraft, and, more recently, the availability of satellite imagery have enabled the
documentation of previously inaccessible areas. Google Earth and other free online mapping
services have made accurate world maps more accessible than ever before.

ii. Cartography without Borders

The cartographic innovations insist of moving analog maps into modern. This can be done by
analog map which is hardcopy map turn by using technology such as GIS, RS, Drone, Lidar
and GNSS to modern map which is desktop mapping, web mapping, static mapping and
interactive mapping.

Web mapping and desktop mapping is different. In modern cartograpgy, the used of web
mapping is apply in order to share our map with other people. Desktop mapping cannot share
to other people. Web mapping also can make the user learn on how to use open-source data.
It also make map more accessible and better updated.
 iii. Future Challenge of Mapping Technologies

All of this makes it simple for anyone who can use the applications to become mappers.
However, due to a lack of cartographic training, the resulting maps are not particularly good.
The result of the map might be very poor. It might be hard to understand the data, location
and so on. Due to that, cartographic training must be taken at least in order to improve skills
on making maps. Cartographer is for everyone but good cartographer is for someone.

The biggest challenge is to look at the map creation from a wider perspective. While anyone
can make map, there’s lot of styles in making maps. Cartographer carries now more
responsibility because the maps are representing the reality and it really needs to be accurate
and correct.

iv. Future Opportunities of Mapping Technologies

People make maps very easily via a wide variety of free programs online such as Maps
Engine Lite, QGIS, GRASS, OpenStreetMap and many others. Technological advances
change how cartographers make maps. GIS brings new users to mapmaking but not without
drawbacks. By that the opportunities can give to three parties which is industry, academic and
student. For industry, it will give greater alternatives to pick greater software and can produce
open-source product similar to commercial software. For academic, it can be for study
purpose on software especially open-source vs commercial. And the last one is for student
which student get to know what frequent software is used in industry and student also can
upgrade cartography skill & familiarization using GIS software

v. Info in Talk 1

The first talk tells about Online 3D Visualization in Plantation Management. The speaker
firstly explains about online 3D visualization. Online 3D visualization according to scientist,
the human brain processes visuals about 60000 times faster than texts and in fact, 80% of all
information that our brain processes is visual. Numerous industries ranging from films,
games, engineering, architecture, hospitals and manufacture are taking advantages of 3D
visualization. In 3D visualization, the viewer can go into the virtual world. The viewer can
move, zoom in, zoom out and so on.
The speaker also talks about his work which is Four Tier Framework for Online Application
of 3D GIS Data Visualization. One Tier is about one computer does all the processing and
application running on the single computer or isolated systems and also disconnected from
the network but can be working correctly. Two Tier is about server side software and client
side software. Client software will display the data and server only provides the database
services to the client. Three Tier is about presentation tier, logic tier and data tier. So
basically One Tier, Two Tier and Three Tier is common and the speaker introduced Four Tier
which he developed. Four Tier consist of database tier, client tier, logic tier and visualization
process tier. The software used for visualization process tier are AutoCAD, R2V, ArcGIS,
Photoshop, PCI Geomatica, Chisel and Dreamweaver.

vi. Info in Talk 2

The second talk tells about Cartography Without Borders: Future Challenges & Opportunities
of Mapping Technology. The speaker firstly explain about cartography and web mapping.
The cartographic innovations insist of moving analog maps into modern. This can be done by
analog map which is hardcopy map turn by using technology such as GIS, RS, Drone, Lidar
and GNSS to modern map which is desktop mapping, web mapping, static mapping and
interactive mapping.

The speaker also talks about the challenge of mapping technology which is anyone who can
use the applications simply can become mappers. However, due to a lack of cartographic
training, the resulting maps are not particularly good. The speaker also talks about
opportunities of mapping technology which is people make maps very easily via a wide
variety of free programs online such as Maps Engine Lite, QGIS, GRASS, OpenStreetMap
and many others.
 Conclusion
In conclusion, modern mapping is really a wise project that could change cartography. It
become simple and can be share with other people. By using technology such as GIS, RS,
Drone, Lidar and GNSS, modern map which is desktop mapping, web mapping, static
mapping and interactive mapping can be achieve.
 References
1. Live talk on Collaborative Teaching by Academia & Industry
Cartography without Borders: Future Challenge & Opportunities of Mapping
Techology
By: ASSOC. Prof Gs Dr Ruzinoor Che Mat (Specialisation of Multimedia GIS,
UUM) and Gs Suziana Warde @ Warge (Project Manager Geoinfo Services Sdn Bhd)