Fluid Mechanics: Prepared By: Engr. Princess Divine A. Dacsig
Fluid Mechanics: Prepared By: Engr. Princess Divine A. Dacsig
Prepared by:
ENGR. PRINCESS DIVINE A. DACSIG
DEFINITION OF TERMS
� = ������ �� �����
������
Units:
• English: ��/��3
• Metric: ����/��3
• SI: �/�3or ��/�3
MASS DENSITY:
���� �� �����
�=
������
Units:
• English: �����/��3
• Metric: ����/��3
• SI: ��/�3
MASS DENSITY: (for gases)
�
�=
��
where:
• p - absolute pressure of gas in Pa
• R - gas constant Joule/Kg-∘ �
• for air: R= 287 J/kg ∘ � = 1716 lb-ft/slug-∘ �
• T - absolute temperature in degree kelvin
• ∘ � =∘ � + 273∘ � =∘ � + 460
DENSITIES OF SOME COMMON SUBSTANCES
PROBLEM:
1. Find the mass and weight of the air at 20℃ in a living room
with a 4.0m by 5.0m and a ceiling of 3.0m high.
�
�=
�
where:
F= Force in newton
A= Cross sectional area (m2)
P= Pressure in Pa
PRESSURE:
-the amount of force exerted on a given area. Its SI unit is in
Pascal (Pa) (N/m2)
� = ���
where:
�= density
g= gravitational force
h= height
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE:
• For an open tank we should include the pressure outside the tank
pressing on the top of the surface of the liquid
������ ������
�= �=
������ ������
For water:
• � = 62.4 ��/��3 = 9.81 ��/�3
• � = 1.94 �����/��3 = 1000��/�3
• � = 1.0
A solid sphere has a radius of 1.5 cm and a mass of 0.038 kg. Calculate
the specific gravity or relative density of the sphere.
VISCOSITY:
The property of fluid which determines the amount of its resistance
to shearing forces. A perfect fluid would have no viscosity.
where:
• ℎ = ��������� ���� �� ����������
• � = ���� ����ℎ�
• � = �������� �� �ℎ� ����
• � = ������� �������
Estimate the height to which water will rise in a capillary tube of
diameter 3mm. Use � = 0.0728 N/m and � = 9.81 kN/ m3 for water.
BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY:
��
�=
–��/�
in ��/��8 �� ��
where:
• �� = �ℎ���� �� ��������
• �� = �ℎ���� �� ������
• � = ������
A liquid compressed in a container has a volume of 1 liter at
pressure of 2 MPa. What is the bulk modulus of elasticity of the
liquid.
COMPRESSION OF GASES:
• For the same mass of gas subjected to different conditions, the product of
absolute pressure and volume divided by itsabsolute temperature is constant.
p�v� = p�v�
where:
�� ��
• �1 = ������� �������� �������� �� ���
• �2 = ����� �������� �������� �� ���
• �1 = ������� ������ �� ���
• �2 = ����� ������ �� ���
• �1 = ������� �������� ����������� �� ��� �� ∘ � (∘ � + 273)
• �2 = ����� �������� ����������� �� ��� �� ∘ � (∘ � + 273)
• for Isothermal Conditions: (constant temperature, �X = �Y)
�� �� = �� ��
• for Adiabatic or Isentropic Conditions: (no heat exchanged)
�� � ��
�� � � k= ���� andk ( ) = = ��������
�� ��
also:
�� �� (�]�)/�
�� = (��)
where:
• � =ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure to the specific heat at constant
volume. Also known as adiabatic exponent.
If 9m3 of an ideal gas at 24°C and 150kPa is compressed to 2m3,
a) what is the resulting pressure suuming isothermal conditions.
b) what would have been the pressure and temperature if the
process is isentropic.
Use k = 1.3
PRESSURE DISTURBANCES:
Where:
• � = �������� �� �������� �� �������� ���� �� �/� �� ��/�
• �� = ���� ������� �� ���������� �� �ℎ� ����� �� �� �� ��/��2