Modelling Of PV Based DC-DC Boost Converter Using P&O

Algorithm Under Varying Environmental Conditions

Documentation
is
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
by
Project Batch
Kotipalli Uma Mahesh Regd. No.:20985A0239
Koyya Kishore Reddy Regd. No.: 20985A0242
Killo Kiran Kumar Regd. No.: 20985A0232
Mohammed Saif Ali Regd. No.: 20985A0253

Under the Guidance of

Mr Dr.P.V.V Raja Gopal
Associate Professor

RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous)

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited by NBA (CIV, ECE, MECH, CSE), NAAC with ‘A’ grade
& Permanently Affiliated to JNTU-GV Vizianagaram)
Dakamarri, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam Dist. – 531 162 (A.P.)
Ph: +91-8922-248001, 248002 Fax: + 91-8922-248011
e-mail: [email protected] website: www.raghuenggcollege.com
April – 2023
 RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE

It is certified that the work contained in the project report titled

“Modelling Of PV Based DC-DC Boost Converter Using P&O Algorithm
Under Varying Environmental Conditions,” by

Kotipalli Uma Mahesh Regd. No.:20985A0239

Koyya Kishore Reddy Regd. No.: 20985A0242
Killo Kiran Kumar Regd. No.: 20985A0232
Mohammed Saif Ali Regd. No.: 20985A0253
has been carried out under my/our supervision and that this work has not been
submitted elsewhere for a degree.

Signature of the Project Guide Signature of HOD

(Mr.P.V.V Raja Gopal) (Mr. P. Sasi Kiran)
(Associate Professor) Department of EEE

Signature of the External Examiner Date:

 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled “Modelling Of PV Based DC-DC Boost Converter

Using P&O Algorithm Under Varying Environmental Conditions” submitted for the fulfilment of B.

Tech. (EEE) the degree is our original work and the project report has not formed the basis for the award

of any other degree, diploma, fellowship or any other similar titles. I also declare that the ideas/sources

used in the preparation of the document are adequately cited and referenced the sources.

Student Signatures

Kotipalli Uma Mahesh Regd. No.:20985A0239

Koyya Kishore Reddy Regd. No.: 20985A0242
Killo Kiran Kumar Regd. No.: 20985A0232
Mohammed Saif Ali Regd. No.: 20985A0253

Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our grateful thanks to Dr.R.Kameswara Rao, Principal of Raghu Engineering College,
for the overall valuable support he provided during the project work and also during our course of study.
We take the privilege to express our profound sense of gratitude to Mr.P.V.V Raja Gopal Project
Supervisor and Head of the Department, Electrical and Electronics for her co-operation and for the
perfection of our project. We sincerely thank all the Staff Members of the Department for giving us their
support for the completion of this project.
Finally, we would like to express our thanks to library staff, who have supported us in the
accomplishment of the project. We would like to express our sincere thanks to our parents who encouraged
us throughout our educational endeavor and to do this project work.

Kotipalli Uma Mahesh (20985A0239)

Koyya Kishore Reddy (20985A0242)

Killo Kiran Kumar (20985A0232)

Mohammed Saif Ali (20985A0253)

 CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 1-2

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 3

3 METHODOLOGY & FLOW CHART 4-5

4 SIMULATION PROPOSED 6-8

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 9

6 CONCLUSION 10
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

The world is shifting towards the usage of renewable forms of energy such as solar, wind,
hydro, geothermal and biomass. In India the average intensity of solar radiation received is
200MW/km2. To utilize this, solar PV panels are being extensively deployed in the country.
India's total installed solar PV capacity as on 30th November 2020 was around 37GW. There
are many advantages of generating electricity from a solar panel such as: it is noise and
pollution free, it is reliable, it has relatively low maintenance cost, the electricity generated is
free of cost. A solar cell traps the photons of the incident solar radiation to generate
electricity. The solar cells are connected in series to form a solar PV panel to increase the system
voltage. There are five important parameters of a solar PV panel which affects the power
generated by a PV panel such as short circuit current, open circuit voltage, current at
maximum power point, voltage at maximum power point and fill factor. Performance of a solar
PV panel depends on solar irradiance and operating temperature. With the increase of solar
irradiance, the short circuit of a solar PV panel increases and with the increase of operating
temperature the open circuit voltage of the solar PV panel decreases. Therefore, the
power generated by the solar PV panel changes throughout the day. At any irradiance and
temperature, the PV panel may not be able to deliver the maximum power.

To enable the PV panel to generate the power at any given irradiance and temperature,
various Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm (MPPT) are used. Among all the
currently used MPPT algorithms, Perturb and Observe (P&O) is the commonly used algorithm
because it has a simple structure and is very easy to implement.

For powering a load via solar panels, various kinds of power electronics converters such
as DC-DC converters, inverters are used. These converters help to feed electricity generated
by the solar panels directly into the utility grid or can be used for household applications
locally. The DC-DC converters have experienced great evolution in the last decade due to their
wide use in uninterruptible power supplies and industrial applications. Usually a DC-DC
converter performs the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and the DC-DC converter may
operate with constant duty cycle and frequency.

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 Parameters Value

Maximum Power 317.602 W

Cells per module 72

Open Circuit Voltage 46V

Short circuit current 8.86A

Voltage at maximum power point 37.9V

Current at maximum power point 8.38A

Table-1:PV Parameters

All the parameters have been tested at Standard Test Conditions (STC) i.e. solar irradiance
of 1000W/m2 and operating temperature of 25oC.

Fig-1:Basic diagram of PV with Mppt

The Maximum Power Point Tracker in a PV system is used to harvest peak power available
from PV module under different environmental conditions. The converter is for increase or
decrease the PV available voltage due to the requirement of the load. The converter is
controlled by the action of MPPT. Different types of MPPT algorithms are available for the
PV system. Some of them are Perturb and Observe (P&O), Incremental conductance, fuzzy
MPPT and other soft computing techniques . Perturb and observe (P&O) method is commonly
used due to its simplicity and easy for installation. But the tracking speed of P&O is low due
to fixed perturbation and duty cycle oscillates around maximum power point in P&O.

2
 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] Peter Tamas szemes; Masoud Melhem “Analyzing and modeling PV with “P&O”
MPPT Algorithm by MATLAB/SIMULINK”, 10-12 June 2020, DOI:
10.1109/SIMS49386.2020.9121579, This paper illustrate how to build a model for PV by
Matlab /Simulink, which makes us able to analysing the different characteristics of PV panel
under vary of temperature & solar radiation levels, systemically. First, we illustrate by our
Matlab /Simulink PV model, how several factors (such as temperature& solar radiation have
influence on PV's output (current & voltage). In addition to illustrate how the MPPT algorithm
("P&O") effects on the PV panel performance in order to increase PV panel's efficiency

[2] Vidhya Fulmali; Sujata Gupta; Md Firoz Khan “ Modelling and simulation of
boost converter for solar-PV energy system to enhance its output”, 10-12 September
2015, DOI: 10.1109/IC4.2015.7375620, in this paper it gives brief about to improve the
solar system output voltage, open loop boost converter system is designed, modelled and
simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results of this system are compared with
the conventional boost converter, and its time response analysis was made. This improved
boost converter can continuously provide constant output voltage even with wide variation at
the input voltage side. It is observed that the proposed improved boost converter system has
the advantages of high efficiency, fast response, and low ripple content and reduced number of
switching component.

[3] Raunak Das; Shoubhik De; Saikat Sinha; Somnath Hazra “Modelling of PV based
DC-DC boost converter using P&O algorithm under varying environmental conditions”,
05-07 February 2021, DOI: 10.1109/IEMRE52042.2021.9386868. In this paper the
processes of extracting maximum power out of solar PV panel by employing MPPT is
Presented, Output power of solar PV systems are intermittent in nature and depend on the
operating PV cell temperature and solar irradiance value. Therefore, it is of utmost
importance that the maximum power is extracted from a solar PV panel at given condition or
irradiance and temperature. By this paper we have tried to extract the maximum power out of
solar PV panels connected in series using a DC-DC boost converter and by employing a
MPPT algorithmwhere Perturb and Observe algorithm has been used.

3
 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY & FLOW CHART

The methodology used in this project refers to Maximum Power Point Tracking that
can be used to track the maximum power generated by PV panel at any given solar
irradiance and operating temperature. Normally, the efficiency of the solar PV panel is
not very high, therefore it is to be ensured that the solar panel operates at the maximum
possible efficiency at any given irradiance and temperature. This is the reason why
MPPT is used. Using MPPT technique, it is possible to obtain maximum power from a
variable source.

As the I-V curve of a solar PV panel is non-linear in nature, so it is difficult to power

the load. To overcome this problem, a boost converter is introduced in the system along
with the MPPT. The MPPT tries to hold on to a particular duty cycle of the boost
converter thereby providing maximum possible DC power to the connected load. The
duty cycle can be varied.

Fig-2:Block Diagram

Perturb And Observe Algorithm:

Perturb and Observe algorithm (P&O) is similar to Hill Climbing (HC) method because it
depends on the rise of the curve of power against voltage below the maximum power point.
Perturb and Observe is the most commonly used MPPT algorithm, as it is simple and has
low maintenance In this method, a slight perturbation is introduced into the system, for
which there is a change in power. If the power increases due to the perturbation, then it

4
continues to rise in the same direction. When peak power is reached, the next perturbation
will cause decrement in the power and the perturbation reverses. The algorithm oscillates
around the peak point when it reaches the steady state. The variation in power is as small
as possible because the perturbation size is also kept small. Fig. 1 shows the P&O
algorithm. As we noticed, PV characteristics be changeable since the surrounding weather
changes. Therefore, maximum power point position of PV panels changes, due the radiation
and temperature values changes. We could adjust the power, which we have it from our system
by Algorithms called by MPPT "Maximum power point tracking". In addition to, we do track
process by changing duty cycle value of the switch in DC-DC converter, where it be connected
to PV panels.

Depending on chart, which describing "P&O" algorithm, we find that, "P&O" depends on
output current & voltage of PV panel. Moreover, as a next step in "P&O",

Fig-3:P&O algorithm Flow Chart

We go throw into two choices; one of them is to check if the output voltage difference has
a positive value, and the other if it is having a negative difference value. Finally, according to
the output voltage sign (positive or negative) we decide either to "increasing" or "decreasing"
duty cycle of Boost Converter which connected to PV panel by a constant step value.

5
 CHAPTER-4
SIMULATION PROPOSED

BOOST CONVERTER:
Boost converter is a type of DC-DC converter which as the name suggests, it boosts or
increases the input voltage. The boost converter consists of a voltage source, an
inductor, a diode, a switch, a capacitor, and a resistive load. Fig. 3 shows the circuit
diagram of a boost converter.

Fig-4:Circuit of Boost Converter

There are two basic states of a boost converter which are the ON state and the
OFF state. During the ON state, when the switch is closed, there is an increase in inductor
current and in the OFF state when the switch is open the inductor current forward biases
the diode D. As a result, the inductor current passes through the diode, capacitor and the
resistive load which causes the transfer of the energy accumulated in the inductor during
the ON state into the capacitor.

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF BOOST CONVERTER:

The MATLAB Code for design of Boost converter is shown in below fig, The
designed parameters are as follows,

Power, P=1271W.

Input Voltage, Vin=130V .

To get 50% duty cycle of Boost Converter The Output Voltage should be,

Output Voltage, Vout=260V.

6
Switching Frequency, Fs=10000 Hz.

Fig-5:Code for designing of Boost Converter

By using above code The Boost converter parameters are Obtained.

Fig-6:Obtanined parameters of Boost Converter

Fig-7: Simulation Circuit of Boost Converter(Without MPPT)

7
SIMULATION DIAGRAM

The proposed model has been simulated in MATLAB Simulink as shown in Fig.

Fig-8:Simulation circuit for PV module Boost Converter with MPPT technique

The components used are four solar PV panels connected in series, a DC-DC boost
converter, MPPT controller and a resistive load. The output voltage and current are fed to the
input of the MPPT controller which is used to track the maximum power generated by the solar
PV panel. The output of the MPPT controller generates a voltage parameter duty cycle [5].
The duty cycle is then used to generate a PWM signal with the help of a comparator which
is used for gating the DC-DC boost converter .

The simulation model uses a boost converter and a MPPT algorithm (P&O) to extract the
maximum power from four solar panels connected in series. The maximum power point
voltage of the series connected panel is 151.6V and the maximum power point current is
8.38A at 1000W/m2 and 25oC. Therefore, the maximum power is around 1271W. The current
and voltage output of the PV panels are sensed and fed into the MPPT block to generate the
desired duty cycle. Using a carrier signal and comparing it with the duty cycle, a PWM signal
has been generated which is fed to the gate of a MOSFET switch.

8
 CHAPTER-5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The simulation output consists of a carrier signal which is designed by Signal Builder ad
associated with the Boost converter without MPPT which is indicated by RED colour ,The
output of PV panel that under goes into the MPPT module which is indicated by BLUE colour
,We can observe the difference between implementation of MPPT technique by comparing the
peak values of each signals, The PV output is around 1271W which is Maximum power point
this particular PV module, But due to some internal converter losses that maximum power point
value drops to 1260 which results in slightly reduction in efficiency this can be neglected
because using of MPPT technique Overall Efficiency becomes more. There are some minor
disadvantages in P&O Method i.e Oscillations are high. Below fig shows the variation of PV
output power with the variation of solar irradiance where the irradiance has been varied in
steps.

Fig-9:Simulation Output

9
 CHAPTER-6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This project presents a means of extracting maximum power out of a solar PV panel by
employing MPPT where Perturb and Observe algorithm has been used. Without the use of
MPPT, there would be a drastic variation in the PV output power since the operator has to
choose the duty cycle by hit and run method. Boost converter has been used to obtain the
maximum power point which helps in stepping up the array voltage to the maximum
operating point voltage. The developed method is simple and reduces the time and cost of
data management system. Such a configuration can also be used to feed power to the AC grid
by using an inverter in-between the DC-DC converter and the AC grid.

10