Scribd
Upload
83 views

Human Influences On Ecosystems Notes - 103858

Modern technology has increased the global food supply through agricultural machinery, fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides and selective breeding. However, this has also led to monoculture farming and intensive livestock production which reduced biodiversity and increased pollution. Providing sufficient food for the growing world population remains an ongoing challenge due to issues like famine, poverty, and uneven food distribution. Other major human influences on ecosystems include habitat destruction, pollution, the greenhouse effect, acid rain, and species extinction. Conservation efforts are needed to protect endangered species.

Uploaded by

chelsea balogun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
83 views

Human Influences On Ecosystems Notes - 103858

Modern technology has increased the global food supply through agricultural machinery, fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides and selective breeding. However, this has also led to monoculture farming and intensive livestock production which reduced biodiversity and increased pollution. Providing sufficient food for the growing world population remains an ongoing challenge due to issues like famine, poverty, and uneven food distribution. Other major human influences on ecosystems include habitat destruction, pollution, the greenhouse effect, acid rain, and species extinction. Conservation efforts are needed to protect endangered species.

Uploaded by

chelsea balogun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Year XI term2-Rough-yellow’s notes

Human influences on ecosystems


Food supply
Modern technology has dramatically increased food supply:

 Agricultural machinery to use in larger land areas and improve efficiency


 Chemical fertilizers to improve yields
 Insecticides to improve crop quality and yield
 Herbicides to reduce competition with weed
 Selective breeding to improve production by crop plants and livestock

Monocultures and livestock production


Large scale mono-cultures of crop plants

Monoculture farming means that on a given agricultural land is grown only one species of a crop
at a time. If two or more species are sown in the field together (for example beans and corn), it is
not a monoculture but a polyculture system.

The main benefits of monoculture farming are:

 Easier to manage
 More efficient
 Promotes technological advances in agriculture
 Offers higher earnings

The disadvantages of monoculture farming are:

 Reduced diversity in ecosystem


 Increased pests
 Problems associated with insecticides

Intensive livestock production

Livestock farming involves the rearing of animals for food and other human uses, such as
producing leather, wool and even fertilizer. This type of farming primarily applies to cattle or
dairy cows, chickens, goats, pigs, horses and sheep.

The benefits of intensive livestock production are:


Year XI term2-Rough-yellow’s notes

 Helps the economy and the agricultural industry


 Provides food security

The disadvantages of are:

 Easier spread of disease


 Welfare issues of livestock i.e. living in confined space

Providing sufficient food for the world population


Famine is an extreme scarcity of food. There are various factors as to why it exists today:

 Uneven distribution of food


 Drought/flooding
 Poverty
 Increasing population

Nearly 1 000 million people do not get enough to eat and over 400 million are chronically
malnourished today.

It is therefore important to understand what it takes to find a solution to this problem:

 Social implications
 Strategic plans that incorporate population concerns such as population growth,
distribution and rural-urban migration patterns are crucial
 Community development strategies which integrate essential social services as well as
production resources should be encouraged
 Economic implications
 Financial support must be given to research on the integration of technologies for food
production.
 Environmental implications
 Reducing soil erosion and impoverishment, deforestation, falling agricultural output, and
poor water management should be implemented,

Habitat destruction
Animal habitat destruction is a big issue that exists today. Whilst habitats can be destroyed
naturally i.e. tsunami, earthquakes etc, a lot of it cause solely from human activity:
Year XI term2-Rough-yellow’s notes

 Increased area for food crop growth, livestock production, and housing
 Extraction of natural resources (such as trees)
 Marine pollution

Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other
uses.

There are many undesirable effects of deforestation:

 Loss of habitat for animals living in the forest


 Reduction of food resources and breeding grounds of animals, potentially leading to
extinction
 Soil erosion due to the lack of soil support from tree roots
 Less photosynthesis leading to increased atmospheric CO2 levels and thus contributing to the
greenhouse effect
 Reduction of rainfall due to less plants to transpire water in the water cycle

Pollution
Pollution is the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance which has
harmful or poisonous effects.

There are various causes of land and water pollution you need to be aware of.

Land & water pollution


Insecticides

Insecticides are used to kill pests to enhance crop yields but they can often also kill other
harmless animals.

For example, DDT was used to kill mosquitots but it also remained in the environment and was
absorbed into food chains resulting in bioaccumulation which killed a lot of other good animals.
DDT is now banned.

Herbicides
Year XI term2-Rough-yellow’s notes

Herbicides are used to kill weeds and other unwanted crops to reduce competition and increase
crop yields.

Herbicides can get washed int water systems and kill aquatic plants which result in a disruption
of the food chain.

Nuclear fall-out

This is a leakage from a nuclear power station. Radioactive particles can get carried into the
environment and settle. Organisms then absorb these particles which can result in cancer.

Chemical waste

Inorganic waste waste (i.e. nickel, aluminium, lead, mercury) that are dumped into water bodies
can lead to the bioaccumulation of these metals.

Plastics

Plastics can not only physically trap and harm animals, but they can deteriorated into smaller
pieces and be consumed by them too. To make matters worse, toxic gases are produced when
plastics are burned.

Untreated sewage

Sewage is untreated organic waste produced along with household and industrial waste material.

Dumping untreated sewage into the environment can lead to a lot of problems such as:

 Eutrophication
 Death of aquatic animals due to pathogens in the sewage
 Spread of water borne diseases which can infect people by drinking polluted water

Eutrophication has come up multiple times in previous examinations, so make sure


you learn this!

Eutrophication is the excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently
due to run-off from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life.

The stages of eutrophication are as follows:

1. Sewage or fertilizers somehow leak into a water body i.e. lake


Year XI term2-Rough-yellow’s notes

2. Various things are present in sewage/fertilizers such as phosphates, organic matter, bacteria
3. Phosphates promote algae growth while bacteria reproduce by feeding on organic matter
4. Excessive algae forms a blanket on the water surface
5. Aquatic plants die due to the lack of light
6. As plants die, bacteria aerobically decompose dead matter
7. Oxygen supply becomes depleted and aquatic animals die
8. The entire food chain becomes disrupted

Now that we understand the damage that untreated sewage can do, it is important to know how
we actually treat it. The treatment of sewage provides clean, drinkable water.

1. Large objects such as sticks are screened out


2. Suspended grit is allowed to settle in the grit settling chamber’
3. Organic matter is digested via the ‘sludge digester’ and allowed to settle in the ‘sludge settling
tank’
4. The remaining liquid goes into an aeration tank which contains stones that have
microorganisms on the surface to digest other remaining organic matter
5. Water passes out and may be chlorinated to kill any remaining bacteria

Greenhouse effect (climate change)

Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that prevent infrared radiation to pass through.
Year XI term2-Rough-yellow’s notes

These gases are very important in maintaining the surface temperature of the earth.

Examples of greenhouse gases are:

 Carbon dioxide
 Methane
 Chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs)
 Nitrogen oxides
 Water vapour

With industrial revolution we are now produced excessive amounts of greenhouse gases. This
leads to the enhanced greenhouse effect, where more and more infra-red radiation is becoming
trapped. This is resulting unstable climate conditions which is causing harm to the entire globe.

Acid rain
Acid rain is rainfall made so acidic by atmospheric pollution that it causes environmental harm.

Acid rain is caused by the release of nitrogen oxides and/or sulfur dioxides into the atmosphere.

 Nitrogen oxides are made from the reaction of nitrogen + oxygen in high temperatures of car
engines
 Sulfur dioxide is release by coal factories, cars, and oil refineries

These two gases can react with rain water to produce acid rain.

Acid rain can do a lot of damage to the environment:

 Damages leaf cuticles and kills plants


 Acidifies lakes and kills aquatic animals
 Damages buildings made of limestone
 Aluminium ions are leached out of the soil and washed into watery bodies

Some solutions to reduce the incidence of acid rain may include:

 Using oil instead of coal (since coal contains more sulfur)


 Switching to more renewable resources of energy
 Using catalytic converters in cars (which removes nitrogen oxides from car exhausts)
Year XI term2-Rough-yellow’s notes

Conservation
Extinction and endangerment of a species

Extinction is the dying out or extermination of a species. Some factors that may cause extinction
are:

 Climate change
 Habitat destruction
 Hunting
 Pollution
 Introduced species i.e. species that are not native to a particular location, and has the tendency
to spread and cause damage to the environment

An endangered species of animal or plant that is seriously at risk of extinction.

Conservation of endangered species

It is important to conserve endangered species in order to prevent extinction.

Conservation may involve:

 Monitoring and protecting habitats


 Education
 Captive breeding programes
 Seed banks
 Conservation programmes
Year XI term2-Rough-yellow’s notes
Year XI term2-Rough-yellow’s notes
Year XI term2-Rough-yellow’s notes

Free Exam Academy Catch Themes

You might also like