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2.2.design of Member in Compression

A structural member loaded axially in compression is called a compression member. Common types include columns, struts, posts, and top chords of trusses. Columns can fail due to crushing, buckling, or a combination of axial compression and bending. The design of compression members involves checking that the design axial force does not exceed the member's buckling resistance, which depends on its cross-section, length, and end restraints. Local buckling of the cross-section is also considered by using an effective area.

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316 views

2.2.design of Member in Compression

A structural member loaded axially in compression is called a compression member. Common types include columns, struts, posts, and top chords of trusses. Columns can fail due to crushing, buckling, or a combination of axial compression and bending. The design of compression members involves checking that the design axial force does not exceed the member's buckling resistance, which depends on its cross-section, length, and end restraints. Local buckling of the cross-section is also considered by using an effective area.

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Wilfharry billy
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.2.

Design of member in compression


2.2.1. INTRODUCTION

A structural member loaded axially in compression is generally called a compression member.


There are several types of compression members: column, strut, post, stanchion, and top
chords of trusses. Vertical compression members in buildings are called columns, posts or
stanchions. A compression member in roof trusses is called struts and in a crane is called a
boom. Columns which are short are subjected to crushing and behave like members under pure
compression. Columns which are long tend to buckle out of the plane of the load axis.
A strut is defined as a structural member subjected to compression in a direction parallel to its
longitudinal axis. The term strut is commonly used for compression members in roof trusses. A
strut may be used in a vertical position or in an inclined position in roof trusses. The compression
members may be subjected to both axial compression and bending.

A cross-sections in class 4 if local instability occurs before reaching the yield stress at a point of
the profile. When the cross-sections in class 4 are subjected to axial force and/or bending, not the
entire gross section reacts, but only a part of it named "effective area.
The single angle sections are used for the compression members for small trusses and bracing.
The equal angle sections are more desirable usually. The unequal angle sections are also used.
The minimum radius of gyration about one of the principal axis is adopted for calculating the
slenderness ratios. The minimum radius of gyration of the single angle section is much less than
the other sections of same cross-sectional area. Therefore, the single angle sections are not
suitable for the compression member of long lengths. The single angle sections are commonly
used in the single plane trusses (i.e., the trusses having gusset plates in one plane). The angle
sections simplify the end connections.

The tee-sections are suitable for the compression members for small trusses. The tee-sections are
more suitable for welding.

When compression members are overloaded then their failure may take place because of one of
the following:
1. Direct compression
2. Excessive bending
3. Bending combined with twisting
The failure of column depends upon its slenderness ratio. The load required to cause above
mentioned failures decreases as the length of compression member increases, the cross-sectional
area of the member being constant.
Note the following points:

During design, the following should be noted:


Stub columns

A stub column is a type of column whose length is very small and does not connect to the
footing directly. So, it does not have a footing or pedestal and relies on a beam or slab to
transfer loads. The stub column acts as a point load on a beam on which it rests. A stub column is
provided to transfer loads from a beam to footing in case of strap footing.

It increases the stiffness of a building.


Slender steel columns
2.2.2. Design procedures

For the design of a compression member, the design axial force NEd is determined by a rational
frame analysis, as in or by statics for a statically determinate structure. The design loads (factored
loads) FEd are for the ultimate limit state, and are determined by summing up the specified loads
multiplied by the appropriate partial load factors γF .
2.2.3. Design for compression
where NEd is design value of the compression force (from load) and Nb,Rd is design buckling
resistance of the compression member.
2.2.4. Buckling of straight members

 Column buckling
Consider a long slender compression member. If an axial load P is applied and increased
slowly, it will ultimately reach a value Pcr the critical buckling load of the column.
What is buckling?
WORKING EXAMPLE

For more about CHS, please visit https://eurocodeapplied.com/design/en1993/chs-design-properties.

2.2.3. Elastic buckling load

The elastic buckling is given by equation:

Where E is the modulus of elasticity, I is the moment of Inertia and Lcr Is the effective length or the
buckling length.

Effects of local buckling


Compression members containing thin-plate elements are likely to be affected by
local buckling of the cross-section. Local buckling reduces the resistances of short compression
members below their squash loads Ny and the resistances of longer members which fail by flexural
buckling.
Local buckling of a short compression member is accounted for by using a reduced effective area Aeff
instead of the gross area A.
Local buckling of a longer compression member is accounted for by using Aeff instead of A and by
reducing the generalized slenderness to A:

2.4.1. Restrained compression members

Then its buckled shape v is given by:

and its elastic buckling load N is given by:

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