CSTSS701- DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

CSTSS701 Design Steel Structures

RTQF Level: 7 Learning hours

50

Credits: 5
Sector: Construction and building services

Sub-sector: Construction Technology

Issue date: October,2020

Purpose statement
This module is designed for students pursuing advanced diploma courses in Construction
Technology. It describes skills, knowledge and attitude required to design steel structure.

At the end of the module, students will be able to describe steel structures, to design steel
structural members and design steelwork connection.

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Learning assumed to be in place

N/A

Elements of competence and performance criteria

Learning units describe the essential outcomes of a competence.

Performance criteria describe the required performance needed to demonstrate

achievement of the learning unit.

By the end of the module, the trainee will be able to:

Elements of competence Performance criteria

1. Describe steel structure concepts 1.1. Proper identification of steel types and
their uses according to existing literature.

1.2. Proper description of steel

manufacturing, advantages and
disadvantages of steel structures according
to existing literature.

1.3. Proper identification of structural steel

according to mechanical properties.

2. Design steel structural members. 2.1. Proper design of members in tension

according to Eurocode 3.

2.2. Proper design of compression members

according to Eurocode 3.

2.3. Proper design of bending and beam-column

members according to Eurocode 3.

2.4. Accurate detailing and elaboration of steel

structural members according to design
results.

3. Design steelwork connection

3.1. Proper identification of steel connections
according to the existing literature.

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 3.2. Proper design of bolts according to
Eurocode 3.

3.3. Proper design of welds according to

Eurocode 3.

3.4 Proper detailing and elaboration of

steelwork connections according to design
results.

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LEARNING UNIT 1 –DESCRIBE STEEL STRUCTURE CONCEPTS
Learning Outcomes: 1.1. Identify steel types and their uses.
1.2. Describe steel manufacturing, advantages and
desadvantages of steel structures.
1.3. Identify structural steel.
Learning hours: 10 Hours

Learning Outcome 1.1: Identify steel varieties

Content Learning activities Resources
 Definition of key terms o Discussion / individual work

 Steel as a material / internet research /

 Steel as a structure presentation on definition

of key terms.
 Use of steel in construction
o Discussion / individual work
 Multi-storey building - White board
/ internet research /
 Bridge - Flipcharts
presentation on use of steel
 Industrial building - Markers,
in construction
 Towers o Discussion / individual work - Chalks,
 Types of steel / internet research / - Papers
 Mild steel presentation on steel types. - Pens
Definition - Projector
Characteristics of mild - Duster
steel - Laptop
Properties of mild steel - Codes :
Use of mild steel Eurocode &
 Carbon steel British standards
Low-carbon steel - Book reference
Medium-carbon steel
High-carbon steel
Very high-carbon steel
 High-strength Steel

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  Alloy steel
Nickel steel
Chromium steels
Chrome vanadium steel
Tungsten steel
Molybden steel
Manganese steels
 Tool steel
Definition
Properties
Classification
Composition
 Stainless steel
Definition
Types
Properties
Composition
Uses

Formative Assessment 1.1

Performance criterion

Proper identification of steel types and their uses according to existing literature

Assessor may collect among the following evidences and make judgements on whether
the performance criterion has been achieved or not.

Types of evidence Portfolio assessment tools

- Written evidence - Matching questions
- Multiple choicequestions
- True false questions
- Sentence completion questions
- Essay (short responses, extended responses)

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- Oral evidence - Records of questions asked by assessor and responses of
trainee.

Checklist Score
Yes No
Indicator 1: Key terms used are properly defined
 Steel as a material is defined
 Steel as a structure is defined
Indicator 2: Use of steel in construction is propery identified
 Multi-storey building is identified
 Bridge is identified
 Industrial building is identified
 Towers are identified
Indicator 3: Types of steel are properly identified
 Mild steel is identified
 Carbon steel is identified
 High strength steel is identified
 Alloy steel identified
 Tool steel identified
 Stainless steel identified
Observation

Learning Outcome 1.2: Describe steel manufacturing, advantages and

desadvantages of steel structures.
Content Learning activities Resources
 Manufacturing of seel o Discussion / individual work - White board
 Steps in steel / internet research / - Flipcharts
manufacturing presentation on - Markers,
 Steel manufacturing manufacturing of steel - Chalks,
process o Discussion / individual work - Papers

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 Hot rolling / internet research / - Pens
Cold rolling presentation on adventages - Projector
 Advantages of steel structures of steel structures - Duster
o Discussion / individual work
 High stength - Laptop
/ internet research /
 Tightness - Codes :
presentation on advantages
 Durability Eurocode &
of steel structures
 Uniformity British standards
o Discussion / individual work
 Ductility and warning / internet research /
- Book reference
before failure presentation on
 Quick in construction disadvantages of steel
 Disadvantages of steel structures.

structures
 Corrosion in humid
conditions
 Low fire resistance
 Succeptibilty to buckling
 Lack of flexibility
 Need for skilled labour
 Fatigue

Formative Assessment 1.2

Performance criterion

Proper description of steel manufacturing, advantages and disadvantages of steel

structures according to existing literature

Assessor may collect among the following evidences and make judgements on whether
the performance criterion has been achieved or not.

Types of evidence Portfolio assessment tools

- Written evidence - Matching questions
- Multiple choice questions
- True false questions

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 - Sentence completion
- Essay (short responses, extended responses)
- Oral evidence - Records of questions asked by assessor and responses of
trainee.

Checklist Score
Yes No
Indicator 1: Manufacturing of steel is properly described
 Steps in steel manufacturing are discussed
 Steel manufacturing process is dicussed
Indicator 2: Adventages of steel structures are properly described
 High strength is described
 Toghtness is described
 Durability is described
 Uniformity is described
 Ductility and warning before failure is described
 Quick in construction is described
Indicator 3: Desadventages of steel structures are well described
 Corrosion in humid condition is described
 Low fire resistance is described
 Succeptibility to buckling is described
 Lack of flexibility is described
 Need for skilled labour is described
 Fatigue is described
Observation

Learning Outcome 1.3: Identify structural steel

Content Learning activities Resources
o Discussion / individual work
 Steel used structural in two - White board
/ internet research /

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 ways presentation on steel used - Flipcharts
 Reinforcement steel structural in two ways. - Markers,
 Structural steel o Discussion / individual work - Chalks,
/ internet research /
 Types of reinforcement bars - Papers
presentation on types of
 Mild steel and medium - Pens
reinforcement bars.
tensile test/plain steel - Projector
o Discussion / individual work
bars - Duster
/ internet research /
Round section - Laptop
presentation on standard
Mild steel used. - Codes :
Yield strength- o Discussion / individual work Eurocode &
250N/mm2 / internet research / British standards
 High yield strength presentation on mechanical - Book reference
deformed bars properties of steel.

Cold twisted deformed o Discussion / individual work

/ internet research /
bars
presentation on common
Tor steel bars
structural steel sections.
Designated as
Fe415,Fe500,Fe550
 Standars used
 European Standards
EN10025
EN10027
British Standars
 USA Standards
ASTM International
 Mechanical properties of steel
 Stress-strain curve for
mild structural steel
 Stress-stress curve for
high –carbon structural
steel

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 Common structural steel
sections
 Hot-rolled steel sections
 Concrete reinforcement
bars (rebars).

Formative Assessment 1.3

Performance criterion

Proper identification of structural steel according to mechanical properties.

Assessor may collect among the following evidences and make judgements on whether
the performance criterion has been achieved or not.

Types of evidence Portfolio assessment tools

- Written evidence - Matching questions
- Multiple choice questions
- True false questions
- Sentence completion questions
- Essay (short responses, extended responses)
- Oral evidence - Records of questions asked by assessor and responses of
trainee.
- Product evidence - Observation checklist.
- Task: Select the structural steel according to mechanical
properties.

Checklist Score
Yes No
Indicator 1: Structural steel use is properly identified
 Reinforcement steel is identified
 Structural steel is identified

Indicator 2: Types of reinforcement is properly identified

 Mild steel is identified

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  High yield strength deformed bars are identified
Indicator 3: Standard used are properly identified
 European standards are identified
 USA standards are identified
Indicator 4: Mechanical properties of steel are identified
 Stress-strain curve for mild structural steel is
identified
 Stress-stress curve for high –carbon structural steel
Indicator 5: Common structural steel sections are identified
 Hot-rolled steel sections
 Concrete reinforcement bars (rebars)
Observation

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LEARNING UNIT 2 – DESIGN STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
Learning Outcomes: 2.1. Design of members in tension
2.2. Design of member in compression
2.3. Design of bending memebers beam-column
2.4. Elaborate design documents
Learning hours: 20 Hours

Learning Outcome 2.1: Design of member in tension

Content Learning activities Resources
 Explanation of key terms o Discussion / individual work - White board
 Concentrically loaded / internet research / - Flipcharts
uniform tension memeber presentation on explanation - Markers,
of key terms.
 Load-deformation - Chalks,
o Discussion / individual work
behaviour - Papers
/ internet research /
 Tension members - Pens
presentation / practical
 Behaviour & design of - Projector
exercise on design of
steel tension member - Duster
concentrically loaded
 Unit weight of materials tension members. - Laptop
 Concentrically loaded tension o Discussion / individual work - Codes :
members / internet research / Eurocode &
 Member without holes presentation / practical British standards
 Member with small holes exercise on design of - Book reference
eccentrically and locally
 Member with sgnificant
connected tension
holes
members.
 Design procedures
 Eccentrically and locally
connected tension members
 Definition
 Excentrically and locally
connected tension
members

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  Design procedures

Formative Assessment 2.1

Performance criterion

Proper design of members in tension according to Eurocode 3.

Assessor may collect among the following evidences and make judgements on whether
the performance criterion has been achieved or not.

Types of evidence Portfolio assessment tools

- Written evidence - Matching questions
- Multiple choice questions
- True false questions
- Sentence completion questions
- Essay (short responses, extended responses)
- Oral evidence - Records of questions asked by assessor and responses of
trainee.
- Product evidence - Observation checklist
- Task : Design a tension member according to Eurocode 3.

Checklist Score
Yes No
Indicator 1: Members in tension are properly defined
 Concentrically loaded uniform tension member is
defined
 Load-deformation behaviour is defined
 Tension members is defined
 Behaviour & design of steel tension member is
defined
 Unity weight of materials are identified

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Indicator 2: Concentrically loaded tension members are properly designed
 Member without holes are designed
 Member with small holes are designed
 Member with sgnificant holes are designed
 Design procedures are followed
Indicator 3: Eccentrically and lacally connected tension members are properly designed
 Eccentrically and locally connected tension members
are defined
 Eccentrically connected tension members is
designed
 Design procedures is followed
Observation

Learning Outcome 2.2: Design of member in compression

Content Learning activities Resources
 Buckling of straight members o Discussion / individual work

 Unloaded memeber / internet research / - White board

 Undeflected loaded presentation / practical
- Flipcharts
exercise on bucling of
member - Markers,
straight members
 Deflected member - Chalks,
o Discussion / individual work
 Elastic buckling load - Papers
/ internet research /
 Definition - Pens
presentation / practical
 Design buckling resistance exercise on design - Projector
 Elastic buckling load procedures. - Duster
 Effect of load buckling o Discussion / individual work - Laptop
 Definition / internet research / - Codes :
 Local buckling presentation / practical Eurocode &
 Effective and gross area exercise on restrained British standards
compression members.
 Slenderness - Book reference
 Design procedures

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  Design axial force
 Check compression
resistance of a member
 Partial factor for cross-
section resistance
 Compression member
buckling resistance
 Check the cross-section
Fully effective
Slender
 Design buckling resistance
 Restrained compression
members
 Simple supports and rigid
restaints
 Effective lengths of
columns
 Buckled shape

Formative Assessment 2.2

Performance criterion

Proper design of compression members according to Eurocode 3.

Assessor may collect among the following evidences and make judgements on whether
the performance criterion has been achieved or not.

Types of evidence Portfolio assessment tools

- Written evidence - Matching questions
- Multiple choice questions
- True false questions
- Sentence completion questions
- Essay (short responses, extended responses)
- Product evidence - Observation checklist
Task: Design a steel compression members accordidng to

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 Eurocode 3.

Checklist Score
Yes No
Indicator 1: Buckling of straight members is properly described
 Unloaded member is discussed
 Undeflected loaded member is discussed
 Deflected member is discussed
Indicator 2: Elastic buckling load is properly computed
 Elastic buckling load is defined
 Design buckling resistance is defined
 Elastic buckling load is computed
Indicator 3: Effect of load buckling is properly discussed
 Effect of load buckling is explained
 Local buckiling is defined
 Effective and gross area is explained
 Slenderness ration is computed
Indicator 4: Design procedures are properly respected
 Design flow chart of compression members is
discussed
 Design axial force is computed
 Compression resistance of a member is checked
 Partial factor for cross section resistance is
computed
 Compression member buckling resistance is checked
Indicator 5: Restrained compression member is properly designed
 Simple supports and rigid restraints are identified
 Effective lengths for columns are computed
 Buckled shape id copmuted

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Observation

Learning Outcome 2.3: Design of bending members and design of beam-column

members
Content Learning activities Resources
 Strength design of beams o Discussion / individual

 Elastic design of beams work / internet research

Flow chart for the elastic / presentation / practical

exercise on strength
design of beams
design column.
Section classification
o Discussion / individual - White board
Checking the moment
work / internet research - Flipcharts
resistance
/ presentation / practical - Markers,
Checking the shear exercise on design of - Chalks,
resistance beam-column members.
- Papers
Checking for bending and
- Pens
shear
- Projector
Thin-walled sections
- Duster
properties
- Laptop
 Design of beam-column
- Codes : Eurocode &
members
British standards
 Design rules
- Book reference
Cross-section resistance
Member resistance

Formative Assessment 2.3

Performance criterion

Proper design of bending and beam-column members according to Eurocode 3.

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Assessor may collect among the following evidences and make judgements on whether
the performance criterion has been achieved or not.

Types of evidence Portfolio assessment tools

- Written evidence - Matching questions
- Multiple choice Questions
- True false questions
- Sentence completion questions
- Essay (short responses, extended responses)
- Product evidence - Observation checklist
Task: design a bending and beam-column members according
to Eurocode 3.

Checklist Score
Yes No
Indicator 1: Strength design of beam is properly done
 Flow charf for the Elatic design of beam is discussed
 Section classification are identified
 Moment resistance is checked
 Shear resistance is cheched
 Thin-walled sections properties are designed
Indicator 2:Design of beam-column members are properly done
 Cross-section resistance is checked
 Member resistance is cheched
Observation

Learning Outcome 2.4: Elaborate design documents

Content Learning activities Resources
 Elaboration of drawings o Discussion / individual
- White board
 Beam structural details work / internet research /
- Flipcharts
presentation / practical

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  Column structural details exercise on elaboration of - Markers,
 Provision of structural drawings. - Chalks,
calculation note o Discussion / individual - Papers
work / internet research /
 Definition - Pens
presentation / practical
 Written report - Projector
exercise on provision of
- Duster
structural calculation note.
- Laptop
- Codes : Eurocode
& British
standards
- Book reference

Formative Assessment 2.4

Performance criterion

Accurate elaboration of steel structural members according to design

Results

Assessor may collect among the following evidences and make judgements on whether
the performance criterion has been achieved or not.

Types of evidence Portfolio assessment tools

- Written evidence - Matching questions
- Multiple choice questions
- True false questions
- Sentence completion questions
- Essay (short responses, extended responses)
- Product evidence - Observation checklist
Task : Produce a complete design of beam and columns
according to obtained results.

Checklist Score

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 Yes No
Indicator 1: Drawings are properly elaborated
 Beam structural drawings plans are produced
 Columns structural drawings plans are produced
Indicator 2: Structural calculation note are properly done
 Structural calculation note id defined
 Writted report is produced
Observation

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LEARNING UNIT 3 – DESIGN STEELWORK CONNECTION
Learning Outcomes: 3.1. Identify Steel connections
3.2. Design bolts
3.3. Design welds
3.4. Elaborate design documents

Learning hours: 20 Hours

Learning Outcome 3.1: Identify steel coonections

Content Learning activities Resources
 Connections o Discussion / individual work / - White board
 Connections internet research / presentation - Flipcharts
 Joints on connections. - Markers,
o Discussion / individual work /
 Arrangement of - Chalks,
internet research / presentation
joints - Papers
on joints and its arrangements.
 Joint components - Pens
o Discussion / individual work /
 Bolts - Projector
internet research / presentation
 Pins on joint components.
- Duster
 Rivets - Laptop
 Welds - Codes :
 Plates and cleats Eurocode &
 Arrangement of joints British standards
 Joints for force - Book reference
transmission
 Joints for force
moment
transmission
 Force and moment
joints

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Formative Assessment 3.1
Performance criterion

Proper identification of steel connections according to the existing literature.

Assessor may collect among the following evidences and make judgements on whether
the performance criterion has been achieved or not.

Types of evidence Portfolio assessment tools

- Written evidence - Matching questions
- Multiple choice questions
- True false questions
- Sentence completion questions
- Essay (Short responses, extended responses)
- Oral evidence - Records of questions asked by assessor and responses of
trainee.

Checklist Score
Yes No
Indicator 1: Steel connection are properly identified
 Connections are defined
 Joints are defined
 Arrangements of joints are identified
Indicator 2: Joints components are properly identified
 Bolts are identified
 Pins are identified
 Rivets are identified
 Welds are identified
 Plates and cleats are identified
Indicator 3: Arrangement of joints are properly identified
 Joints for force transmission are identified

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  Joints for force moment transmission are identified
 Force and moment joints are identified
Onservation

Learning Outcome 3.2: Design bolts

Content Learning activities Resources
 Bearing bolts in shear o Discussion / individual work
- White board
 Defininition / internet research /
- Flipcharts
 Design procedures presentation / practical
- Markers,
 Bolts in tension exercise on bearing bolts in
shear - Chalks,
 Defininition
o Discussion / individual work - Papers
 Design procedures
/ internet research / - Pens
 Bearing bolts in shear and
presentation / practical - Projector
tension.
exercise on bearing bolts in - Duster
 Defininition
shear and tension - Laptop
 Design procedures o Discussion / individual work
- Codes :
 Bolts in bearing / internet research /
Eurocode &
 Defininition presentation / practical
British standards
 Design procedures exercise on bolts in bearing
- Book reference

Formative Assessment 3.2

Performance criterion

Proper design of bolts according to Eurocode 3.

Assessor may collect among the following evidences and make judgements on whether
the performance criterion has been achieved or not.

Types of evidence Portfolio assessment tools

- Written evidence - Matching questions
- Multiple choice questions
- True false questions
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 - Sentense completion questions
- Essay (short responses, extended responses)
- Oral evidence - Records of questions asked by assessor and responses of
trainee.
- Product evidence - Observation checklist
- Task: Design bolts according to Eurocode 3.
Checklist Score
Yes No
Indicator 1: Bearing bolts in shear are properly designed
 Bearing bolts are defined
 Bearing bolts in shear are designed
Indicator 2: Bolts in tension are properly designed
 Bolts in tension are defined
 Bolts in tension are designed
Indicator 3: Bearing bolts in shear and tension are properly designed
 Bearing bolts in shear and tension are defined
 Bearing bolts in shear and tension are designed
Indicator 4: Bolts in bearing are properly designed
 Bolts in bearing are defined
 Bolts in bearing are designed
Observation

Learning Outcome 3.3: Design welds

Content Learning activities Resources
 Full penetration butt welds o Discussion / individual - White board
 Definition work / internet research /
- Flipcharts
 Design procedures presentation / practical
- Markers,
exercise on full
 Fillet welds - Chalks,
penetration butt welds
 Definition - Papers
o Discussion / individual
 Design procedures - Pens
work / internet research /
presentation / practical - Projector

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 exercise on fillet welds. - Duster
- Laptop
- Codes : Eurocode
& British
standards
- Book reference

Formative Assessment 3.3

Performance criterion

Proper design of welds according to Eurocode 3.

Assessor may collect among the following evidences and make judgements on whether
the performance criterion has been achieved or not.

Types of evidence Portfolio assessment tools

- Written evidence - Matching questions
- Multiple choice questions
- True-false questions
- Sentence completion questions
- Essay (short responses, extended responses)
- Oral evidence - Records of questions asked by assessor and responses of
trainee.
- Product evidence - Observation checklist
Task: Design welds according to Eurocode 3.

Checklist Score
Yes No
Indicator1: Full penetration butt welds are designed
 Full penetration butt welds are defined
 Full penetration butt welds are designed
Indicator 2:Fillet welds are properly designed
 Fillet welds are defined

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  Fillet welds are designed
Observation

Learning Outcome 3.4: Elaborate design documents

Content Learning activities Resources
 Elaboration of drawings o Discussion / individual

 Structural detail of work / internet research /

presentation / practical - White board
connections
exercise on elaboration of - Flipcharts
 Structural details of bolts
drawings. - Markers,
 Provision of stractural
o Discussion / individual - Class
calculation note
work / internet research / - Chalks,
 Definition
presentation / practical - Papers
 Written report exercise on provision of
- Pens
 Proviosion of bill of quantity structural calculation note.
- Projector
for steel structures o Discussion / individual
- Duster
 Definition work / internet research /
- Laptop
 Types of bill of quantity presentation / practical
- Codes : Eurocode
 Select format of bill of exercise on provision of bill
of quantity for steel & British
quantity
structures. standards
 Perform quantity and cost
- Book reference
estimates

Formative Assessment 3.3

Performance criterion

Proper detailing and elaboration of steelwork connections according to design results.

Assessor may collect among the following evidences and make judgements on whether
the performance criterion has been achieved or not.

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 Types of evidence Portfolio assessment tools
- Written evidence - Matching questions
- Multiple choice questions
- True false questions
- Sentence completion questions
- Essay (short responses, extended responses).
- Product evidence - Observation checklist
Task : Prepare a structural calculation note in line with the
obtained results.

Checklist Score
Yes No
Indicator 1: Drawings are properly elaborated
 Bolts structure drawings plans are produced
 Details of connections plans are produced
Indicator 2: Structural calculation are done
 Structural calculation note is defined
 Writted report is produced
Indicator 3: Bill of quantity is well performed
 Bill of Quantity is defined
 Types of bill of quantity are identified
 Bill of quantity format is identified
 Quantity and cost estimates are done
Observation

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Summative Assessment

Integrated situation Resources

IPRC ENGINEERING Company Ltd. has won a contract to

conduct a structural design of a one (1) storeyed steel
commercial building in Gasabo district. The contract scope is
about roof, beam, Column and connections. As a steel  Tools and equipment:

structures designer and employee of the company, you are -Computer laptop

requested to perform this design and produce a structural -Scientific calculator

report in at most three (3) days. The final report will be orally
presented after its submission. Use the following data:  Materials

 The live loads: 3KN/m2 -EN1991-1-1, April 2002

 Structural steel Column cross section to be determined -Pens

 Structural steel beam section to be determined -Papers

 Characteristic strength is Fy= 355N/mm2 -Architectural drawings

 Ultimate strength is Fu= 500N/mm2

 Connection size to be determined
 The additional information are found on architectural
drawings to be availed.

Assesment Criterion 1: Quality of Process

Checklist Score
Yes No
Indicator 1.1: Tools, equipment and materials are selected
Tools
 Scientific calculator
Materials
 Codes (EN1991-1-1)
 Pens
 Papers
 Architectural drawings

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Equipment
 Computer Laptop

Indicator 1.2: Procedure of design well respected

 Roof designed with specified standards.
 Beam designed with specified standards
 Column designed with specified standards
 Connections designed with specified standards
Observation

Assesment Criterion 2: Quality of product

Checklist Score
Yes No
Indicator 2.1: The Loading Calculations are well performed
 Axial forces are accurately calculated
 Ultimate design axial force
 Resisting axial force
 Tension forces are accurately determined
 Ultimate tension force
 Resisting tension force
Indicator 2.2: Structural drawing and reports are well produced
 Structural steel work schedules are provided
 Structural reports are produced
Observation

Assesment Criterion 3: Relevance

Checklist Score
Yes No
Indicator 1: Design done is clear
 Found tension forces are true
 Provided structural steelwork is equivalent
 Provided structural drawings are clear

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  The produced report is clear
Indicator 2: Design period is respected
 Time allocated to the task is respected

Observation

References

1. W.M.C. McKenzie, (2004), Design of structural elements, ISBN 0−333−00000−0.

2. Peter Knowless, (2005), Design of structural steelwork, second edition; Surrey

University

3. Press.

4. LJ Morris & DR Plum, Design of structural steelwork to BS 5950, second edition.

5. Dr Ram Chandra, Design of steel structures, Vol. 1 & 2.

6. Frixos Joannides& Alan Weller, (2002), Structural steel design to BS 5950: part 1.

7. Jack C. Mc Cormac, Stephen F. Csernak, (2012), Structural steel design, fifth Edition.

8. Dr. B. Punnia, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar Jain, Comprehensive Design of Steel
Structures.

9. Trevor Draycott and Peter Bullman. (2013), Structural Elements Design Manual
Working with Eurocodes, 2nd Edition., Published by Routledge, 2Park Square, Milton
Park, Abigndon, Oxon OX14 4RN, 711 Third Avenue New York, NY, 10017, USA.

10. EN 1991-1-1 (2002): Eurocode 1: Actions on structures, General actions - Densities,

self-weight, imposed loads for buildings.

11. BS 6399-1, (1996): Loading for Buildings, Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed
Loads

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