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Intro To Meter

This document provides an introduction to poetic meter in English. It defines stress, accent, and meter as rhythmic patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. The four main types of meter are described - iambic, trochaic, anapestic, and dactylic - each based on basic repeating feet. Examples are given from poems by Dickinson, Shakespeare, and Poe to illustrate the different meters. The document also discusses other concepts like caesura, end-stopped lines, and enjambment.

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Kelly Bacchus
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
74 views

Intro To Meter

This document provides an introduction to poetic meter in English. It defines stress, accent, and meter as rhythmic patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. The four main types of meter are described - iambic, trochaic, anapestic, and dactylic - each based on basic repeating feet. Examples are given from poems by Dickinson, Shakespeare, and Poe to illustrate the different meters. The document also discusses other concepts like caesura, end-stopped lines, and enjambment.

Uploaded by

Kelly Bacchus
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

 to  Meter    
 
 
 
A  stress  or  accent  is  the  greater  amount  of  force  given  to  one  syllable  than  another.  English  is  a  
language  in  which  all  syllables  are  stressed  or  unstressed,  and  traditional  poetry  in  English  has  
used  stress  patterns  as  a  fundamental  structuring  device.  Meter  is  simply  the  rhythmic  pattern  
of  stresses  in  verse.  To  scan  a  poem  means  to  read  it  for  meter,  an  operation  whose  noun  form  
is  scansion.  This  can  be  tricky,  for  although  we  register  and  reproduce  stresses  in  our  everyday  
language,  we  are  usually  not  aware  of  what  we’re  going.  Learning  to  scan  means  making  a  more  
or  less  unconscious  operation  conscious.  
 
There  are  four  types  of  meter  in  English:  iambic,  trochaic,  anapestic,  and  dactylic.    Each  is  
named  for  a  basic  foot  (usually  two  or  three  syllables  with  one  strong  stress).  
 
Iambs  are  feet  with  an  unstressed  syllable,  followed  by  a  stressed  syllable.  Only  in  nursery  
rhymes  to  do  we  tend  to  find  totally  regular  meter,  which  has  a  singsong  effect,  Chidiock  
Tichborne’s  poem  being  a  notable  exception.  Here  is  a  single  line  from  Emily  Dickinson  that  is  
totally  regular  iambic:  
 
   _          /    │    _              /          │    _        /  │  _            /  
  My  life  had  stood  –  a  loaded  Gun  –  
 
This  line  serves  to  notify  readers  that  the  basic  form  of  the  poem  will  be  iambic  tetrameter,  or  
four  feet  of  iambs.  The  lines  that  follow  are  not  so  regular.  
 
Trochees  are  feet  with  a  stressed  syllable,  followed  by  an  unstressed  syllable.  Trochaic  meter  is  
associated  with  chants  and  magic  spells  in  English:  
                                 /        _  │    /        _    │    /          _      │    /      _  
  Double,  double,  toil  and  trouble,  
 /  _  │    /              _    │      /        _      │      /        _  
  Fire  burn  and  cauldron  bubble.  
 
An  anapest  consists  of  two  unstressed  syllables,  followed  by  a  stressed  syllable.  We  find  
anapestic  meter  in  “Annabel  Lee”:  
 
  _        _          /  │  _        _      /  │  _      _        /  │  _  /  
  It  was  many  and  many  a  year  ago  
                        _    _      /  │      _          _  │  _            /  
    In  a  kingdom  by  the  sea  
 
A  dactylic  foot  contains  one  stressed  syllable,  followed  by  two  unstressed  syllables.    It  is  
relatively  rare  in  English.  A  word  like  “murmuring”  and  “pussycat”  are  dactyls.  
 
  2  

Iambs  and  anapests  are  called  rising  meters;  trochees  and  dactyls,  falling  meters.  Another  kind  
of  foot,  which  consists  of  two  stressed  syllables,  is  called  the  spondee  or  strong  foot.  Often  
poems  will  end  lines  with  a  single,  stressed  syllable,  which  we  call  a  monosyllabic  foot.  If  both  
syllables  are  unstressed,  we  call  it  a  weak  foot.  
 
Going  back  to  Donne’s  stanza  from  “Holy  Sonnet  14,”  which  we  looked  at  in  class,  when  we  
divide  it  into  feet,  we  find  that  each  line  has  five  and  that  the  feet  are  predominately  iambic.  
Five  iambic  feet  in  a  line  is  called  iambic  pentameter,  the  most  popular  verse  form  in  the  
English  language.  Dickinson,  on  the  other  hand,  favors  iambic  tetrameter,  with  four  iambic  feet  
per  line,  which  is  also  the  traditional  meter  for  ballads.  The  names  for  number  are  Greek,  so  we  
have  monometer  for  one  foot,  dimeter  for  two,  trimeter  for  three,  tetrameter  for  four,  
pentameter  for  five,  hexameter  for  six.  
 
If  there  is  a  pause  within  a  poetic  line,  we  call  it  a  caesura.  If  a  line  ends  with  a  full  pause—
usually  marked  by  punctuation,  we  call  it  end-­‐stopped.  If  there  is  no  punctuation  at  the  end  of  
a  line,  so  that  a  phrase  keeps  going  into  the  next  line,  we  say  the  line  is  enjambed.  Dickinson’s  
line  has  a  caesura,  and  it  is  end-­‐stopped.  Here’s  a  couple  of  lines  from  Donne’s  poem,  which  are  
enjambed:  
 
Batter  my  heart,  three-­‐personed  God,  for  You  
  As  yet  but  knock,  breathe,  shine,  and  seek  to  mend.  
 
Notice  that  there  are  multiple  caesurae  in  each  line.  These  lines  are  iambic  pentameter.  

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