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Point Defects (13th)

Point defects : When some ion's are missing from ionic crystals from their theoretical lattice point, the crystal is defected structure. Defect due to missing of ions from theoretical lattice point is called point defect. * Characteristic of point defect:  Point defect increases with increase in temperature. At absolute zero temperature, ionic crystal may not have any defect.  n = no. of defect per unit volume = N.e–W/Rt W = work done to produce one mole defect R = Gas constant N = No. of si

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68 views

Point Defects (13th)

Point defects : When some ion's are missing from ionic crystals from their theoretical lattice point, the crystal is defected structure. Defect due to missing of ions from theoretical lattice point is called point defect. * Characteristic of point defect:  Point defect increases with increase in temperature. At absolute zero temperature, ionic crystal may not have any defect.  n = no. of defect per unit volume = N.e–W/Rt W = work done to produce one mole defect R = Gas constant N = No. of si

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Raju Singh
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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Daily Practice Problems


CLASS : XIII (XYZ) POINT DEFECTS
Point defects : When some ion's are missing from ionic crystals from their theoretical lattice point, the crystal is
defected structure.
Defect due to missing of ions from theoretical lattice point is called point defect.
* Characteristic of point defect:
 Point defect increases with increase in temperature. At absolute zero temperature, ionic crystal
may not have any defect.
 n = no. of defect per unit volume = N.e–W/Rt
W = work done to produce one mole defect
R = Gas constant
N = No. of sites (lattice points) per cc of crystal.
Point defects are of two types :
(i) Stoichiometric defect : Defects due to which overall formula of ionic compound do not change is called
stoichiometric defect.
(ii) Non- Stoichometric defects are those due to which overall formula of compound changes.
Stoichiometric defect :(i) Schottky defect
(ii) Frenkel defect
Schottky :- When pair of holes exist in crystal lattice due to missing of positive and negative ions in
pair, the defect is called schottky defect.

 Schottky defect

This defect is common in ionic compounds with high coordination number. It absolute zero temperate
crystals tends to have perfectly order arrangement. As temperature is increased, some vacancies are
always created in crystal lattice.
Ex. of crystals showing schottky defect: NaCl, KCl, NaBr etc.

Frenkel defect : In this type of defect, holes are created due to transfering of an ion from usual lattice
site to a interstitial site. This type of defect very common in compounds in which there
is large difference between size of cation and anion.

 Frenkel defect e.g.ZnS ; AgBr; etc

Consequence of defects:
- Due to schottky defect density of crystal decreases
- Crystal can conduct electricity to a small extent.
- Due to these defects dielectric constants of crystals may increases.

Non-stoichiometric defects :
Non stoichiometric compounds are those in which the ratio of positive and negative ions present in the
compounds differ from that indicated by their chemical formula. eg. Fe0.95O, Cu197S, etc.
These non-stoichiometric compounds have defect's in addition to normal thermodynamic defects. These
defects arise due to excess of metal or non-metal atoms–
(i) Metal excess defect
(ii) Metal deficiency defect
Metal excess defect arise due to
(i) Missing of a negative ion from lattice site and position taken by an electron. This defect is similar to
schotty defect and also found in crystals showing schotty defect. Ex. When sodium vapours passed over
NaCl crystal a yellow non-stoichiometric form of NaCl is obtained. Vaccant lattice site occupied by
electron's is called F-centre (Farbe colour). Which is responsible for colour of crystal.

(ii) An extra metal occupy interstitial site and to maintain electrical neutrality, electrons occupy another
interstitial site.
This type of defect is very close to Frenkel defect and found in ZnO.

When ZnO is heated, it turns yellow as it's loses some oxygen. The Zn2+ ion move to an interstitial site.
Note: In this defect there is no hole in the crystal.
— Crystals with metal excess defect contain free electrons and if these migrate, they conduct an
electric current.
— As amount of current carried is very small, they behave like semiconductor's. (n-type
semiconductor)

Metal deficiency defect:–


(i) A metal ion is missing from it's normal lattice point the electrical neutrality is maintained by extra positive
charge of same of the remaining metal ions.
FeO, FeS, NO - exhibit this type of defect.
(ii) An extra negative ion is present in the interstial position and electrical neutrality is maintained by extra–
positive charge on remaining metal ions. This type of defect is not known.
Crystal with metal deficiency defect behaves like p-type semiconductors.

Metal deficency defect

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