m ~ cant used directly , Awe not expensive. 2m. heat hormal energy, “high grade onorey! a mal to use energy v work, PE, electical energy, wine, water enemy, + ot easily converted ido, ofrer form. + Expensive. ‘sopem | Fiews| combelvelume sytem % Beth mass and enérgy transfer takes place 2x. nezale idiffinser jump, Hite, heater, heat exchanger, beiler, compressor, alr araft-ongive. [8 close | nen flovs | cobal mass system, v only energy trmsfer tee place. ex. refrigerator, a gas heabed in a close contuning prenure cooker, Battoy bomb cslorimeter , cevleneiy: ofimel in ay. ley Deblafed sytem) boundary, by “a pisto, . v neither energy ney mas bansfer me » Thermos flask, Universs, perfect closed insulated system, v fer this, phe bitremifirse pHorkidene so,” ¥ prperty depend up mass - properly Tbond apes outs vy mass, vol™ en bral py, onbery - ‘termp. prensuve, dyin, vise., intemal overay, KE, PE, heat. thermal Gndnctivily, sp. enbyy, SP. entnal j (Neste D A firms oF eneges are chefs "y Bet, rap compas Q@. sp. properties Cper unit mar) —> inten sind property© Heatand werk — path fin inexact diff and evhopy gonov® ’ bape ay pero tt v deals with tomp. law i= “When body Avis\e thermal ay with body B , Pedy ais iw thermal eq” with bedy c then body 4 erema alto} in ‘Thermal eq™” : v Invented by fanler. ' na ( en Thermo we fHie Principle! © | ( v The ctandard fixed polit: of vtesovbahy i is tie pod oF water. ‘ ‘Thanet rievmnabae}ie property” ‘ — ia MPP hooe. accurahe. Thermo caufle ¢ Coecferoode) —» voltage oremf. emp. of at Oe: a THES | RAE Reaches! 3+ Mercury bulb thermometer ——+ vel | linear-exp” Hg 4. constant presure gas —> ~ vel . trermometer , tn 5. Gonstant Velume gas’ ste prusure er long thermometer . 6. Pyymeter—: raode, (+ characteristics gas eq” SS aa eran a = eae vealey ra Neches highest valne oF sharactonte gas onsfart m,. seme MR egito ° be Pye nM. RT- bet, PER=R a ideal gas equation 7 > ‘ Re unirersal gas constant = 2.314 kx|kMelk 68 842 Ketfavilek always remains constat. irrespective of femp. e aIPear cg? Meme, lignad o gaseous form (Fo aiante of Feedor| have yah! Infemcive property 99. c= ho. of componerfs. fr roger 2) ve vip poist oFwater peRsOy o Tdeal gs Tavs | , yall 1a are applicable to gases, only. cperfect) “ey charles leno. V«T (p= constant) oy Gay Lasiaies law, Per Cvs canctond) | S absstide top. & Boyles law r= conshe) pl lv 1 V for ideal gases applicable fo all range of presure, wv for real gases» applicable te smal) ranye oF presse, gpmaeagad ea 0) “equal vel” of allthe gases af side precsure and ferp will occupy same ho, of Pee aule and Hija ne, of molecules Cn) will di neatly prepertional +e valume.” ie. AK vd Aragachos no, = “Blea nso ' . NS meh of abth in one ratte ‘of subrtarce Joules law , “taternal enorgy of a gas is finof temp. only! De Ragndufs law’ ben Cp and Cv do not charge, with charge jh pressure and temp.Dresmstaote alone] assareHe | Tisme He Proceas Hee UC steaming of Bod I presure cooker, nit penveahlite We p (va-%) - pyse : v very slo process, “ AT=o v charge. im evtalryso v Ne change is intemal energy, W= Ry, leg (2) = Fy leg) vy Reversible adiabatic = iserhopic process, « Meny Fast process - heat ee a nae and srrourding.is 0, - Ti a es 33 a pv" =e ; PM Pave 2 | (me C-h) sO aa im) @Q~ ply Pepie process | + Real life : v no reste? fo ‘poopordto3 like presurve, sey a "also some amt of heat and work feared “eahai'pleite be System and surrounding, : 1a. VanePY Sc He q Yon Le PY, = Peo fh = 209 C Pal ev; Sc mrat Ie jiequeefvee beg oe lie work done by g s man. work doneen gus adliakelic a m=0 -rconst premure (Pac) me] Bofecmel cpvec) menal.aem plybopic(py=c) = me Yah —> Adiabatic Cpvt=c) as i © Slope eq” of constant femp. andibisewbopiciprocess, O- Fev isothermal: process. Sf. =f dy vy ‘Cranial omar peN pa, dr _~(7£ men , dv ~ ¢ £) v Slope of adiabatic precess is grocer thm! cbpe ff isothermal proceas i ' moray Cony-ersjor , Cpe loos kslkgk ° - / ; . . cys 6-718 keleg.I {ESR vale only. fr perfect gas, as oesze bE 4 chor. gas construct RS 2cb1h KT)RMLK — uriversal gas conch! + TF too liq. are mixed than frol temp. of the mix.eRe lave pe tells bout temp. ember, energy convers” o informal energy, emattmaw => Entopy, SRE” wae a ~ Te is possible te anspuct a device working in a eyde ‘ prdnctag work ofp rita cupply sf heat ovony" « « + Sq dU 4 S09 ¢ Sit Pdy— applicable to reversible process only 7 2: e : ot Heak teas safer te various procs.) ‘ pret vol] isometric | jsocheric < SQa duy= mMWdT 7 « GB” coved pranuve | dopieobte [icobaric proces, € daz du= mG.dr 7 @ c@rshah temp. p | darbrermnal [Hyperbolic pH a) 7 wv mosk.” offidieut proces frocess im which change in nfomal — ~ om ental ¢ vdv=o. ony= Ch : v bq bw. = PN-409(X2) = rules Ce) , ¥ isothermal. and hyper Dulic protest ave idenfial © Feared, Qe Adiabedic | iseudopic process scr ; SQzo v 7 in duasw a ; = du+sw- . , ie > werk dine om aystems | au? ‘ € Wa d¥ + work eee So apptem. due * In adiabatic process “There is ony werk jaferact? © Dh, isothermal process there it hes and rork jdernehon + Te diabahe nes there is only TRE By Varies oe xo temp. ep >" By Sarees~~ OU —e owe wer ONTO SwTeOhUCerFeVTerOO'Crwr Vw “Severance SQ= Ge ies =o. Y= {33 5 iedoric gases, eT (PP), p),— @Ple=! searabiaianthne Reo | aeds= i + E2gen t «1S entapy generation Ento PY Enbory (uM Pati fon? change, qransfer wv Entropy may be expressed as fin” of oprensarenars Fer%p & ~ dee (Brey v for same )utemal energy | r enbepy x degree sf Yanderoness. S - (46 ce > (SE) ieee, wr HE FS) reversible + Unik of enbpy. So he Sh Amt. oF heat which is conyerted info work called as available ‘eneryy ( Exegy) and amb off heat which is going do waste: jsicalled as unayajlable enewy, + Sxergy is com sored sty. i + Exedy of am isoleted system (omsinever Terereel + fer irreversible ye entopy maybe +2 ,-re or ze, + Embopy is abelach poperty and fin” oF quality «F hex}, « Entopy change of a uniyere. (49 univense & but unvera Is trolabed sysfed 4, Wao + Cenuenpasenso ‘Erbepy oF the universe, SbsyrTiecesse ale Yar ” as universe js fsoladeol Hofem 7 (BDz sjem + eureronnclig = © entropy charge of system ancl surrouuding’ iE = ntopy chang ing’ may be 46 ~ve- @&< entopy =o. ee Combined eq? ork law and ahd law of thermedyname A Hleable fr Botn revorible and ivrevoribie, ii fclrapeeon > | . FE CVNy glope off constant well” process dt_T ds Go slope sf. conifrf pressure procs. vee ce Enbopy change fey an Veal gas serby= Or dey (8) + tas (4) 2-5) = Cp. 43(F) = Rossy (I=) fa = Gu tog (4) +-409-(%) 4 presse : "(/@ Positive displacement, compressor wa hele Paine, Fee op” @ Synamte compresser bite some KE, Is given b ae arth the help oF hg male. islenat called as Pupeller anc} leder tha) kG: Te COM Vorpead ji ido < prec emerry intide a difFiuoy, ex, Ceutrifead axdal flow(a. on the basis of pressure. o> low presure —> uph}e bax Bm med. presure— fo foaobax high presure., absve a bay 7 G lotois bar 3 khan. a fan, Pr Blower | + 2.27 >hl Jy Comprener, | PrP aS tpmmmorininsmiriemstiiaeringeeryEn expressed in | min, &> low , “canon b> med, q te Soee vil mo ? urea > Booormfmin, ~@pre ssov Ty ps4 —_+——— Jarge val”! [ow presoane positive displa argo bed oa or se P compressey | Jew ver . A ngs? one jooneP rtm , coke Saef f \ Recipr iprocediog —sRetany oe bat Vabrste! Clee Bary ‘Clo bar). Ndeare duper dame Lobe érgle double. diaphragm Liquid sell 23> kept acting acting 4 re Rig L Blew Noh > Freigoald | Ves et a — © Reciprocating compressor | ; ' : \ yuma. press. ietio Hor. Shigle shige js [Petpet Py v Calng of reciprocafing Compressor ajlindoe veh af ands MPL 2g A ted abe 7Vupte |es0 Bar and St ani /m v discont. supply of ay, “ + Het and onflet valves are’ plate ox dise type Valves; wl Weje = 7B x Pv» (2) kr lyde Made = = «iM (esta) vs » large Ve tends te reduced flow rate and Ave sey A YAR ey Grn precast rahe TTT! acttrmdehien Peron imide linden — ORT cK a Ne Nee je clearemce ratio ioe . Vest ‘ : oe fe¥ ideal compressov’ eset : ‘Two isobaric and “wo adiabatic pe ee ea caching canipressoy, Wee e x qs-heoy, Is ates pain Ave ite (8 : Dis dia. of UP ylinder Pas dia. of ip. wl vw iF Pat, Ald / a= dia. of hp, opine, OT, Mad a nt, ayat 1K ¥ toe ET, aly, a if 7 = Gay Pm) oo) ot fe+ (ile yeotnanmay < CP) pelrhopte < Clr aatiadeatic * upto 5.6 bar—e ene compressa 5:6 bey teas bay » pro compressor 35 bey fo 3 bar > ‘three compressor. for per feat! interceoling Pie Uiie v inially KE. 7, wits the help of impeller and Prat k-6- is ubilised to menerse pressure in diffiver cechen, _ oihet vel. of flav Sas RGE = TTT, relodly. cs pra EIN g SE TEIAISS | 7 dive to loway matilfisle rate ‘ave en meni fry oF Blade profile, ~ : v devi atin of aly partide form thelvideal pafh calted as slip. CP av particle Fillowsjng blade OfS> ote = ay particle wok filo blade waierame t a SiH ally when com presser Manni ny @ hiyh epee Cm>1) there may be chance oft oe ware af the Met eF a compressor hence mittall ame ke ij A po airy with the help of gride Vig: 1S PrN ichea] ¥ dee t this Ye and conchae? cost. v Unsheady , peviedic. reversed “flew <4 7 will hapen Whom compraser 1s sremcte Value F rnass Foe rate ean eel oe eat lewmmF diffusion Kares Proressed v in centvifigal compressor if no. © Th calor then surging jrovenses so Wo. if difhuer vane XK na cor choping oe . "Fined mast flow vale ef aly Prongh the com press jrrespective of pressure ratio” js alled chokitg « occurs When MeL } ade cnte ond’) compresser vo)™ af! | bay presiure and (© Axial Flow compre scev' vimoying Blade and fixed blade altemativele Firved] v KE. provided in side moving blade ! v pressure energy obfamed inside, fixed and moving blade, v Appl" In Gas turbine power plants and alive, buf more etmges bere, vo per shige premwe rire adhe bars , So preniure ceveleped is moe Fr cadifigal 4 to 6 bay ~ sf, v mass flow ‘rede Naxial fiaw compresser mass fin tale AL, maw fies rate % degree ‘of reach™ = SPUN enpualyy vie! in wher ee fev axial fiow Shtic erdhaly aise in Com pressoy : . strrtiog trgne of ecxial Flos compressr je greater tom ‘The shorting torque of cetfritige) compres,” \femp = poor > 1500, Tp= 18 to 22. ' gintet Faino: Teaeuae pair fuel vedio = 6otel00:| | - Sk = sto10 ¥ Works on Brayfm eye or Joule eyde rever sed Braybn eyde eR Bell coleman eyde. v Gas hrbine imvesfaalig 10 oly Tefiigebalten ite) Process v Tsenbopic compress v censtant pressure heaf add” jnstdle over fi . i Fae, Lsenbopic exp" +F high pres. and high fomP- “fetes v cnstmt pressure heat ref? inside advnasphere, v Thermal 1 of gas turbine pewer plant js leas as compared fo diesel pewer plant. but (mest) gas fitire > (Umneah, of Te age. — Mrermad will mor, wher Yel (Ames) gan terete turbine@ Amb oF nent aupplied i a comb” chamber per kg of aly decrease. 7 ® Wilp 1 compressor . © Welp of turbine QQ Amemal T- | v Regeneradion is eal, preferred fer a eyde working io . 7 on 4 lower pressure No 4f fect: 7s Wonet—+ he effe + Tk ; bathyas HE ce achaltompce ; max, possible femp. rise 3 Spe Ser ; : Ty -T (wemeterce hlegiet ep eideal vary teimaqaa) a 2-3 > Gnu: pressive 4 infercooling, 6 Pas fe = ShiPy doo. Tits , eh i ! py Py % ee aa 7 FI] O fmt +f head eaupplied In ce: per by fai ©, Wilp com presser ie @ ely turbine = he ony}? loreh ® rome |-» t(emReheahng ef eimple Brayten eyele. Py = Ps =. Be : Wolpe onal” tote) emer ae 2-4 -» high press. turbine 5-6 > Joo press, turbine © Welp turbine T ' Sarg @ wilp compresser = yo ofFeot ® Amt. of heat supplied io. ¢-¢- invreases. @ yt : Altnernal] + Work Ratio = Net workelp ~ . wre werkdene ky furbine wr © Back wakndias WO wr i © work dio + Back wR = 1 . dle © Wok ratio depends upon iS a a ot Terop. Retio . ' @ prenuve ratio Y ® aeeafe heap rain v Works on Rankine acle. v deoreasing cond, temp. \is the nost efficiead proen to TY eankine aycle. ° | 3-4» faexffopte compr” by panne al ya} Vebaric hoaf ads inane d-a > Psempepic exp" in tusbine, 2-3» jsoben2 hehe", convlerrer ,v cale? are based on enthalpy, wre bith ) Mee bachs |, Pump is open sysfem lop = S VF dp. 2 VE" ( Bailey presuure —cerfensor pressvs) x ishine Sthad t seman Se eS REA Beheod factr = 1fohoce Qs= hichy, Qre hamhe leg feam ‘hatine exhavst FISK) po ak fe > Tele Tete “@ Effects of reheahing.! BK, Di valve Pidryness fiacho'ef steam f+ main atti, _ © Welp irbine! T Wonebt ®, ip pump — seit @ Amt. of heat supplied inside boiler ‘jnereases D.. Mtrermady st + Reheating is Used fox high pressure boilers annals Ovfmb. oF heat: eyed imside @ beiJor porkg of fem decreases. @ wip ,Welp and Wet > No effect D Abrrmad/ ® lowering the cond, preuure, + ® Ierensing boiler pressure. T @® super hea} storm fo high presure, ific steam conninph? oR steam Rafe Cs:R.)! Arnh of cham req, In kglby te produce 1kH per OF Specific sperm consump!) 34600 kg eR shevm Rafe she =p | Abrhasjhose ay Sate her cal com position a> steam water minfute 3> comd” prodaat of Ke] = 73 je = 2) 22 + Tf a certain amt. of dry ice is mined with same amb of water @ B8c, te fina] tony. cf mix, will ke oC) + Stic speaking, nn + Fer cheat transfer there js embapy fansfer but work tanter thee js wt enbopy panr + Plaxwel) thermodynamic relations are applicable , —> che 7 The ERIE Braytm vyele wilh increase io pressure ratio , 4 Z SLR OOS : © GecbeckeMeet ( ° When to dissimilay metals are heafed at ome end and cooled at other emf. is developed proportional to difference. a of temp. at twa ends. Wher curvent is pasted bet? tus ends of Jub’ tren sun? will cool er heat depending upon cunvattiand die — ~