seer nt ‘Table 14.1 Se tT ‘Temperature (0°C) and Pressure (Atmospheric) Substance (kg/m) Substance p(kg/m’) air 129 Tee 0917 X 10° ‘Alumni 27010) to 786 X 10° Benzene 0879 10° Lead 13x 10° Copper 892% 10? Mercury 186. 10° Fiylalcobol —0806X 10° Oak 0.710 x 10° Fresh water 1.0010 Oxygen gas 14s Glycerin 126X108 Pine 0.873 x 10° Gold 193X108 Platinum 214X108 Hrliurn gas 1.79 X 10) Seawater 1.08 x 108 Hydrogen gas «8.99. 107? Ser 105 x 10° 14.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth AAs divers well know, water pressure increases with depth, Likewise, atmospheric pres sure decreases with increasing altitude; for this reason, aircraft flying at high altitudes ‘must have pressurized cabins. ‘We now show how the pressure in a liquid increases with depth. As Equation 1.1 de- scribes, the density of a substance is defined as its mast per wnit volume; Table 14.1 lists the densities of various substances. These values vary lightly with temperature because the volume of a substance is temperature-dependent (as shown in Chapter 19). Under standard conditions (at 0°G and at atmospheric pressure) the densities of gases are about 1/1 000 the densities of solids and liquids, This difference in densities implies that the average molecular spacing in a gas under these conditions is about ten times greater than that in a solid or liquid, Now consider a liquid of density p at rest as shown in Figure 14,3. We assume that p is uniform throughout the liquid; this means that the liquid is incompressible, Let us select a sample of the liquid contained within an imaginary cylinder of cross-sectional area A extending from depth do depth d+ h The liquid external co our sample ex- certs forces at all points on the surface of the sample, perpendicular to the surface, The pressure exerted by the liquid on the bottom face of the sample is P, and the pressure fon the top face is Py, Therefore, the upward force exerted by the outside fluid on the botiom of the cylinder has a magnitude PA, and the downward force exerted on the top has a magnitude P)4, The mass of liquid in the cylinder is M= pV = pAh; there: fore, the weight of the liquid in the cylinder is My = pAfg. Because the cylinder is in equilibrium, the net force acting on it must be zer0. Choosing upward to be the posi tive y dizection, we see that De = Paj - raj - Mgj-0 PA~ PA ~ pahg=0 PA ~ Pol = pag P= 2+ psh (144) That is, the pressure P at a depth h below a point in the liquid at which the pres- sure is Py is greater by an amount pgh. Ifthe liquid is open to the atmosphere and P Variation of Pressure with Depth 423 Mg Figure 14.3. parcel of hud (asker region) in a lager vl of vid ie singled out. The net force exexted on the parcel of Aid mart be zero beeatce iii equi tion of pressure with depth48 cyapren te Fhid Mechanics e Figure 14.4 (2) Diagram of a hydraulic press. Because the increase in pressure isthe same on the two sides, a small force F, atthe let produces a muuch greater force Fy at the right, (b) A vehicle undergoing repair ie supported bya hydralic lift ima garage is the pressure at the surface of the liquid, then Fp is atmospheric pressure, In our ealeulae tions and working of end-olchapter problems, we usually take atmospheric pressure lobe Py = 1.00 atm = 1.013 x 10° Pa, Equation 14.4 implies that the pressure is the same at all points having the same depth, independent of the shape of the container In view of the fact that the pressure in a fluid depends on depth and on the value ‘of Py, any increase in pressure at the surface must be transmitted to every other point in the fluid, This concept was first recognized by the French scientist Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) and is called Paseal’s law: a change in the pressure applied to a flui is transmitted undiminished to every point of the fluid and to the walls of the container. ‘An important application of Pascal's law is the hydraulic press illustrated in Figure Maa, A force of magnitude F; is applied to a small piston of surface area Ay. The pres- sure is tansmitted through an incompressible liquid (o a larger piston of surface area Ap, Because the pressure must be the same on both sides, P= Fy/Ay = Fa/A, The fore, the force Fe is greater than the force F by a factor Ap/Ay. By designing a draulic press with appropriate areas Ay and Ag, a large output farce can be applied by means of a small input force. Hydraulic brakes, car lifts, hydraulic jacks, and forklifts all make use of this principle (Fig. Mb) Because liquid is neither added nor removed from the system, the volume of liquid pushed down on the left in Figure 14.4a as the piston moves downward through a dis pheement An equals the volume of liquid pushed up on the right as the tight piston moves upward through a displacement Ax. That is, Ay Am = Ay Ary; thus, Ay/Ay = Am/Axp. We have already shown that Ay/4y = Fy/F,. Thus, Fy/Fy = Axy/Axz, 50 Fy Am = Fy Axp. Each side of this equation is the work done by the force. Thus, the work done by F on the input piston equals the work done by F, on the output piston, as it must in order to conserve energy.SECTION 14.1 + Viton of Pressure with Depth 428, (b) equal to Pc) larger than P (A) indeterminate, Quick QUIZ 14.2 ‘the pressure at the bottom of a filled glass of water (j 1000 kg/m?) is P The water is poured out and the glass filled with ethyl alcohol (p = 806kg/m*). The pressure at the bottom of the glass is (a) smaller than P In a car lift used in a service station, compressed air exerts a force on a small piston that has a circular cross section and a radius of 5.00 em, This pressure is transmitted by aliquid to a piston that has a radius of 15.0 em, What force must the compressed air exert to lift a car weighing 18 300 N? What air presture produces thie force? Solution lccause the pressure excited by the compressed ai is uansmitted undiminished throughout the liquid, we bave 205.00 107? my? . 05.0 X10 mye (88% 10ND 1.48 x 108N ‘The air pressure that produces this force is A _ Las 108 Ar 75.00 x 10-7 ny 1.88 x 105 Pa, ‘This pressure is approximately twice atmospheric pressure Estimate the force exerted on your eardrum due to the war ter above when you are swimming at the bottom of a pool that ie 5.0 m deep. Solution First, we must find the unbalanced pressure fon the eardrum; then, after estimating the eardrum's sut~ face area, we can determine the force that the water exerts ‘The air inside the middle ear is normally at atmospheric pressure P,, Therefore, to find the net force on the eardrum, we must consider the difference between the total pressure atthe bottom of the pool and atmospheric pressure: Water is filed to a height 1 behind a dam of width w (Fig. 1145). Determine the resultant force exerted by the water on the dam, Solution Because pressure varies with depth, we cannot calculate the force simply by multiplying the area by the pressure, We can solve the problem by using Equation 14.2 to find the force dF exerted on a narrow horizontal trip at depth A and then integrating the expression to find the total force, Let us imagine a vertical y axis, with y= Oat the bottom of the dam and our strip a distance y Above the bottom, We can use Equation 14.4 to calculate the pressure at the depth ; we omit atmospheric pressure because it acts con both sides of the dam: P= ph = pat — 9) @ vou can adst the welgho te tuck m Figure 1440 atthe interactive Worked Example Ink et Mp wwps08com, Fe o> eh (1.00 * 10° kg/m?) (9.80 m/s) (6.0 m) 4.9 108 Pa We enimate the surface area of the eardrum to be approxi: mately Tem? = 1X 107 m#, This means that the force on itis F> (Pym lA = 5 N. Becaute a force on the eardrars of this magnitude is extremely uncomfortable, swimmers of ten “pop their ears" while under water, an action that pushes air from the lungs into the middle ear. Using this technique ‘equalizes the pressure on the two sides of the eardrum and relieves the discomfort. t s 4 H Figure 145 (Example 14.4)