“THE ENVIRONMENT OF PAKISTAN”

2059/02

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 INDEX
UNIT NAME PAGE
Natural Topography of Pakistan 04-21
UNIT 01

Climate 22-39
UNIT 02

40-57
Natural Resources-An issue of
UNIT 03
sustainability water.
58-70
Forest
UNIT 04

71-88
Mineral Resources
UNIT 05

89-103
Fishing Industry
UNIT 06

104-131
Agriculture Development
UNIT 07

132-147
Power Resources
UNIT 08

148-166
Industrial Development
UNIT 09

167-179
Trade
UNIT 10

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 180-191
Transport and Telecommunication
UNIT 11

192-206
Population and Employment.
UNIT 12

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UNIT: 01

“NATURAL
TOPOGRAPHY OF
PAKISTAN”

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LOCATION OF PAKISTAN:
 Latitudes 24° 35’ North and 37° 05’ North.
 Longitude 61° East to 78° East.
 Total area of Pakistan (796,096) Sq. Km.
 Stretched (1600 km) from North to South.
 Stretched (885 km) from East to West.

BORDERS:
 In North Pakistan has a border with China (585 km)
 In the west Pakistan has a border with Afghanistan (2252 km)
 In the East Pakistan has a border with India (3223 km)
 In the South-West Pakistan has a border with Iran (959 km)

IMPORTANCE OF LOCATION OF PAKISTAN:

 a) - Proximity of great powers
b) - Gateway to central Asia- oil and energy game
c) - Significance as a transit economy
d) - Significance as an important link in the chain of Muslim countries
e) - Only Muslim country having nuclear capability

LAND OF PAKISTAN

HIGHLANDS LOW LANDS

LOWER INDUS UPPER INDUS

NORTHERN WESTERN PLAIN PLAIN
MOUNAINS MOUNAINS
PLATEAUS
SINDH PUNJAB

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 DESERTS

PUNJAB SINDH BALOCHISTAN

THAL & CHOLISTAN NARA & THAR KHARAN

HIGHLANDS
NORTHERN WESTERN
PLATEAUS
MOUNTAINS MOUNTAINS
• Karakoram • Safed Koh & • Potwar
Mountains. Waziristan Hills. • Balochistan
• Hindukush • Sulaiman &
Mountains. Kirthar Range.
• Himalayas
Ranges.
• Dir, Swat &
Kohistan
Ranges.

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NORTHERN MOUNTAINS
Karakoram Range:
 These are located to extreme North of Pakistan at border with China.
 Average altitude (6000 m)
 The highest peak is K2 (8610 m).
 Glaciers are Siachen, Biafo and Batura.
 Valleys are Gilgit, Hunza and Skardu.
 Khunjerab Pass connects Pakistan with China in these regions.
 Locally these are known as Mustag “Ice Mountains”
 Life style of people, Nomadic agriculture and livestock.

Karakoram Mountains Location of Karakoram Range

Hindukush Range:
 These are located to the WEST of Karakoram range.
 Average altitude (5000 m)
 The highest peak is TrichMir (7690 m).
 Glaciers are TrichMir and Sakiz Jarab.
 Valleys are Dir, Sawat and Chitral.
 Baroghil Pass connects Pakistan with Afghanistan in these regions.
 Locally these are known as Mustag “Ice Mountains”
 Historical Importance: Alexander Timurlane Mughals Ghazni and Ghauris passed it to attack
India

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 Hindu Kush Mountain Range Location of Hindu Kush Range

HIMALAYAS

GREATER LESSER
SIWALIKS
HIMALAYAS HIMALAYAS

GREATER HIMALAYAS:
 These are located to the south of Karakoram Range.
 Average altitude (6000 m)
 The highest peak is Nanga Parbat (8126 m).
 Glaciers are Rupal S and N.
 Valleys are Naran and Kaghan.
 Babusar Pass connects Kahsmir with Mansehra.
 Deepest gorge of the World is found here in Dasu-Patan.
 Beautiful lakes are Saif-ul-Maluk (Naran) and Satpara (Skardu).

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 The Greater Himalayas Location of Himalayas

LESSER HIMALAYAS:
 These are located to the South of Greater Himalayas.
 Average altitude (1800-4600 m)
 The highest peak is Nanga Parbat (8126 m).
 These are known as Pir Punjal in Kashmir.
 These are found in Batgram, Mansehra and Abbottabad.
 Important hill stations are Nathia Gali, Ghora Gali and Murree

SIWALIKS:
 These are located to the south of lesser Himalayas.
 Average altitude (600-1200 m)
 These are low in altitude.
 These are found in scattered fragments in Pakistan (Rawalpindi Division)

THE KOHISTAN, SWAT AND DIR RANGES:

 These are located to the South of Hindukush Ranges.
 These have attained height 5000 to 6000 m in North while 200 m in South.
 These mountains are separated by rivers, Kohistan (b/w Indus & Swat), Swat (b/w Swat &
Punjkora), Dir (b/w Punjkora & Kunnar).
 Gorges and valleys are found here.
 Lawarai Pass connects Dir with Chitral.

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 “DRINAGE PATTERN OF NORTHERN MOUNTAINS”
 Indus starts from Manasarover lake in Karakoram range moving towards south joins river
Kabul at Attock and enters plain of Punjab at kalabagh.
 The Southern slopes of the Himalayas are drained by Eastern tributaries of the River Indus;
Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas.
 All of these Rivers run in North-East to South West direction.

WESTERN
MOUNTAINS

SAFED KOH AND SULAIMAN AND

WAZIRISTAN HILLS KIRTHAR RANGE

WESTERN MOUNTAINS
SAFEDKOH RANGE:
 These are located at the Border with Afghanistan.
 Average altitude (4712 m).
 Highest peak Mount Sikaram (4761 m).
 Important passes are Khyber & Kurram (connecting Pakistan with Afghanistan).
 Important rivers are Kabul and Kurram.
 Vale of Peshawar and Kohat Valley are located east of these mountains.

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 Safed Koh Range Location of Safed Koh Range

WAZIRISTAN HILLS:
 These are located to the South of Safedkoh.
 Average altitude (3513 m).
 Important passes are Tochi & Gomal (connecting Pakistan with Afghanistan).
 Important rivers are Tochi and Gomal.
 Valley of Bannu is located to East of these hills.

Waziristan Hills Location of Waziristan Hills

“DRINAGE PATTERN OF NORTHERN MOUNTAINS”

 River swat drains into Kabul which further joins Indus at Attock.
 A part from these rivers Kurram joins with Tochi to drain in Indus.
 Furthermore, Zhob river mixesup with Gomal river and drained into Indus River.

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SULAIMAN RANGE:
 These are located to the South of Waziristan Hills and west of Indus River.
 Average altitude (3383 m).
 Highest peak is known as Takht-e-Sulaiman (3487 m).
 Limestone and sandstone are main minerals in this area.
 These are barren rocks and less vegetation here.

Sulaiman Range Location of Sulaiman Range

QUETTA SYNTAXIS ZARGOON KNOT:

 It is complex mass structure triangular in shape lying between Sulaiman and Kirthar ranges.
 Highest peak in this region is leo Star.

KIRTHAR RANGE:
 These are located to the South of Quetta Syntaxis Zarghun Knot.
 Average altitude (2174 m).
 These are also known as Nagaan Ranges in North.
 These are backed by Pub Ranges in South.
 Bolan Pass is important link between Quetta and Kachi Sibbi Plain.

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 Kirthar Range Location of Kirthar Range

POTWAR PLATEAU AND SALT RANGES

POTWAR PLATEAU:
 It is located to the South of Siwaliks between river Indus & Jehlum.
 Its northern boundary is formed by Kala chitta ranges and Margalla hills while southern
boundary is formed by Salt ranges.
 Highest peak of this region is known as Khairi Morut.
 Bad land topography is found in this region.
 Soan river drains in this area.
 Important districts are Jehlum, Rawalpindi, Attock & Chakwal.
 Important minerals are coal, oil, limestone & gypsum.

SALT RANGE:
 These are located to the south of Potwar plateau.
 It has gentle slope in north but sharp end in South.
 Highest peak is known as Sakessar.
 Important lakes are Kallar Kahar, Uchalli & Khabeki.
 River soan drains in this area.
 Important minerals are rock salt, coal, gypsum & limestone.
 Important distrcits are Chakwal, Attock, Mianwali & Kalabagh.

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 Location of Potwar Plateau and Salt Ranges

BALOCHISTAN PLATEAU
 Located to the west of Indus river.
 In North West of BP, Toba Kakar range is located.
 South East of Toba Kakar, Basins like Zhob and Lora lai located.
 South west of Toba Kakar, Quetta Valley is situated.
 South of Quetta, Kalat Plateau, Khuzdar Knot then Lasbela Plains are located.
 On the western borders Chagai hills are located.
 South ward of Chagai Hills, Raskoh then Sihan then Central Makran and Coastal Makran
are located.
 South west of BP, Kharan desert is located.
 Important rivers are Hub, Hingol, Porali & Dasht (Kech and Neihing)

Mountains Ranges in Balochistan River System in Balochistan

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ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF BALOCHISTAN:
 Minerals like coal, oil, gas, copper & gold.
 Livestock farming (sheep & goats)
 Fruit farming (Apple, apricot, almonds and grapes)
 Fishing (Ormara, Pasni, Jiwani & Gawader Port.
 Gawader port for Sea trade.
 Lasbella (new cotton growing region)

INDUS PLAIN AREA

 Doab (Active Flood, Old Flood, Bar Uplands)
 Piedmont Plains.
 Deltaic Plains.
 Rolling Stones and Sand Dunes.

Lower and Upper Indus Plain

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ACTIVE FLOOD PLAIN:
 An area both sides of river bank which is inundated every year is known as active flood
plain.
 It has approximate height of 4 meter from the bank of river.
 Levees and meanders are common features of this area.
 This area cannot be used for human settlement but can be used for Rabi crop.
 Soils of loam and silt (Alluvial Soils), which are good for farming, are present in both the UIP
and LIP.

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SOIL OF ACTIVE FLOOD PLAIN:

 Loamy and sandy soil.

 Found in the narrow strips along the Indus River and its tributaries.
 Completely non-saline soil because it flooded every year.
 During flood season they are renewed with fresh deposits of alluvium.
 Also found on the small islands between the channels.

OLD FLOOD PLAIN:

 It is higher than active flood plain around 5 meters higher than river level.
 It is around 10-20 meter long.
 These are also known as cover flood plains.
 It is made up of old alluvium.
 Evidence of meanders and of levees is present in these plains.
 Oxbow lake depressions can also be seen. The old flood plains are present in both UIP and
LIP.
 This area can be used for human settlement and also for both Rabi and Kharif crops.

SOIL OF ACTIVE OLD PLAIN:

 Loamy and clayey soil.

 Found in the areas which are free from flood.
 Soil is quite stable and homogenized.
 Saline and alkaline patches can be observed, particularly close to the desert areas.
 pH ranges from 8.0 to 8.4.
 Levees and meander bars are covered with sandy loams.
 Color of soil is brown in (Humid and well-drained areas) and grayish brown in drier region.

BAR UPLANDS:
 These are the top most layer of doab, situated at 16 meter height from river bank.
 These are safe from floods and suitable for agriculture and human settlement.
 It is the most productive region of doab.
 These areas encourage agro based industries, well established canal network system,
communication means and other manufacturing industries.

SOIL OF BAR UPLANDS:

 Bar uplands are well above the flood plains and have developed mature soil.
 In sub-humid regions, the soils are classified as non-calcic brown because they have been
leached almost free of lime.
 In arid regions, the soils are classified as brown soil or sierozems.

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  In both soils, there is a layer rich in lime about a meter from the surface.
 Texturally the soils are silt loams and clayey loams.
 They are quite fertile and extensively cultivated with the help of irrigation.

KIRANA BAR

SANDAL BAR

GUNI AND NILLI

BAR

PIEDMONT PLAINS:
 These are found between River Indus and Sulieman Kirthar ranges and south of siwaliks.
FORMATION OF PIEDMONT PLAINS:
 When there is rainfall at mountains so rain water brings silt and pebbles by erosion. When
rain water reaches the foothills, it loses its speed so settle down pebbles. At plains water is
divided into narrow channels so settling don the silt and thus forming the piedmont plain
areas. This area is suitable for agriculture but due to shortage of water agriculture is not
being practiced.

Piedmont Plain

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SOIL OF PIEDMONT PLAIN:

 Predominantly stony soils are strongly calcareous.

 Covered with sandy loams and silt and are strongly calcareous
 Quite fertile soil.
 During flood season they are renewed with fresh deposits of alluvium.
 Also found on the small islands between the channels.

DELTAIC PLAINS:
 Delta can be defined as mouth of river. There are two deltaic areas in Pakistan. (Indus delta
Sindh & Hub Delta Balochistan)

FORMATION OF DELTA PLAINS:

 Resistance is created while mixing of river into sea or river is divided into number of
channels and loses its speed thus settling down the silt and causes the formation of delta.
Life in deltaic plain is not easy as there is shortage of soft water.

Deltaic Plain

ROLLING STONES AND SAND DUNES:

 These are found in desert areas like Thal, cholistan, Thar & Kharan.

FORMATION OF SAND DUNES:

 Blowing sand particles is common feature in desert areas. When a hurdle came in the way of
sand particles, it starts an accumulation and thus forming sand dunes.

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 Soil Erosion

DESERTS
A desert is a place that receives very low amount of precipitation (less than 250mm). It is an area
that can support almost no vegetation. Deserts can be cold as well as hot (have a high rate of
evapotranspiration). Pakistan has 3 main deserts; the Thal, Tharparkar and the Kharan desert, all of
which are hot deserts

 Thal is found in Punjab between Jhelum and Indus Rivers.

 Tharparkar is divided into 3 parts; Cholistan is found in Southern Punjab, Nara in Eastern
Sindh and Thar in the South East of Sindh.
 Kharan is found in Western Balochistan.
 Cholistan

Topography:
 There are strips of soil found between sand dunes along with the sandy plains. Sand dunes
shift grain by grain due to the pattern of the blowing wind.
 Sand dunes sometimes reach a height of 150m, and are both longitudinal and latitudinal in
direction. All of the sand dunes are crescent shaped.
 When the wind blows away the top cover of sand away, bare and weathered rocks are
exposed onto the surface

Desertification:
 Desertification occurs due to continuous land abuse.
 It is caused by both natural and manmade factors.
 Among the natural forces are continuous wind and water erosion (which erode the fertile
topsoil so only few plants can then grow) along with long-term changes in rainfall patterns
due to climate change (such as a drought).

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  Human factors include overgrazing by animals, strip mining, the excessive usage of
groundwater supplies and deforestation (mainly shrubs and wild grass)

SOIL OF DESERT:

THAR-CHOLISTAN DESERT:
 The sand is yellowish to pale brown in color.
 Calcareous and rich in minerals.
 The dunes consist of loamy sands.

THE THAL AREA

 Covered with thin layer of grey sand.
 Their ridges are formed of calcareous loamy sand and the interdunal areas with sand loams.
 When calcium carbonate is leached from them, they are classified as sierozem.
 The old river channels in the region are filled with silt and clay.

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UNIT: 02

“CLIMATE”

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 WEATHER CLIMATE
Day to day atmospheric condition is known as Weather condition of an area for long period of
weather. time.

PAKISTAN CLIMATIC ZONES

Pakistan is divided into four climatic zones.

 Highland Climate.
 Lowland Climate.
 Coastal Climate.
 Arid Climate.

HIGLAND
CLIMATE

LOWLAND
CLIMATE
ARID
CLIMATE

ARID
COASTAL
CLIMATE
CLIMATE

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HIGHLAND CLIMATE:
 This zone includes north and north western mountain of Pakistan.
 This zone includes north and north western mountain of Pakistan.
 Northern highlands receive more rainfall from summer monsoon while the western
highlands receive from western depression.
 Winters are long, cold and snowy.
 Summers are short and mild.

LOWLAND CLIMATE:
 It includes Indus plain areas except of coastal areas.
 It receives rainfall from summer monsoon. (July-Aug)
 Northern Punjab receives rainfall from western depression.
 It includes Indus plain areas except of coastal areas.
 Summers are hot.
 Winters are cold.

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COASTAL CLIMATE:

 It includes Sindh and Makran coastal area.

 Maritime influence keeps the daily range of temperature moderate in Summer & Winter
both.
 Sindh coastal area receive rainfall from summer monsoon while Makran coastal area
receive its rainfall from western depression.
 This zone experience less average rainfall.

MARITIME INFLUENCE

 Maritime climates experience generally cool summers and mild winters, with a much
smaller annual temperature range.
 This is because water has a much higher heat capacity than soil and rock. Seawater takes a
long time to warm up in summer, but once heated it retains its energy long after the
surrounding land has cooled down, helping to moderate the climate.
 Maritime climates generally are fairly humid, accompanied by considerable amounts of
precipitation, since the main moisture source is not very far away.

ARID CLIMATE:
 Extreme climatic conditions are found here.( cold and Hot)
 “Kharan” receives rainfall from western depression.
 Thar receive rainfall from summer monsoon.
 Hot Dusty wind prevails from May to September.

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SEASONS OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan has four seasons that can be distinguish as follow:
 Winter (Mid-December to March).
 Early Summer (April to June)
 Late Summer (July to September)
 Post monsoon (October to Mid-December)

CLIMATIC
ELEMENT

AIR PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE RAINFALL
AND WINDS

TEMPERATURE
 Temperature varies from one part of the globe to another. These differences are caused by
number of factors.
 Those parts of the globe that receive direct, vertical rays of sunlight experience higher
temperature than those which receive slanting rays.

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  The sun shines vertically at places lying between the tropic of cancer (23.5 N Latitude) and
Capricorn (23.5 S Latitude).
 Areas located outside the tropics are less warm and progressively become colder further
away from the tropic.
 Pakistan is located just outside the tropics where the Sun rays do not slant much, especially
in the summers.
 Pakistan therefore records high temperature and is counted among the hotter countries of
the world.

Temperature key:
40 °C & Above. Very Hot
31 °C – 39°C Hot
21°C – 30°C Warm
10°C – 20°C Mild
3°C – 9°C Cool
2°C - -5°C Cold

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 Maximum Temperature of Pakistan throughout the summer.

Minimum Temperature of Pakistan throughout the summer.

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SEASONAL AND REGIONAL VARIATION IN
TEMPERTAURE IN PAKISTAN
 HIGHLAND ZONE (Northern & Western Mountains)
 LOW LAND ZONE
 COASTAL ZONE
 ARID ZONE

NORTHERN MOUNTAINS & NORTH WESTERN MOUNTAINS:

AREAS: Gilgit, Murree, Muzaffarabad, Drosh.

SEASON:
• Winter: Very cold – Cool.
• Reason: Low angle of sun, Height of the land.
• Summer: Mild – Warm.
• Reason: Transfer of heat from central Pakistan. High angle of sun.

WESTERN BOADERING MOUNTAINS & BALUCHISTAN

PLATEAU:

AREAS: Quetta, Kalat, Parachinar, Waziristan.

SEASON:
• Winter: Cold – Cool.
• Reason: Low angle of sun, Altitude and rainfall from western depression.
• Summer: Mild – Warm.
• Reason: Continental effect, High angle of Sun.

LOWLAND CLIMATE:

AREAS: Islamabad, Sialkot, Sargodha, Multan, Jacobabad & Sukker.

SEASON:
• Winter: Cool – Mild.
• Reason: Low angle of sun, Continental effect.

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 • Summer: Hot.
• Reason: Continental effect, High angle of Sun.

COASTAL CLIMATE:

AREAS: Karachi, Jiwani, Pasni, Ormara, Gawader..

SEASON:
• Winter: Mild.
• Reason: Maritime influence occasionally Quetta winds bring short spells of cold.
• Summer: Warm – Hot.
• Reason: Influence of Arabian sea and at times wind from Rajasthan, High angle of sun, Cloud
cover in July & August.

ARID CLIMATE:

AREAS: Kharan Desert, South-Western Baluchistan, South-Eastern

desert.
SEASON:
• Winter: Cool – Mild.
• Reason: Low angle of sun (Latitudinal Effect).
• Summer: Hot.
• Reason: High angle of Sun (Latitudinal Effect), Lack of cloud cover.

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ALTITUDE AND CLIMATE:

 There is a relationship between altitude, air density, and temperature.

 The air is densest at sea level because that is where it absorbs most water vapor.
 Air is least dense at high altitude because less solar radiation is absorbed at the level.

AIR PRESSURE AND WINDS

 Air has weight, it also exert a pressure.
 Air pressure is measured by a barometer in inches, centimeters and millibars (mb).
 Air pressure decreases as elevation increases.
 When the temperature rises, Air pressure fall.
 When the temperature falls, Air pressure rises.
 Intense low-pressure areas can cause serious storms.
 At sea level, normal air pressure remains at 1013 mb/76 cm.
 Every 275 meters in elevation, air pressure falls one-thirtieth of its value.

AIR PRESSURE AND WINDS IN PAKISTAN:

 In summers, air pressure remains low throughout Pakistan. One of the most important
results of this are the monsoon.
 In summer, Sindh becomes the lowest pressure area in the world.
 In winter, two events take place: A high pressure belt develops over Central Asia leading to
cold winds; Pakistan is affected by the western disturbance which sometimes brings rainfall.

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RAINFALL
 Rainfall is not equally distributed in Pakistan, with arid conditions prevailing over most of
the countries.
 A small area in northern Punjab and the adjoining parts of the NWFP enjoy humid
conditions.

ARID AREAS:
 A large part of Pakistan is arid. The whole of Sindh, the southern part of Punjab and the
southern part of Baluchistan belong to this category.
 The annual rainfall in this area is less than 25 millimeters.
 Farming is done with the help of irrigation.

SEMI-ARID AREAS:
 The semi-Arid areas in Pakistan are as extensive as the arid areas and cover northern
Baluchistan, A large part of northern Punjab and major part of the NWFP.
 The annual rainfall in these areas ranges from 250 mm to 750 mm.
 Irrigation is extensively practiced.
 Some barani areas have developed which are productive in years of good rainfall.
 In the northern areas & some part of the northern NWFP, the annual rainfall is less than 250
mm.
 These areas are located at very high altitude.
 Temperature is low, the potential evapotranspiration remains low too and exceeds the
actual evapotranspiration by less than two times.

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HUMID AREAS:
 Areas where there is sufficient rainfall and potential evapotranspiration is equal to actual
evapotranspiration.
 Only a small area of Pakistan can be classified as humid.
 The northern strip of Punjab, the adjoining parts of the NWFP and a small area around
Parachinar belong to this category.
 Here the rainfall exceeds 750 mm.
 Even in this region, irrigation is necessary because rainfall in irregular.

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL:

 In Pakistan, rainfall does not occur throughout the year.
 Most of the rainfall occur in two sessions, namely summer, from JULY-SEPTEMBER, and
winter, from DECEMBER-MARCH.
 Summer rains accompanies the Monsoons, while winter rain accompanies the Western
Depression.
 In the intervening periods (APRIL-JUNE & OCTOBER-NOVEMBER), a small quantity of rainfall
occurs during thunderstorms.

MONSOON:
 These winds are originated at Bay of Bengal, travel through India and tail end enters in
Pakistan.
 Pakistan is low pressure area in summer so winds move towards Pakistan from high
pressure zone.
 These winds cause rainfall in June, August & September.

Route of summer monsoon

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 Winds direction

Rainfall Distribution

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WESTERN DEPRESSION:
 These originate from the Mediterranean Sea, travel via Afghanistan and enter in western
side of Pakistan.
 These winds cause rainfall in December to March.
 Quetta receives most of its rainfall from western depression.
 KPK and northern Punjab also receives rainfall from this source.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WESTERN

DEPRESSION:

ADVANTAGES:
 Moisture for winter crops such as Wheat.
 Recharge reservoirs.
 Remedy for skin problems.
DISADVANTAGES:
 Severe cold (temp drops further).
 Landslides and avalanches are more frequent.
 Frequent road accidents.
CONVENTIONAL RAINFALL:
 In early summer (April-June) hot air rises bearing water vapors. When it reaches the upper
atmospheric region, condensation take place and this cause rainfall in north and
northwestern areas of Pakistan.
 Example: Rawalpindi & Peshawar division etc.
 Southern Punjab & Sindh does not receive due to temperature inversion layer.
 It causes rainfall in pre and post monsoon period.

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 Conventional Rainfall

RELIEF RAINFALL:
 This rainfall is related to height. When unstable air moves up, chilling takes place.
 This chilling causes rainfall in windward side.
 The leeward side receives dry air.
 North and north-western regions receive rainfall from this source.
 This rainfall occurs in pre & post monsoon period.

Relief Rainfall

TROPICAL CYCLONES
 A tropical cyclone is a severe storm.
 It generally reaches speeds of 160 to 240 kilometers per hour.
 A single has so much stored energy that, if harnessed, it is powerful enough to supply
Pakistan with electricity for several years to come.
 It may bring few hours of very heavy rainfall with destructive winds to the coastal areas.
 They originate over the Arabian sea quite often but only rarely do they reach the coast of
Pakistan, usually once every few years.
 Rainfall is totally unreliable and unpredictable.

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 Tropical Cyclones

EFFECTIVENESS OF RAINFALL:

 Summer monsoon comes in heavy showers so increases surface run-off but it helps
to fill the reservoirs which can provide water for irrigation in dry periods.
 Winter depression comes in light showers so land can absorb maximum rainfall but
this hits those areas of Pakistan in which agriculture is practiced on limited scale.

FLOODS

City under flood

CAUSES:
 Melting of snow.
 Heavy monsoon also causes floods especially in the Indus plain areas.

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  Deforestation increase surface run-off.

EFFECTS:
 Loss of human life.
 Loss of crops.
 Destruction of roads.
 Destruction of rail tracks.
 Shortage of drinking water.
 Water borne diseases.

ADVANTAGES:
 Brings fresh alluvium to increases fertility of soil.
 It fills the dams & reservoirs.
 It also flushes out the salinity.
 Recharge the underground water table.

HOW TO REDUCE THE HARMFULL EFFECTS OF FLOOD?

 We should strengthen the embankments of rivers.
 Afforestation programs should be launched to reduce the run-off.
 Inundation channels should be taken out from rivers to divert flood water for irrigation.
 Dams should be constructed to store water.
 Proper flood warning system should be installed to reduce the damage of flood.
 Proper drainage should be there for flood water.

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STORMS

 Thunderstorms are common in north and northwestern part of Pakistan.

 This is accompanied by strong winds from 60-80 km per hour.
 Stormy rainfall and hail also occur as result of these winds, which causes destruction for
apple, pears and other crops.
 In Baluchistan, due to low pressure, dust storms and strong winds are also experienced.

DRAUGHT
 Draught is a long period without rain.
 It is a hazard of nature and one that can present a very big threat to those who live off the
land.

CAUSES OF DRAUGHT

NATURAL FACTOR:
 Unreliability of monsoon winds may lead to seasonal draught in Punjab and Sindh.
 The dry and hot winds reduce moisture content of sandy soil.
 Global climate is constantly changing.

Human Factors:
 Deforestation.
 Mismanagement of water resources.
 The disputed and unfair distribution of water between provinces.
 Over grazing of land leading to soil erosion.

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  Global warming.

EFFECTS OF DRAUGHT ON PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT:

 Desertification.
 Exposed soil leading to soil erosion.
 Drying up of rivers.
 Harm to fisheries and other aquatic life.
 Drop in water table.
 Less water available to plant.

EFFECTS OF DRAUGHT ON HUMAN ENVIRONMENT:

 Starvation.
 Migration from draught affected areas.
 Loss of lives.
 Nomadic life style.
 Crop failure.
 Loss of live stocks.
 Shortage of raw material.
 Reduce exports.

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UNIT: 03

“Natural Resources-An issue of

sustainability water”

• Resources are defined as a mean of meeting a need, particularly an economic or social need, of
the people.

• The term usually refers to natural resources like land, water, air.

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 NATURAL
RESOURCES

NON-
RENEWABLE
RENEWABLE
RESOURCES
RESOURCES

Fossil Fuels Minerals Continuous Sustainable.

(Remains of (Metallic & Water, wind e.g Vegetation,
animal and plants) non-Metlic). waves, sunlight soil, landscape

IMPORTANCE OF RIVERS:

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  These create scenic beauty which promotes tourism in country.
 Rivers help to generate Hydro Electric Power (HEP).
 These enhance the fertility of soil by spreading fresh alluvium.
 Fishing is practiced in rivers thus provides jobs for local people.
 These provide water for irrigation through canals.
 These provide water for domestic and industrial uses.

INDUS RIVER
SYSTEM

EASTERN RIVERS WESTERN RIVERS

Jhelum, Chenab, Kabul, Kurram,
Ravi & Sutlej. Tochi, Gomal

Pattern of Indus River System

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 BALUCHISTAN
RIVER
SYSTEM

Zhob, Hub, Porali,

Hingoli, Dasht
(Kech-Niching)

Difference between Indus & Baluchistan River System:

 Long rivers in Indus river system while short rivers in Baluchistan.
 Perennial rivers in Indus river system. While non perennial in Baluchistan.
 Indus system drains into sea while mostly are inland drainage in Baluchistan.
 Indus River irrigate vast area through canals while rivers in Baluchistan do not support canal
irrigation system.
 Hydro-electric Power can be generated while rivers in Baluchistan do not support the
generation of HEP.

DRINAGE SYSTEM OF INDUS RIVER AND BALUCHISTAN

RIVER
 The Indus River enters the south-east of Baltistan from Tibet and Kashmir and flows north-
west in a series of deep gorges between the Karakorum and Himalayan ranges.
 Soon after entering the Gilgit District it turns south between the Hindu Kush and the
Himalayas and then west and later South-west.
 After leaving mountainous region at Kalabagh the river enters the plain of Punjab and Sindh.
 Finally, the Indus flows into the Arabian Sea.
 The Indus basin covers an area about one million sq. kilo meters
 One hundred and fifty million people live in this basin.
 3180-km long Indus and its five tributaries.
 The system irrigates about 60% of Pakistan 20 Million hectares of cultivable land.

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EASTERN TRIBUTARIES OF RIVER INDUS:

 The J,C,R,S are the main eastern tributaries of the Indus, Rising in the Himalayas and passing
through Kashmir and enter the plain.
 The river Beas joins the Sutlej before entering into Pakistan all the eastern tributaries have
joined together by the time, The Sutlej joins the Chenab at Punjnad to become the river
Punjnad, which then joins the Indus near Mithankot.

DISCHARGE OF INDUS RIVER:

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  The volume of water starts to rise from March onwards.
 The Indus show the highest discharge during the monsoon season, it is also fed by the
glaciers of the Hindu Kush and Karakoram ranges which are bigger in size than other
glaciers.
 Dams and barrages on the river regulate the flow of water to protect the areas against flood
and to reduce water loss to the sea.
 With the melting of the snow the volume of water in all the eastern tributaries increases
during summer. There are marked different in the mean monthly discharge of the different
rivers.
 The river Indus has the highest mean monthly discharge in June and July. Since winter
precipitation is low and in any case is in the form of snow
 The melt water is not available to river Indus until the spring time.

WESTERN TRIBUTARIES OF RIVER INDUS:

 Rivers to the west of the Indus are smaller in length and width and have less water than the
eastern tributaries.
 The river Swat and Kabul carry a significant volume of water.
 But the Tochi, Kurram and Gomal rarely contain much water.
 All these rivers contain more water during summer season because of the snow.
 During winter, the volume of water decreases as the temperature falls and the snow does
not melt.

DRINAGE OF RIVERS OF BALOCHISTAN:

 Quetta, being a high-altitude region has the central position in the drainage pattern of
Balochistan.
 Rivers like Zhob, Kandhar, and the Kalachi drains into River Indus because they flow
eastwards.
 The rivers Loralai, Chakar, Bolan and Mula are absorbed into the Kalachi Sibbi plain.
 The rivers Hab, Porali, Hingol and Mashkel drain into the Arabian Sea.
 There are many small rivers that flow westward and drain into shallow depressions called
hamuns.
 River in Balochistan are much smaller than in the Indus System.

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 Uses Of
Water

INDUSTRIAL USES
Pharmaceutical
DOMESTIC USE industry, Tanning
Drinking, cooking, IRRIGATION industry, Chemical
washing and sanitation. industry, Textile
industry, Iron & steel
industry.

DOMESTIC USE OF WATER:

 Drinking.
 Cooking.
 Washing.
 Sanitation.

INDUSTRIAL USE OF WATER:

 In Pakistan heavy industries are either located near river or close to the Arabian sea.
 Although water is essential for all industries the amount used varies from industries to
industries.
 For example, iron and steel industry require large amount of water to produce steel
whilst.
 Cosmetic and pharmaceutical company consume very little amount of water.

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 AGRICULTURAL
USE
(IRRIGATION)

CONVENTIONAL MODERN METHOD OF

METHOD IRRIGATION
Shaduf, Charsa, Persian Tube well, Sprinkler,
wheel, Karez, Inundtion perennial canal,
canals. inundation canal, link
canal.

CONVENTIONAL IRRIGATIONAL METHOD

SHADUF

In this system water is drawn from the wells,

rivers and canals by bucket which is attached to
a pole on one side and weight is placed on the
other side.

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 CHARSA

In Charsa animal power is used to pull

water from well.

PERSIAN WHEEL

In this system, a horizontal wheel

geared with vertical wheel which is
further attached to another wheel
through shaft on which buckets are
attached.
A pair of bullock is needed to turn he
wheel and to pull water from the well.

KAREZ

It is a system used in Baluchistan for

irrigation. Horizontal channel is dug at
foot hills to bring underground water
surface. Vertical Shafts are also dug for
repairing and cleaning.
Date trees are planted to at both side of
channel to prevent soil erosion and
evaporation.

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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF
CONVENTIONAL IRRIGATION SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES:
 Suitable for subsistence farming.
 Easy to install due to inherited skill except karez system.
 These are cost effective.
 Materials used in are locally available.

DISADVANTAGES:
 Limited area can be irrigated.
 Far away areas cannot be irrigated.
 These are mostly time consuming.
 These cannot be used for commercial farming.

MODERN IRRIGATIONAL METHOD

TUBEWELL

These are operated by diesel or electronic

pumps to tap water from the depth.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF TUBE WELL

ADVANTAGES:
 It can water from too much depth.
 It also reduces water logging & salinity by lowering the water table.
 Large area can be irrigated.

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  It can also irrigate far away areas.
 Less time consuming.

DISADVANTAGES:
 It cannot be installed in rugged area.
 It is expensive (installation cost, operational cost & maintenance cost).

SPRINKLER

It is also known as spray irrigation system.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF SPRINKLER

ADVANTAGES:
 It can easily be connected to public supply water pipelines.
 Does not cause water logging and salinity due to efficient use of water.
 It prevents the wastage of water.
 It can be installed in uneven areas as well.

DISADVANTAGES:
 Expensive as huge capital is required.
 Can irrigate limited area.
 Rusting is problem with sprinkler.
 It cannot be used for commercial agriculture.

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 CANAL
IRRIGATION
SYSTEM

Perennial Inundation
Link Canal
Canal Canal
“Canal is a channel to divert water from rivers and dams for irrigation”

Factors lead to the development of Canal irrigation

System:
 Soft and level land encourages the digging of canals.
 We can conserve water from wastage flowing into sea.
 Labor is easily available for digging.
 Southward slope of rivers also makes the construction of canals easier.
 Canals can irrigate large and vast area that has been reclaimed through canals.
 Reclamation of deserts.

1- Perennial Canal:
 A canal which carries water throughout the year.
 These are taken out from dams and barrages.
 These are both lined and unlined.
 Construction cost is high in case of lined canals.
 These can irrigate far away areas.
 Cause water logging and salinity if unlined.

2- Inundation canal:
 A canal which carries water only during flood season.
 These are taken out from rivers.
 These are unlined canals.
 It is difficult to remove silt from it.
 It has low construction cost.

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  Far away areas cannot be irrigated.
 These are common in highland areas, especially in the Northern Mountains.

3- Link Canals:
 A canal which links two rivers to maintain flow of water especially in eastern rivers in
Pakistan example, (Chashma-Jhelum link canal connecting river Indus with Jhelum).

LINED CANALS:
 These are cemented canals.
 Construction cost is very high.
 These do not cause water logging and salinity.
 Siltation can easily be removed.

UNLINED CANALS:
 These are non-cemented.
 Construction cost is low.
 These cause water logging and salinity.
 Siltation cannot be solved easily.

INDUS WATER TREATY

 In 1960, Indus water treaty was signed between Pakistan and India through mediation of
World bank.
 According to this treaty, Pakistan was given right to use three rivers like Indus, Jhelum and
Chenab, While India was given to use water of Ravi, Sutlej and Beas.
 Pakistan was directed to construct 2 dams and 8 barrages.
 Financial assistance will be provided by USA, Australia and New Zealand.

Q1- Why was Indus Water Treaty necessary for Pakistan?

 As Pakistan experience long dry spells, unpredictable and unreliable rainfall, Less average
rainfall, High evapo-transpiration rate.
 Heavy showers increase surface run off.

Q2- How many irrigations damage the soil?

 Seepage causes water logging and salinity, upper layer of soil becomes hard and crusty,
excess water creates swamps and marshes.

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Q3- How may this damage be overcome?
 Tube wells be used to lower water table, lining of canals, canals closure.
 Flushing out of salt by leaching methods.
 Training and education for farmers.
 Scientific methods of irrigation.

DAMS AND BARRAGES

DAMS:
 A wall is constructed to store water.

Dams in Pakistan:
 Warsak (River Kabul)
 Tarbela (Indus River)
 Rawal
 Mangla (Jhelum River)
 Hub (Hub River)

FACTORS LEAD TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS:

 Steep and deep sided valleys.
 Impervious rocks.
 Large catchment area.
 Climatic factor (less evaporation rate).

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 TARBELA DAM

BARRAGES:
A wall is constructed to divert water from rivers.

Barrages in Pakistan:
 Jinnah Barrage (Near Kalabagh)
 Chashma Barrage (Mianwali District)
 Taunsa Barrage (Dera Ghazi Khan district)
 Guddu Barrage (Near Kashmore)
 Sukkur Barrage (Near Sukkur)
 Kotri Barrage (Between Jamshoro & Hyderabad)

BARRAGES IN PAKISTAN

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SMALL DAMS:
Small dams are constructed to store water for drinking and irrigation.

 Small dams are constructed to store water for drinking and irrigation.
 Can’t generate HEP.
 Constructed in plain areas as well.
 Less construction cost as compared to large dams.
 Siltation is easy to solve as compare to large dams.
 Less displacement of people.

Small dams in Pakistan.

 Rawal Dam (Islamabad)

 Hub Dam (Near Malir)
 Mirani Dam (Makran, on Dasht River)

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DAMS AND BARRAGES:

DAM BARRAGE

 Dam is constructed to store water.  Barrages are constructed to divert water

 To generate HEP. from rivers.
 Constructed in mountainous areas.  Can’t generate HEP.
 High construction cost.  Constructed in plain areas.
 Siltation is difficult to solve.  Less construction cost as compare to
 More evacuation of people for dams.
construction.  Siltation is easy to solve as compare to
dams.
 Less displacement of people.

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SILTATION

“The accumulation of silt brought by water current through erosion at basement of dams and
barrages.”

Causes of siltation:
 Deforestation exposes land and causes erosion.
 Erosion by water current in northern mountains naturally.

Effects:
 Reduce the storage capacity of dams.
 Weaken the basement and walls of dams.
 Blockages the canals.
 Causes fluctuation in generating electricity.

Remedial steps:
 Installation of silt trappers.
 A forestation program at foothills.
 Regular cleaning of canals and barrages.
 Lining of canals so silt can easily be removed

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WATER LOGGING

WATER LOGGING
The rise of water table to the surface level is called water logging.

SALINITY
The appearance of salt at surface of Earth after evaporation of water in water logged area is know
as Salinity.

Causes of Water logging and salinity:

 Unlined perennial canal which allows seepage of water consistently to cause water logging.
 Using of unscientific method for irrigation by illiterate formers.
 Using of excessive chemical fertilizers.
 Flood water if not drained.

Effects:
 The land would become barren.
 Land would become less productive and will give low quality yield.
 Farmers would become jobless.
 Less export so will have less foreign reserves.
 Will speed up rural-urban migration.

Remedial steps:
 Lining of canals so there will no seepage of water.
 Planting eucalyptus trees.

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  Installation of tube well also lowers the water table.
 Properly draining surface water.
 Using of gypsum and limestone.
 Floods also washed out salinity.
 Leaching process.
 Flood water should be drained.

SCARP (Salinity control and reclamation project):

 It is a project started by WAPDA (Water and power development authority) took to reclaim
water logged and saline soil.
 WAPDA is successful in some areas like in Upper Indus plain (Chaj, Bari and Rachna Doab)
and lower Indus plain (Ghotki, Larkana, shahdadkot, Kheirpur)

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS

 Describe distribution of perennial canals.

 Explain the importance of Indus Water treaty to Pakistan.
 State the problems caused by storage of water in reservoirs.
 What is the main purpose of barrage & how is this purpose achieved?
 Briefly describe the changes that have taken place in the Land use of lower Indus plain as a
result of building barrages.
 Why are there not enough water supplies from canals to meet the needs of all users?
 Explain why is siltation a problem?
 Explain why water logging and salinity of soil causes problems to farmers?
 To what extent is it possible to increase water supply in Pakistan?

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UNIT: 04

“Forest”

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 FOREST

PRODUCTIVE PROTECTIVE
These are irrigated linear
These are natural dense
forest by man and planted
forest with closed canopy.
only for the protection of the
These have great commercial
soil, for example lear forest
value like timber etc.
along the roads.

TYPES OF FORESTS IN PAKISTAN:

 Alpine Forest.
 Coniferous Forest.
 Sub-Tropical Dry forest.
 Sub-Tropical Thorn Forest.
 Riverine or Bela Forest.
 Mangrove Forest.

IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS:
 They give us timber, which is used in making furniture, houses, train compartments, big
boxes and tools.
 We make paper which is very important for all kind of literally work and other use.
 They gave us fire wood, people in villages use fire wood to cook food and keep themselves
warm in winter.
 Forest provides wood that is use to build huts, carts and agricultural tools.
 They also gave us gum, herbs and other medicinal plant which are used for manufacturing
medicines.
 They add the beauty of an area.
 They control pollution by absorbing carbondiaoxide and provide oxygen where they are
planted.
 They cause rainfall and protect water resources under the ground.
 They prevent flood and draught.
 Forest is a natural habitat for wild life.

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ALTITUDE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOREST:
 Alpine Forest. (Above 4000 meters)
 Coniferous Forest. (Between 1000-4000 meters)
 Sub-Tropical Dry forest. (Below 1000 meters)
 Sub-Tropical Thorn Forest. (Below 1000 meters)
 Riverine or Bela Forest. (Below 1000 meters)
 Mangrove Forest. (From sea level to 200 meters)
 Irrigated plantation. (Below 1000 meters)

Forest Distribution in Pakistan.

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ALPINE FOREST

AREAS OF ALPINE FOREST:

 Chitral
 DIR
 Swat
 Shangla
 Kohistan

Location of Alpine Forest

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SPECIES OF ALPINE FOREST:
 Silver fir
 Juniper
 Birch

FEATURES OF ALPINE FOREST:

 They are short in height.
 They have thick, fleshing leaves which are narrow.
 There is hair on the leaves.
 They have straight trunk and long spreading branches.
 They grow in close clusters.

CONIFEROUS FOREST

AREAS OF CONIFEROUS FOREST:

 Abottabad.
 Kohistan.
 Swat.
 Islamabad.
 Quetta.
 Mansehra.

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  Shangla.
 Rawalpindi.
 Kalat.
 Malir.

Location of Coniferous Forest

SPECIES OF ALPINE FOREST:

 Fir
 Deodar
 Chir
 Maple
 Birch
 Walnut
 Accorn
 Spruce
 Kail
 Willow
 Poplar
 Juniper.

Q-Explain why coniferous forest grow usually in cool, hilly areas?

 They have a thick bar which can tolerate cold temperature.
 These trees can survive in thin and poor soils.
 They have sloping sides to slide snow-off.
 Their waxy and needle shape leaves avoid transpiration.
 They have shallow roots that absorb water from melting snow.

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  They are evergreen; therefore, they do not need much energy for renewing their leaves.

Q-What is the difference between evergreen and deciduous forest?

 In evergreen or coniferous forest though the plant leaves drop away, not all leaves are drop
at the same time.
 In deciduous forest the plant leaves are periodically dropped especially in winter. This is to
prevent water loss, so trees shed their leaves in winter.

Q-What is the difference between Alpine and Coniferous forest?

ALPINE FOREST

 Alpine forests are found at an altitude above 4000 m.

 These are small in size because their growth is slow on account of low temperature and less
sunlight.

CONIFEROUS FOREST

 Coniferous forests are found altitude betweenc1000- 4000 m.

 Coniferous trees are straight and tall in attempt to reach the sunlight.

TROPICAL THORN FOREST

AREAS OF TROPICAL THORN FOREST:

 Punjab Plain.
 Western Balochistan.

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  Southern Sindh.

Location of Tropical Thorn Forest

SPECIES OF TROPICAL THORN FOREST:

 Acacia.
 Tama risk.
 Salva Dora.

FEATURES OF TROPICAL THORN FOREST:

 They are leaf less during dry session.
 The ground is bare except for a few small plants in bunches.
 The plants are dominated by thorn.
 These forests catch fire frequently.
 Their roots are very deep.
 In general, the scrubs are 6 to 10 meters high.

REASONS FOR THE TROPICAL THORN FOREST:

 They are leaf less during dry session to reduce evapotranspiration.
 The thorns were as protection against predators.
 Bare ground except for few tufted plants due to high temperature and low rainfall,
overgrazing also make a contribution.
 Fires frequently occur because of hot weather when it is very dry.
 Deep root helps the trees to obtain underground water for survival.

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IMPORTANCE OF TROPICAL THORN FOREST:
 Used as fuel (firewood).
 Livestock grazing.
 Medicinal uses.
 Habitat for wild life.

RIVERINE FOREST

AREAS OF RIVERINE FOREST:

 River Indus and its tributaries.
 Cover at flood plains.
 Mostly found in Sindh.

Location of Riverine Forest

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SPECIES OF RIVERINE FOREST:
 Babul.
 Willow.
 Jhand
 Sheshum
 Dhak
 Tamarisk

FEATURES OF RIVERINE FOREST:

 Linear plantation along the banks of the river.
 They are commercially important trees.

IMPORTANCE OF RIVERINE FOREST:

 They are the biggest source of timber and wood.
 They control floods.
 They provide shade and stops soil erosion..
 They reduce evaporation of water and result in rain.
 It also provides shade and is habitat for wildlife.

MANGROVE FOREST

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AREAS OF MANGROVE FOREST:
 The coastal areas of Sindh especially Indus delta.
 The coastal areas of Balochistan especially hub delta.

Location of Mangrove Forest

FEATURES OF MANGROVE FOREST:

 Root system.
 Shedding of leaves.
 Uniform height about 15m tall.
 Broad leaves.
 Elevated roots above water.
 Few species are found in Pakistan.
 Stunted growth.
 Leathering leaves.

SPECIES OF MANGROVE FOREST:

 Ceriops.
 Rizophoroas.
 Avicennia.

IMPORTANCE OF MANGROVE FOREST:

 They are used as fire wood.
 They provide timber.
 The timber and wood are used for making the house post and thatching materials for huts.
 They are breeding ground for fish and shrimps.
 They also provide grazing ground for livestock.
 These forests are the source of nutrition for marine life.

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  These forests also serve natural habitat for wild life specially birds.
 They protect the coast from tropical cyclones and tidal waves.
 Mangroves forest slow the waters flow, helping to protect the coastline and preventing soil
erosion.
 They also reduce sedimentation in the sea.
 Overtime, the roots can collect enough demines and mud to extend the edge of the
coastline further out.
 Hundreds or thousands of people directly or in directly depend on the mangrove system for
living.

Q-Give reasons for the low percentage of forest in Pakistan.

 The arid condition in Pakistan.
 Increasing urbanization.
 Increase in agriculture.
 The reckless cutting of trees.
 Increasing population.

Q-What is snow line?

 Snow line is a point above which snow and ice covers the ground throughout the year.
 Usually altitude above 4500 m above sea level there is hardly any vegetation.

Q-Why there is little or no vegetation above snow line?

 There is permanent snow.
 Low temperature is not suitable for plants growth.
 Rocky and poor soil.
 Limited area of trees because of steep slopes.

Q-Why mangroves are only found in Indus and hub delta region?
 Mangrove trees are able to survive in the saline soil of this region.
 In the Indus or Hub delta, tidal floods are beneficial for these forests.
 Mangrove trees are adapted to this environment; roots can filter extra salt easily.

Q-Why irrigation is necessary for new plantation of trees?

 There is low and unreliable rainfall in Pakistan.
 Pakistan has high evapo-transpiration rate.
 Water is necessary to settle the soil and prevent soil erosion by wind.
 Trees need water to grow especially when they are small.

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Q-Explain the advantages of developing more irrigated plantation
of trees in Pakistan.
 There will be more timber and wood and forest products will save money spent on imports of
forest products.
 More food for living things.
 Trees add fertility to the soil when the fallen leaves mixed with the soil.
 More evapotranspiration results in more rainfall.
 Forest provide shade, shelter and lowers the temperature.
 Forest cleans the environment by providing oxygen and taking in carbon dioxide.
 The beauty of the area increases which promote tourism.
 Trees protect the soil from erosion by holding the soil in their roots.
 These forests create employment opportunities for people.
 Trees are natural habitat for wild life.
 If eucalyptus trees are planted, they can reduce water logging and salinity.

Q-Explain the disadvantages of developing more irrigated

plantation of trees in Pakistan.
 High cost of developing plantations.
 High cost of maintenance plants and trees.
 There is need for irrigation of crops due to the shortage of water so we cannot afford to
irrigate such trees.
 Land is needed for making houses and increasing farmlands to meet the demand of
increasing population.
 Profits are not large and it takes more time to get full advantage from these plantations.

Q-What are linear plantations?

 They are man-made plantation and planted in lines with the proper distance.

Q-Where are linear plantation found?

 They are found along the canals and rivers.
 Along the roads and railways.
 Along the boundaries of field.

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UNIT: 05

“MINERAL RESOURCES”

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 “Minerals are inorganic substances that found underground”

What are Non-metallic Minerals?

Non-metals are minerals (Non-metallic minerals) which, as a rule, do not serve as raw material for
the extraction of metal. The group of non-metals, which is widespread amongst the variety of
minerals, is of great economic significance.

What are Metallic Minerals?

Metallic Minerals are composed of one or more metallic elements whereas non-metallic minerals
do not contain any metal elements instead they consist of chemical elements that usually don’t
feature the properties or characteristics of metals.

METALS NON METALS

Metallic Minerals are minerals in which metal Non-metallic minerals do not contain any metal
elements are present in their raw form. substances in them.

When metallic minerals are melted a new In the case of non-metallic minerals, you don’t
product is formed. get any new product after such process.

Metallic minerals are usually found in igneous Non-metallic minerals are often found
and metamorphic rock formations. embedded in young fold mountains and
sedimentary rocks.

Metallic minerals are good conductors of Non-metallic minerals are basically good
electricity as well as heat. insulators of electricity and heat.

Metallic minerals generally have luster. Non-metallic minerals do not have any shine or
luster.

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 Non Metallic Minerals

Metallic Minerals

MINING AND ECONOMIC DEVELPOMENT:

 Industrial use.
 Agricultural use.
 Improving balance of payment.
 Employment in the mining industry.
 Generation of electricity.

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  Development of remote areas.
 Increase in GDP.

1-INDUSTRIAL USE

Non-Metallic Minerals:
 Limestone, gypsum, clays used in construction industries such as pavement alongside the
roads, bridges, houses.
 Also use in building like offices, shopping center etc.
 This leads to the progress in the infrastructure development of the country.

NON-METALLIC MINERALS AND THEIR

USES

ROCK SALT

USES:
 The rocks are white and pink.
 Used for cooking and preservative purpose.
 Used for manufacturing of soda ash.
 Used for other kinds of sodas for laundries and tanning.

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  Used in chemical and fertilizer industry.

LOCATION:
 The Khewra Salt Mine (or Mayo Salt Mine) is located in Khewra, north of Pind Dadan
Khan, an administrative subdivision of Jhelum District, Punjab Region,

Location of Rock Salt

LIME STONE

USES:
 Limestone is a major sedimentary deposit.
 It is a major raw material for cement.

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  Used for making bleaching powder, glass, soap, paper, paints and lime.
 Also used to paint on the bark of trees to protect them from the pests and termite.
 Also used to aerate soil and treat salinity.

Q1- Which of the minerals has most widespread deposits?

Ans. Limestone

Q2- Which of the minerals has the deposits only towards the North
of Pakistan?
Ans. Rock salt.

Q3- Name one source of limestone that has led to the development
of a cement factory at Karachi.
Ans. Manghopir Hills and Murli Hills near Karachi.

Q4-Name one source of limestone that has enabled a cement factory

to be built at Hyderabad.
Ans. Ganjo Takar Hills of limestone near Hyderabad.

Q5-Why is the extraction of limestone so important to industry and

agriculture in Pakistan?
 Limestone is found at many places in all four provinces of Pakistan.
 It is the chief raw material for cement making.
 It is also used in manufacturing of Lime, bleaching powder, glass soap, paper and paints.
 Limestone is also used as flux in iron and steel industry. Limestone is an important building
material also.
 It is widely used in building of roads. In agriculture Limestone is used as fertilizer and to
reduce salinity.
 Lime solution is painted on fruit tree trunks for protection against pests and termites.
Indirectly, cement is used in building of dams and to line canals which helps agriculture.

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COAL

USES:
 Pakistan has low quality coal.
 Used in brick kilns, coke and coal briquettes.
 Small percentage is used for power generation.

TYPES:

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Q6- Name three ways by which coal is mined.
Ans. Three methods of coal mining are:

• Strip or open cast mining

• Adit mining

• Shaft mining.

Q7-Why is coal produced in Pakistan described as low quality?

Ans. Pakistan’s coal is of low quality. It is lignite coal. It is low in carbon content, high in Sulphur
content and has impurities. It burns of quickly and does not produce high temperature. It gives out
much smoke and produces much ash. Therefore, Pakistani coal is of low quality.

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NATURAL GAS

USES:
 Natural gas is an ingredient used to make fertilizer, antifreeze, plastics,
pharmaceuticals and fabrics.
 It is also used to manufacture a wide range of chemicals such as ammonia,
methanol, butane, ethane, propane, and acetic acid.
 Many manufacturing processes require heat to melt, dry, bake, or glaze a
product.

LOCATION:

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The Sui gas field is the biggest natural gas field in Pakistan. It is located near Sui in Baluchistan. The gas field
was discovered in the late 1952 and the commercial exploitation of the field began in 1955. Sui gas field
accounts for 6% of Pakistan's gas production.

MINERAL OIL

USES:
 Used as power sources as lubricant machines, motor fuel.
 Petroleum products include transportation fuels, fuel oils for heating and electricity
generation, asphalt and road oil, and feed stocks for making the chemicals, plastics, and
synthetic materials that are in nearly everything we use.

LOCATION:
 Pakistan's first gas field was found in the late 1952 in Balochistan near a giant Sui gas field.
The Toot oil field was not discovered until the early 1960s in the Punjab. The Most Rich
resource in Khaur Company (Attock).

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GYPSUM

Uses:
 Found in grey, white and pink color.
 Used in manufactures of paint, fertilizers and prefabricated constructions.
 White gypsum is used for making cement and plaster of Paris.

MARBLE

Uses:
 Found in bands of white, grey, yellow and brown.
 It is used in buildings and for making chips for flouring and decorative pieces.

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CLAY

Uses:
 Clays are fined grain minerals.
 Important industrial clays are China clay, Fire clay and earthen clay.
 China clay is used in ceramic industry.
 Fire clays not only used for pottery, but also used to create cone packs that help to seal
doors.
 Earthenware clay is used to manufacture steel, oil drilling machines and in the process of oil
refining.

SULPHUR

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Uses:
 Sulphur is used in chemical industries in manufacturing of sulphuric acid, Paints, explosive
materials and dyes.

METALLIC MINERALS AND THEIR USES

CHROMITE

Uses:
 It gives hardness and electrical resistance to steel.
 It is used for bridges and railway carriages.
 It is also used as lining, making engineering tools and stainless steel.

IRON ORE

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Uses:
 Used is steel making, construction and transport industry.
 Total iron ore reserves in Pakistan are over 430 million tones.
 Pakistan's largest deposits are at Kalabagh, with an estimated reserve of 309 million tons
(about 72% of Pakistan's total reserve).

COPPER

USES:
 Used in making electrical wires and other electrical appliances, especially switches that carry
current, also used in making alloys, water pipes and tanks.
 Most well known deposit of copper is Saindak, Balochistan.
 Recently the Metallurgical construction company of China has taken over the Saindak
project.

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BAUXITE

USES:
 It is used in making dry batteries, paints.
 It is a vital alloy in steel making, flares and flash bulbs.
 Found in Muzaffarabad and Kotli in Azad Kashmir, in central Salt Range, in the Loralai
district in Balochistan.
 The total bauxite reserve of Pakistan is estimated at about 74 million tones.

PROBLEMS OF MINING:
 Ventilation and underground problem.
 Dangerous gases may produce which are dangerous for workers life.
 Due to use of explosive material, the roofs of tunnel may be collapse.

PROBLEMS OF MINING (In minerals sectors):

 Lack of finance.
 Lack of experts.
 Low priority given to mineral extraction.
 Lack of technical knowledge.
 Inaccessible mineral deposits.

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Q- Study Fig.4, a cross section showing two types of coal mining.

Q1- For each of the mine A and B, name the type of mine.
Ans. A- Adit /Drift Mining. B- Shaft Mining

Q2- Explain why that is the type of mine there.

Ans. A- Coal (seam) exposed on a slope/ can dig tunnels along the screen.

B- Coal (seam) underground.

Q- Study Fig.5, showing coal fields and coal mining centers in

Pakistan.

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Name the coal field X and one of the mining centers there.

Balochistan:
Khost-Sharig-Harnai, Sor Range/Degari, Duki, Mach- Kingri, Musakhel Abegum, Pir Ismail Ziarat,
Chamalong

Name the coal field Y and one of the mining centers there.

Sindh:
Lakhra, Sonda, Jhimpir

Punjab:
Makarwal, Dandotpidh

EFFECTS OF MINING ON ENVIRONMENT:

 Starting extraction of minerals.
 Vegetation cut down resulting in soil exposure.
 Natural landscape deformed due to construction of roads and miners' houses.
 Rock blasting or digging of Earth.
 Depression caused by subsidence of land may become flooded.
 Noise pollution and ground vibration from blasting.
 Traditional mining methods are hazardous to the health of miners.
 Land pollution due to mining waste.
 Water supply polluted from mineral waste.
 Air pollution from dust and smoke.
 Environmental loss.

Q- Describe the environmental problems that can be caused by

mineral extraction.
 Loss of vegetation/deforestation.
 Land deformation.
 Loss of soil, dust.
 Smoke/gases produced.
 Soil erosion.
 Loss of farm land, noise/vibration.

Q- How can these problems be reduced?

 Tree planting.
 Laws/legislation.
 Land restoration.
 Personal health and safety measures.
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  Medical checkups.

Q- What are the benefits of extracting minerals for local people and
the national economy?
 Employment opportunities in mines.
 Higher/more stable incomes.
 Higher living standards/settled lifestyle.
 Business opportunities for local people/ancillary industries/service.

Q- What are the benefits of extracting minerals for local people and
the national economy?

Local People:
 Employment opportunities in mines.
 Higher/more stable incomes.
 Higher living standards/settled lifestyle.
 Business opportunities for local people/ancillary industries/service.
 Improvement of local infrastructure such as roads/electricity.
 Local use of raw materials.

NATIONAL ECONOMY:
 Raw materials for industry and agriculture.
 Revenue/taxes for government.
 Increase exports and foreign exchange.
 Reduce national debt/deficits.
 Reduces imports.

PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT FROM

MINING HAZARDS
 Mining should be done on scientific lines to maximize the benefits and minimize the negative
effects.
 When mining is down in an area, special precautions must be taken to prevent
environmental losses.
 The land should be leveled and the depressions should be filled in after the mining activity to
avoid deformation.
 All the mining waste including gases, fumes and semi-solid waste should be properly treated
before their final disposal.

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  The people involved should be provided with proper protective clothing to prevent the
effects of gases and dusts.
 The area around the mine should be properly planted with trees so that the atmosphere may
remain healthy and when miners come out of the mines, they may have fresh air to breathe.
 Water treatment plants should be set up to supply clean water to the workers living near
mines.

POLICIES AND MEASURES

(DEVELOPMENT OF MINERALS
RESOURCES)
Geological Survey of Pakistan:
• It was opened in 1947 for the investigation and mapping of mineral deposits in the country.

Oil and Gas Development Corporation (OGDC):

• It was established in 1961, to explore, develop, produce, refine and sell oil and gas.

Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation (PMDC):

• It was established in 1974 for the exploration and marketing of all the minerals.

Resources Development Corporation (RDC):

• It was established in 1974 to investigate and develop copper mines at Saindak.

Gemstone Corporation of Pakistan (GCP):

• It was established in 1979 for investigation of gemstone resources.

A number of provincial organizations are coordinated with the federal board namely Mineral
Investment Facilities Board (MIFB). These are responsible for exploration and utilization of
minerals. The provincial agencies include.

 PMDC (Punjab Mineral Development Corporation)

 BDA (Balochistan Development Authority)
 SDA (Sarhad Development Authority)
 SCDA (Sindh Coal Development Authority)

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Q- To what extent can more extraction of mineral resources help to
increase development in Pakistan?

IN FAVOR
 Increase trade/export/reduce imports.
 Increase employment.
 Government earning.
 Foreign investment, industrialization/more industry.
 Rural development, better infrastructure.
 Provides more fuel or raw material, education/ skills

AGAINST
 Lack of funds, lack of machinery in remote areas.
 Lack of infrastructure.
 Environmental damage.
 Lack of skills/ expertise.

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UNIT: 06

“FISHING
INDUSTRY”

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 “Fishing is one the oldest occupation for people who live near lakes”

 Fishing communities started breeding fish. This is called Fish farming or aquaculture.
 Share of GDP (0.9 %)
 Pakistan earns (6 %) of its total foreign exchange earnings by exporting fish, shrimps and fish
products.
 Total number people employed in fishing is 395,000 (2003-2004)
 Fishing industry is managed by the Fisheries Development Commissioner (FDC) under the
Ministry Food, Agriculture Livestock (MFAL).
 Pakistan has many marine and inland fishery resources.
 The potential was estimated at 1 million tones/year from the marine subsector alone.

 Number of people employed in fishing is ( 395,000) out of which,

 125,000 (31.6 %) engaged in Marine Fishing.
 270,000 (68.4 %) engaged in inland fishing.

MARINE FISHING
Pakistan has a coastline divided into the Sindh and the Makran coast.

The Sindh coast is (30 %) and the Makran coast is (70 %)

Mangrove forestry that serves as nursery grounds for species of finfish and shellfish.

 Practiced in sea waters e.g. Makran (Balochistan) and Sindh (Karachi) coast.
 Both commercial and subsistence e.g. Local market, international market (exported)
 Modern as well as traditional methods used.

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  Relatively less labour is required as compared to in-land.
 But more catch as compared to in-land
 Catches are: Sharks, drums, cat fish, ray, croakers, herrings, skates.
 In 1958, first modern fish harbor was constructed at Karachi district.

Fish Harbors:
 Karachi Fish Harbor handles about 90% of fish and seafood in Pakistan and 95% of sea food
and fish export from Pakistan.
 Karachi fisheries Harbor operated by Provincial Gov of Sindh.
 Korangi Fish Harbor managed by Federal Ministry of port and Shipping.
 Pasni Fish Harbor operated by Provincial Gov of Balochistan.
 Gawader fish harbor operated by federal ministry of communication.

FISHING

SUBSISTENCE COMMERCIAL

Subsistence:

 For home use / family use.

 Coastal only (if marine)
 Less capital is invested
 Traditional methods are used e.g. sailing and wooden boats, ice baskets, family labor,
inherited knowledge, handmade nets, etc.

Commercial:

 For sale / profit

 High amount of capital is invested
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  Can go 50 – 60 km off shore (if marine)
 High catch/output
 Modern methods are used e.g. Engines, gill netters, skilled labor, chillers, nylon nets etc.

TYPES OF FISHING

MARINE INLAND

Marine:
 Practiced in sea waters e.g. Makran (Balochistan) and Sindh (Karachi) coast.
 Both commercial and subsistence e.g. Local market, international market (exported)
 Modern as well as traditional methods used.
 Relatively less labor is required as compared to in-land.
 but more catch as compared to in-land
 Catches are: Sharks, drums, cat fish, ray, croakers, herrings, skates.

In-land:
 Practiced in rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs of dams and includes in-land fish farms as well
 Examples are reserviors of Mangla and Tarbela dams, Haleji lakes, etc.
 It is used for both commercial (only local) and subsistence
 Less catch due to less quantity in reservoirs because of traditional methods
 More labor is required because: -
 ─ More labor is required for fish catching
 ─ More people live near reservoirs
 ─ People needed for hatcheries
 ─ For feeding on in-land fish farms
 ─ For vaccinations
 ─ For transport, etc.
 Catches are: Trout, rahu, thalla, palla, grass, crap, silver

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SINDH VS MAKRAN COAST:

SINDH:

 Example is Karachi port

 It has less coastal area which is 30% of the total coast of Pakistan
 More output due to :- ─
 More creeks / natural labor
 More use of modern methods
 Developed infrastructure e.g. Roads / railways for transport
 Wide shallow sea (more continental shell)
 More availability of nutrients for fish in the Indus Delta
 Better processing and refrigerating facilities because of availability of electricity, etc.

KARACHI PORT

Makran:

 Fishing centers are: Jiwani, Ormara, Pasni, Gwadar

 More area i.e. 70% of the total coastal area of Pakistan
 However, Less output due to poor infrastructure like:
─ Lack of roads for transport
─ Lack of educational centers for training skills
─ Lack of fresh water for processing
─ Lack of electricity for processing
─ Lack of telecommunications to markets
 Old / traditional methods are used.

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  Less continental shell / less shallow sea.

GAWADER PORT

TYPE OF COMMECIAL FISHERIES

1- Shrimp Fisheries:
 Shrimp Fisheries is very meaning full because of foreign exchange earned and employment
produced from it.
 It is only permitted in province of Sindh.
 Commercial shrimp trawling started in 1958, after the MFD introduced mechanization of
larger fishing vessels.
 Now almost all of the shrimp trawlers are equipped with winches for net hauling.
 However, shrimp can also be caught by the use of cast net, which is locally termed 'thukri'.
 The catching is mainly carried out in shallow depths from October to March.
 The catch is then processed frozen for the objective of exporting to North American and
European Union markets.

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Above picture showing (Cast net Technique and Trawler)

2-Tuna Fisheries:
 The fishing of tuna varieties is another appreciable aspect of the industry that is carried out
by artisanal fishing vessels.
 Usually, the fleet shoot the gillnets in the evening and fetch them the next morning.
 The main targets are the pelagic species with higher commercial values.
 The catch is exported as chilled to neighboring country of Iran through informal channels for
canning purposes.
 This fetches more profit than if exported to Sri Lanka in dried and salted form.

Above pictures shows artisanal and gillnet technique

3- Pelagic Fisheries:
 A small-scale pelagic fishery is in operation in Sindh, using special nets, locally termed
'katra'.
 Fishing is carried out from 'hora' boats - wooden sailboats with pointed ends, a broad
breadth and long-shaft outboard engine.

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  In depths shallower than 20 m. The catch is the prime candidate for conversion
into fishmeal.

Types of Marine Catch:

1- Sharks
2- Croakers
3- Skates
4- Drums
5- Cat fish
6- Rays.
7- Shrimps etc

Shark Croakers Skates

Drums Cat Fish Rays

Shrimps

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INLAND FISH FARMS

Distribution:

 Mostly in Punjab ─ Mostly along rivers or on doabs

 Many in Sindh ─ Many along River Indus
 Some in KPK / NWFP
 None in Balochistan
 None in extreme north (Gilgit Baltistan)

1- Lakes:

 In the Sindh alone there are more than 100 natural lakes of different sizes covering an area
of about 100,000 ha. Among them.
 Haleji lake (1,800 ha) West of Thatta,
 Kinjhar Lake (12,000 ha) North of Thatta.
 Manchar lake (16,000 ha) in Dadu District are quite important for fish production.
 Manchar alone support 2,000 fishing families.
 The other natural lakes in Punjab cover about (7,000 ha) i.e
 Namal lake (480 ha)
 Uchhali lake (943 ha)
 Jahlar lake (100 ha)
 Kallar kahar (100 ha)
 Kharal lake (235 ha)
 Khabikki lake (283 ha)
 These lakes support aquaculture

Methods:

 Fish lay eggs in hatcheries where they are hatched

 Small fish are shifted to rectangular ponds
 Feeding in ponds
 Vaccination if required (when sick)
 When fish attain certain weight and age then: -
 ─ They are transported to market...
 ─ where they are sold for profit

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SUB SECTORS OF AQUACULTURE
 Aquaculture (or fish farming) is new in Pakistan. However, there is immense potential for
development of the sector.

 Aquaculture production has rapidly increased since 2000 from around 10-15 thousand tones
to reach over 100,000 tons in 2006 and 2007.

 Brackish and marine water resources only carp culture is practiced in ponds.

 In Pakistan, the fish fauna is rich but only seven warm water species and two cold water
species are cultivated on a commercial scale.

 Aquaculture has also received a substantial amount of government investment, and facilities
are now in place that can provide the basis for a major future expansion.

 According to the latest estimates, the total area covered by fish ponds is about 60,500 ha in
Pakistan, is 49,170 ha in Sindh, is 10,500 ha in Punjab, 560 ha in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, and
240 ha in Balochistan, Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir.

 More than 12,000 fish farms have been established across Pakistan.

 The average size of farm ranges form 6-9 ha. About 50,000 people are employed in the
sector.

Pictures of Fish Farms in Pakistan

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FISH MARKETING
 The marketing chain for fish is similar to that for other agricultural commodities. Products are
sold into the market to wholesalers and then onto retailers and end consumers through agents
working on a commission basis.

 Farmed fish tend to be marketed either at the farm gate, through intermediaries or by open
auction, where ice-packed fish is sent to fish markets and sold. Buyers of fishery products can
be members of the public, retailers, wholesalers and agents for processing plants or exporters.

 Most fish markets have inadequate facilities; usually they lack cold storage facilities, have poor
hygienic conditions and inadequate communication links.

 Most aquaculture product is consumed locally.

 Prices tend to decline when the fish is more than 3 kg; other factors include freshness of the
fish and the supply–demand situation in the market.

 Local consumers generally prefer freshwater fish over marine fish because of their familiarity
with river and inland farmed fish, as well as the fresh condition of the product.

 This difference is reflected in both wholesale and retail prices, where freshwater fish is sold at a
higher price than marine fish.

CONSUMPTION:
 In the world, and hence in Pakistan, fish is considered a cheap source of protein diet.

 In 2000, per capita food supply from fish and fishery products (kg/person) in Pakistan was 2, in
Asia were 18 and in World were 16.

 Whereas, fish protein as a percentage of total protein supply in Pakistan was only 1%, in Asia
was 10% and in World was 6%.

 Processed fishery products can include fish meal (poultry feed, aquaculture feed), fish oil, fish
glue etc.

 The rest of the catch was used for other purposes, especially reduction to fishmeal. The annual
per capita fish consumption in Pakistan was about 2.0 kg in 2006.

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More catch but less local consumption due to: -

 Expensive therefore difficult to afford

 Not a preferred meat as chicken / mutton are usually preferred

 Fresh fish is not available everywhere and since that is the preferred type, people are reluctant
to eat it.

 People are unaware of its benefits due to low literacy as they do not know that it is a low
cholesterol die (good for heart patients).

 People who are educated are reluctant because they know that they are caught from polluted
water.

 Lack of storage facilities, etc.

EXPECTED SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF

DEVELOPING FISH FARMING
During recent years, it has been realized that fish farming has the greater scope for the people and
economy of Pakistan due to the following factors.

 Fish is a source of cheap and valuable animal protein for the population.
 Favorable impact on foreign exchange earnings.
 The value of exports of fishery products was about USD 196 million in 2006.
 It contributes only 0.3 per cent to overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 1.3 percent to
agricultural GDP and less than 1 percent to national employment.
 Increased employment.
 Reduce burden on crop and livestock.

Problems of fishing industry:

 Lack of capital / poverty of fishermen so modern methods i.e. Gill netters, trawlers, etc
cannot be purchased.
 Lack of education so fishermen are unaware of modern techniques.
 Unhygienic environment of fish market therefore buyers are reluctant.
 Threat to mangrove trees due to polluted water.
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  This reduces the amount of fish because they are: -
─ Breeding ground for fish
─ Provide food (planktons) to fish
─Protect them from predators.
 Water pollution due to many reasons i.e oil seepage which kills fish.
 Lack of government attention which slows down the development of this industry.
 Lack of modern machinery so fishermen cannot go to deep sea water for more catch.
 Lack of storage facilities so a lot of fish are wasted.

Solutions / Development:
 More processing facilities like canning, gutting, etc.
 Increase in storage facilities e.g. Refrigeration, ice factories, etc.
 Modern methods are being introduced by the government. For example, loans are being
provided for purchase of new methods e.g. Engine, boats, etc.
 Marine Fisheries Department has been established which monitors deep sea vessels and
also strengthens quality controlled laboratories.
 Developments of Makran coast especially of Gwadar port e.g. more storage, ice and
processing facilities.
 Fish harbor of Pasni with the help of Asian Development Bank.
 Guidance and weather information for media and Metrological Department.
 Awareness about establishing in-land fish farms through pamphlets by Fisheries
Departments of different provinces.

IMPORTANCE OF FISHING INDUSTRIES

 Contributes to GDP/GNP (Gross National Product) therefore to national income.
 Fish are exported like shrimps to Japan and: -
─ Are thus a source of earning foreign exchange.
─ Improves Balance of Trade
 It restricts imports of fish as it fulfils local demand.
 Employment for fishermen
 Extra income to agricultural farmers who also own fish farms
 Reduces rural to urban migration because most of the fishing centers are in remote areas.
 Helps to develop remote areas e.g. Coastal areas of Baluchistan, like roads / electricity.
 It is a nutritious food with: -
─ More protein and
─ Less cholesterol
 Used in poultry feed
 Used in fertilizer industry

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  Used in pharmaceutical industry
 Used in cosmetic industry.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF

DEVELOPING FISHING INDUSTRY IN
PAKISTAN

Advantages:
 More food
 Healthier food e.g. More protein, etc.
 More exports e.g. Fish to Japan, dried fish to Middle East, etc.
 Better communication e.g. Better roads and telecommunications in Baluchistan so better
infrastructure
 More education by teaching skills
 More technology e.g. Introduction of engines, machines, etc.
 Growth of other industries like processing and boat building
 Sustainability as fish are ‘free’ thus should not run out.

Disadvantages:
 Lack of skilled labor due to high illiteracy
 Technology costs money as it has to be imported, and as Pakistan is a developing country
 Water pollution – kills, damages fish, Pakistan Rivers are polluted, mangroves polluted.
 Restricted – marine fishing banned in June and July (only seasonal employment)
 Some products banned by western countries: -
─ As they are caught from polluted water.
─ can be poisonous / makes them unsuitable to eat.
 Income – not large, delay of profit (not very profitable)
 Sustainability – especially issue of over-fishing.

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SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES
A conventional idea of a sustainable fishery is that it is one that is harvested at a sustainable rate,
where the fish population does not decline over time because of fishing practice.

Sustainability in fisheries combines theoretical disciplines, which government should take, are:

1- Not allow foreign deep-sea trawler to operate in the area of the Arabian Sea which is under the
control of Pakistan in order to avoid over fishing.

2- Curtailing destructive and illegal fishing practices by lobbying for appropriate law and policy.

3- Maintain the ecological balance by strict enforcement of laws against the cutting of mangroves
forests and water pollution.

ADVANTAGES OF SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES:

 Provision of more food in the form of white meat that contain that contains vitamin D and
other nutrients.
 Increase in employment opportunities.
 Increase in foreign exchange.
 Training and education of fishermen by teaching modern technological skills.
 Development of industries which are related to fishing such as boat making industries, net
making industries, fish processing industries etc.
 Improvement in infrastructure facilities such as roads, electricity supply etc.

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UNIT: 07

“AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT”

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 “Agriculture is a primary industry concerned with obtaining raw material from the
ground for immediate consumption or for further processing”.

AGRICULTURE

ARABLE PESTORAL
(CROP FARMING) (LIVE STOCK FARMING)

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

• Land • Ploughing • Wheat
• Soil • Sowing • Rice
• Temperature • Irrigating • Cotton
• Rainfall • Threshing • Sugercane
• Machines • Fertilizing
• Fertilizers • Weeding
• Labor • Harvesting
• Knowledge
• Irrigation

FARMING

SUBSISTENCE COMMERCIAL

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SMALL SCALE SUBSISTENCE FARMING:
 For family / home use
 Low output
 Poverty
 Small farms
 Need to supplement their income e.g. carpenters, blacksmiths, and cobblers.
 Cheap economic inputs / tradition inputs
 For example: draft animal, natural manure as fertilizer, traditional irrigation methods like
Persian wheel, desi seeds, wooden plough, inherited knowledge, family labor, etc.

CASH CROP/COMMERCIAL FARMING:

 For sale / profit
 High capital is invested
 High yield (output per unit area)
 Large farms
 High value economic inputs e.g. chemical fertilizers, HYV seeds, modern irrigation e.g. tube
wells, machinery e.g. tractors, harvesters, threshers, skilled labor, etc.
 High profit
 More affordability.

BARANI RAIN FED FARMING

Characteristics:
 Depends entirely on rainfall
 Small fields
 Plugging is done after rainfall
 Farmers are too poor to own their own tractors / lack of machines
 Traditional methods used. e.g. o Animal dung as fertilizer, family labor, etc.
 If rainfall is insufficient then crops fail
 Mostly low yields
 Often sheep / goats reared as alternative source of food / income.

Crops:
 Wheat
 Millet
 Pulses
 Oilseeds

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  Maize

Areas:
 Potowar Plateau (Rawalpindi, Attock and Chakwal)

IRRIGATED FARMING
Characteristics:
 Depends on irrigation o Irrigation is the artificial supply of water e.g. through perennial canals
 Large farms
 Farmers use modern machineries e.g. tractors
 Use of modern methods e.g. chemical fertilizers, HYV seeds
 More output

Crops:
 Wheat
 Sugarcane
 Rice

Cotton Areas:
 Upper Indus Plain
 Lower Indus Plain

CROPPING SEASONS
 There are two main cropping seasons

Rabi / winter:
 Sown in early winter and are harvested in early summer
 Outputs are wheat (cash + grain crop), barley (grain crop), grams, etc.

Kharif / summer:
 Sown in early summer and are harvested in early winter
 Outputs are rice (cash + grain crop), cotton (cash crop), sugarcane (cash crop), millets (grain
crops), maize (cash + grain crop).

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 WHEAT

Natural requirements:
 Warm temperature
 10 – 20 degrees at sowing
 25 – 30 degrees at harvesting
 Moderate rainfall (325 – 625 mm)
 Alluvial soil
 Well drained land
 Light rain of October – November helps its growth
 Dry harvesting season.

Methods of cultivation:
 Prepare fields by Plugging, weeding and irrigating
 Seeds are sown in October – November
 This crop needs two irrigations:
First is one month after sowing
Second is one month after harvesting
 Chemical fertilizers for nutrients
 Pesticides are sprayed to kill pests
 Harvested in early summer when ripe
 Thrashed (separation of grain from chaff (by – product) )
 Stored or transported to the market.

Main areas:
 Indus plains
 Whole of Punjab
 Nawab shah (key area of Sindh)

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Importance / use:
 It is the staple food of Pakistan thus high demand.
 That demand is fulfilled through the cultivation of wheat within the country which saves
imports and saves foreign exchange
 In good seasons, it is exported which helps to earn foreign exchange and improves Balance of
Trade
 Source of income for farmers
 Source of employment for those who work in such industries which use wheat as raw
material e.g. food processing industry
 It helps to reduce rural – urban migration
 It also helps in the development of rural areas e.g. roads, electricity, etc
 Its’ by – product, chaff, is used as animal fodder and in making mud houses.

RICE

Natural requirements:
 Warm / hot
 Temperature (20 – 30 degrees during growth)
 Warm and dry harvesting period
 Loamy / claying soil
 Flat land
 Water retentive soil
 Needs high amount of rainfall (1270 mm, however 2000 mm is ideal (not available in
Pakistan so irrigation fills the gap) )

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Method of cultivation:
 Nursery for seeds
 Repairing bunds (banks) for water
 Prepare fields by Plugging / weeding in June
 Flooding / irrigation
 Transplanting seedlings in June / July
 Fertilizers for nutrients
 Pesticides to kill pests
 Drain water from fields before harvesting
 Harvesting in dry season / weather of September / October
 Thrashing (rice is separated from husks)

Main areas:
 Larkana
 Gujranwala
 Sialkot
 Sheikhupura

Importance:
 Exported to other countries e.g. Basmati to Bangladesh so helps to earn foreign exchange
and increases Balance of Payment
 Fulfils local demand of rice and saves foreign exchange
 Income for farmers
 Source of employment for those who use rice as raw material e.g. food processing industry
 Reduces rural – urban migration
 Helps to develop remote areas e.g. roads / electricity
 Its’ by – product, husk, is used for making animal fodder and chipboards.

Q: There are four main processes of rice cultivation: Harvesting,

Planting, Preparation of fields, Growth. List the processes in the
correct order.
 Preparation
 Planting
 Growth
 Harvesting

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Q: Explain how each of the processes named above is linked in the
Lahore area from June –October.
 June rain to soften soil for preparation of field
 June – July rain for planting seeds / seedlings
 June – September sufficient rainfall / rain continues for growth
 September – October dried period of harvest.

Q: Explain how canal irrigation is used and controlled to grow rice.

 From reservoirs / dams / barrages / another canal
 Closed or opened by gates
 Field flooded in preparation before transplanting
 Kept flooded during growth
 Drained before harvest.

COTTON

Natural requirements:
 Hot temperature (25 – 35 degrees during growth)
 Dry harvesting period
 Alluvial soil
 Flat land
 High amount of rainfall i.e. 1000 mm (not available in Pakistan so irrigation fills the gap)

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  Deep soil (very alluvial soil)

Method of cultivation:
 Prepare fields by Plugging, weeding and irrigating.
 Seeds are sown in June
 After 1 month, first irrigation
 Another irrigation 2 month after the first one
 Fertilizer for nutrients
 Pesticides to kill pests e.g. leaf curl virus
 Picking in September / October usually by women
o Because of cheap labor
o Surplus labor
o Structure of their fingers
 Transported to ginning mills for separating seeds from lit.

Main areas:
 Bahawalpur
 Bahawalnagar
 Multan
 Nawab shah
 Rahimyarkhan.

Importance:
 Main export of Pakistan so helps to improve Balance of Payment as it earns foreign
exchange
 Fulfils local demand so restricts imports
 Income for farmers
 Employment for those who work in such industries which use cotton as raw material e.g.
cotton yarn, cotton textile
 Reduces rural – urban migration
 Helps to develop remote areas e.g. roads / electricity
 Its’ by – product, seeds, are used as animal fodder and for extraction of oil.

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 SUGAR CANE

Natural requirements:
 Hot temperature (25 – 35 degree during growth)
 Dry harvesting time
 Alluvial soil
 Flat land
 1520 mm rain
 This rain is not available in Pakistan so irrigation fills the gap
 Deep soil
 Well drained land

Method of cultivation:
 Prepare fields by Plugging, weeding and irrigating
 Stocks are buried underground
 Fertilizer for nutrients
 Pesticides to kill pests
 Irrigation on regular basis
 Harvesting on regular basis
 Harvesting in dry period for 2 – 3 successive years
 It is grown through rationing
 Taken to factory quickly / without delay
 Washed / scrubbed
 Crushed
 Juice collected
 Refined

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  Crystallized
 Whitened / made into white sugar
 Molasses and bagasse (by products)

Main areas:
 Peshawar
 Mardan
 Faisalabad
 Nawab shah

Importance:
 Sugar cane is raw material for sugar mills
 Exported in good seasons so helps to earn foreign exchange thus improves Balance of Trade
 By – products used like Molasses in chemical industry
 Bagasse in chipboard making
 Fulfils local demand of sugar
 Restricts imports so saves foreign exchange
 Income for farmers
 Employment for those who work in sugar mills which uses sugar cane as raw material
 Reduces rural – urban migration
 Helps to develop remote areas
 Molasses is used in making Ethalyn
 Bagasse used as animal fodder
 Bagasse used to produce electricity
 Bagasse used for making packing material.

Tobacco:
 Irrigation
 Mardan, Peshawar
 Exported
 Chemical fertilizers
 Alluvial soil.

Q: Explain why it is important to increase production of sugar and

other agricultural products in Pakistan.
 Income for farmers
 Reduces rural – urban migration
 Increasing population
 Nutritious / need for better food production

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  Increases exports / earns foreign exchange / increases GDP / increases Pakistan’s income
 Reduces imports / improves Balance of Payment
 Provides employment in named industries e.g. sugar mill
 By – products e.g. Bagasse for fuel production.

Q: Waste products from food crops such as straw from cereals and
bagasse from sugarcane have some uses. Explain the importance of
waste products such as these.
 Bagasse for paper / cardboard
 Bagasse for chipboard
 Molasses for chemical industry
 Straw for roofing
 Animal fodder
 Mixed in soil to make Kacha houses
 Bagasse for power stations / fuel
 Bagasse for making packing material
 Can save fossil fuels / coal / gas / oil
 Cheaper than fossil fuels, electricity, etc.

FRUIT FARMING
Apples, apricots, almonds:
 They are found in northern Balochistan (Quetta and Mastun valley)
 Found in Northern Swat, Hunza and Baltistan
 Because of sunshine / warmth for photosynthesis
▪ Soil for nutrients
▪ Flat area of valley floors for easy cultivation
▪ Rain for better growth

Dates:
 Grown in Kharan, Thar and Turbat
 Because sunshine is available for photosynthesis
▪ Soil for nutrients
▪ Flat land for easy cultivation
▪ Irrigation through Karez for better growth

Importance
 Used as food

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  Shelter to crops from strong wind
 Shades from intense heat of desert

Bananas, Mangoes and Citrus fruits:

 Grown in Northern Sindh and Southern Punjab.
 Because irrigation from River Indus
 Flat land of Lower Indus Plain for easy irrigation
 Temperature above 15 degree even in winter
 Alluvial soil for nutrients
 Monsoon / summer rainfall for better growth.

Q: Why are fruit crops mainly grown for local use?

 Perishable
 Heavy / difficult to transport
 Small amounts so hardly for local areas
 Not of export quality.

Q: Name two crops on the list that are mainly used for animal
fodder.
 Maize, Millet, Oil seeds

Q: Name one crop on the list that is not a food crop

 Tobacco

Q: Name one crop that is rich in protein

 Pulses

Q: Name one type of soil seed

 Mustard, groundnut, sesame, sunflower, soya beans.

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LIVESTOCK FARMING

“It is the rearing of animals”

LIVE STOCK FARMING

NOMADIC TRANSHUMANCE SETTLED

Nomadic:
 Frequent / Seasonal movement from one place to another in search of food and water
 Sheep, goats & camels reared
 Practiced in Thar and Kharan desert

Transhumance (semi – nomadic):

 Seasonal
 Animals are kept high up in the mountains in summer and brought down to lower pasture in
winters
 Goats, sheep and cattle are reared
 Practiced in Northern and Western mountains

Settled:
 Permanent Goat, sheep, cattle, hens and buffaloes are reared
 Practiced in villages of Punjab and Sindh

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 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
• Natural Grazing Fields • Feeding • Milk
• Water from ponds/lake • Milking • Meat
• Open land • Cleaning • Wool
• Family labor • Selling • Eggs
• Animal Sheds • Refrigrating • Hides.
• Fodder rooms • Shearing
• Processed Fodder • Exercising
• Specialized Labor
• Veterinary Fecilities
• Machines for milking, etc.

Importance of livestock farming:

 Contributes to GDP so to national income
 Some of their products are exported
 So foreign exchange is earned which improves Balance of Payment / Trade
 Raw materials for domestic industry
 Milk in food processing industry
 Wool in woolen textile industry
 Skins / hides in tanning industry.
 Fulfils domestic need of nutritious food like meat and milk ; so reduces imports
 Draft power
 To pull the plough
 For threshing
 To lift water from wells
 To pull carts for transport to town / market
 Source of income for farmers.

Problems of livestock farming:

 Few hospitals / veterinary facilities so difficult to treat animals
 Lack of grazing grounds so weak animals due to lack of food
 High prices of processed fodder so difficult for poor farmers to afford
 Inefficient marketing system of milk so usually sell milk to the middle man on low price
 Inadequate storage facilities like refrigerating due to lack of electricity and due to poverty and
the result is that they are to sell their products for low prices
 Primitive breeding methods so low-quality animals
 Unhygienic condition of farms

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 More diseases in animals
 Buyers are reluctant to purchase due to low quality
 Illiterate farmers so cannot modernize their farms by modern techniques like milking machines
 Poverty so cannot purchase modern techniques like milking machines.

Development strategy / Solution:

 Loans to purchase modern inputs
 Selective breeding methods for better quality animals
 Better fodder for stronger and bigger animals
 More grazing land by irrigation, fertilizers, etc
 Vaccination to improve health
 More medicines / more vets to treat animals
 Mechanization e.g. milking machines for hygiene and speed.

Livestock resources

Buffalo:
 Milk (70% of Pakistan’s milk)
 Meat
 Draft animal
 Hides
 Dung as manure However,
 Not sure footed so cannot be kept in mountainous areas
 They need a lot of water so cannot be kept in Balochistan Main areas are
 Bahawalpur
 Multan
 Jhang
 Sahiwala

Cattle:
 Cows o Milk
 Bullocks o For prestige
 Meat
 Draft animal (4 points)
 Hides
 Dung for biogas Main areas are
 Bahawalpur
 Multan
 Jhang

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Sheep and goats:
 Wool
 Meat (preferred meat so high demand)
 Demand is increasing due to high population
 Demand is increasing due to better standard of living
 Hides for tanning industry
 Dung as fertilizer
 Wool to woolen industry
 Sure footed so can be kept in mountainous areas However
 Overgrazing so causes soil erosion … (3 pts)

Main areas:
 Bahawalpur
 Multan
 Jhang
 Zhob

Poultry:
 Eggs
 Meat
 Preferred meat
 More demand
 Demand increases due to growing population
 Demand increases due to better standard of living
 Main areas are the outskirts of all the main cities of Pakistan like Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Mureee, etc.

Poultry farming
 It is the keeping of hens for commercial purposes

Methods:
 Hens lay eggs
 Eggs are hatched
 Small hens / chickens are transferred to sheds where they are fed and vaccinated on regular
bases
 When they attain some weight and age, they are transported to the market where they are sold
for profit

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Q: Why are buffaloes more important than cattle?
 More milk
 More meat

Q: Why do most farmers want to own a pair of bullocks?

 To pull the plough
 For threshing
 To lift water from wells
 To pull carts for transport to own town / market
 Most farmers are poor.
 so cannot afford machinery / bullocks / cheaper than machinery
 Most fields are too small for tractors
 Bullocks are a sign of prestige

Q: Why is a large supply of water necessary for a buffalo farm?

 For drinking
 For keeping the buffalo cool / spraying on buffalo
 For washing / dipping buffalo / bathing
 For cleaning
 For adding to their milk.

Q: No fodder crops are grown on the farms near Karachi. How are
these farms supplied with food for the buffalo?
 By road / tractor / cart o In bulk / large amounts
 From crop farms outside Karachi / on southern lower Indus plain o Near Hyderabad / Thatta /
Badin.

Q: Explain the importance of the buffalo farms to Karachi.

 Milk
 Butter / ghee / other named dairy product
 Karachi has a huge population / increasing population
 Milk is expensive to transport
 Milk can be fresh
 Milk can be supplied regularly
 Supplies hides / skins o Karachi is important for the production of leather goods
 Dung sold for fuel in markets

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 Used domestically / home
 Used commercially / hotels / shops
 Meat

Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of these types of

livestock farming in either mountain or desert areas?

Advantages:
 Access to good pasture
 Low cost / free
 In areas of poor soil / land
 Source of income like good to sell
 Source of food
 Dung for fertile soil
 Camels adapt to desert
 Sheep and goats eat poor quality grass.

Disadvantages:
 Need to move about (no permanent home)
 Poor quality animals so difficult to be commercial
 Cannot keep buffalo in mountains / desert because
 Lack of water in desert
 Lack of vets in both areas
 Relies on uncertain desert climate
 Overgrazing
 Surefooted so can slip in mountain areas.

Q: Explain why the animals are reared in a nomadic way in arid

areas.
 Search for / lack of food / pasture
 Search of / lack of water
 Quickly finished so have to move
 Move with the weather
 No infrastructure for settlement

Q: What are the disadvantages of keeping animals in a nomadic

way?
 Overgrazing / soil erosion / desertification
 Low income

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 Animals may die / starve
 Poor quality animals
 Lack of veterinary care / diseases spread easily
 Difficult to improve / develop.

FACTORS EFFECTING AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTION

Natural

Topography (Land):
Flat / undulated

 Irrigation can be easily practiced

 High yield
 Easy to plough

Steep land

 Difficult to use machinery

 Difficult to irrigate therefore
 Less output.

Soil:
Alluvial silt is deposited by rivers through floods on farm land which carries nutrients

 Provides nutrients
 Moisture retentive
 Fertile
 Not prone to water logging

Thin soil

 Infertile due to less nutrients.

Pest / diseases:
Destroy crops

Preventive and curative methods are applied e.g.

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  Seeds are poisoned before sowing (preventive)
 Spraying of pesticides (preventive + curative)

Rain:
 At the correct time of the year e.g. at start of monsoon for kharif crops like rice
 Gentle shower during growth
 None during harvest
 Very important for Barani crop as they are fully dependent on rainfall

Sunshine / Temperature:
 For warmth for photosynthesis
 Ripening.

Human factors

Irrigation:
 Enough water
 At correct time
 Fills the gap of rainfall
 Removes salinity through tube wells
 Reduces water logging by lowering water table through tube wells.
 Water logging and salinity due to
▪ Poor farming practices (overuse of water of perennial canals)
▪ Unlined canals, water seeps into the ground o Tube wells are expensive to install and
Maintain as they use fuel or electricity
 Lack of technology for pumps / wells
 Lack of electricity / load shedding.

Fertilizers (chemical):
 Better than dung
 Provides nutrients / minerals
 Minerals need replacing after cultivation
 Reduces crop failure
 Pakistan’s soil deficient in minerals so fertilizers
▪ makes up for deficiency
▪ E.g. of Nitrogen, potash (potassium), phosphate
 Higher yield. However
 Expensive

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  Illiterate farmers
 Causes water pollution (eutrophication)

Mechanization:
 Faster work
 More efficient so less wastage
 Better preparation of fields
 Can thrash and harvest
 Does not need to rest
 Needs less labor. However
 Causes unemployment
 Increases rural – urban migration
 May break down
 Not suitable for small farms / needs large farms
 Expensive to purchase and maintain
 Needs special skills (farmers illiterate)

Transport:
 Faster speed e.g. sugar cane to the mill prevents losses
 Dry ports for imports
▪ E.g. Fertilizers
 Loans. However
 We are a developing country so government cannot afford to make these as low budget
 Funds to buy inputs e.g. fertilizers
 Funds to buy machines
 Funds to buy HYV seeds
 Bigger fields can be maintained.
 Purchase more land
 Better irrigation like tube wells
 However, farmers illiterate so do not know how to get loans
 Difficult for subsistence farmers to get loans as they have small farms. They cannot give
guarantee to the banks to return loans.
 Less output due to poor weather conditions so cannot give back loans.

Training / Knowledge:
 Better management / efficiency e.g. knowledge of weather, understanding of soil, etc
 Better method of cultivation
 Knowledge of diseases
 Better use of HYV seeds
 Proper use of fertilizers and pesticides

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  Better use of machinery / technology
 Better money management / can get loans
 Better marketing. However
 Poverty so cannot afford modern methods
 High rate of illiteracy
 ▪ Expensive for the government to provide training and education to everyone.

Seed varieties (HYV):

 Higher yield
 Resistance to pests and diseases
 Double yield
 Multi cropping possible
 Drought resistance therefore less water demand
 Grow faster. However
 Exhaust the nutrients of soil
 Poverty
 Illiteracy

Telecommunication:
 Access to information
 Improves education / skills
 Easy to contact markets. However
 Expensive to purchase telecommunication gadgets
 Illiterate so do not know how to use them
 Lack of electricity in villages

Pesticides:
 Kill pests
 Targets at pests only
 But must be used at correct time. However
 Expensive
 Illiterate farmers cannot read instructions
 Air and water pollution.

Size of farms:
Large farms

Efficient
▪ Easy to use machinery
▪ Easy to irrigate

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 ▪ Easy to get loans
▪ Easy to research
▪ large output

Mostly small farms in Pakistan

▪ Inefficient
▪ Machinery cannot be used
▪ Loans cannot be taken
▪ Irrigation is hard
▪ Research is difficult
▪ less output

Q: How does the government encourage the use of chemical

fertilizers?
 Use of media / pamphlets, etc
 Laons be provided
 Reduction in prices
 By sending experts to villages
 Model farms to exhibit the benefits of chemical fertilizers
 More fertilizer industries e.g. Pak – Arab fertilizer factory, Multan

Q: Why are so many farms small in size?

 Islamic law of inheritance

o Land divided amongst all children

 Majority of farmers are poor

 Little mechanization so large area cannot be worked

o Only able to work small area by hand

 Many farmers are only subsistence farmers

 Landlords have divided their land into small tenant farms.
 Land consolidation policy has not been very successful.

Land reforms of 1959, 72, 77 Why?

 To break the hold of landlords
 Fair distribution of land
 Protection of the rights of tenants

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  Consolidation of land holdings.

Land reforms of 1959

 Maximum 200 hectares of irrigated or 400 hectares of non – irrigated land could be
provided.
 Extra land could be taken from the government
 Compensation to landlords in installments
 Tenants to get ownership of the land resumed on payment of the price of the land in
installment
 Landlords could not fire the tenants
 Consolidation of land holdings.

Land reforms of 1972

 60 hectares of irrigated or 120 hectare of non-irrigated land could be provided
 No compensation for the land acquired from landlords
 Resumed land will be distributed to tenants without making any payment
 No landlord could fire the tenants at his own will.
 The tenants were given the first right of purchase if the landlord sold the land
 Consolidation of land holding.

Land reforms of 1977

 40 hectares of irrigated or 80 hectares of non-irrigated land could be provided
 Compensation to landlords
 Land will be distributed amongst the tenants free of cost
 Consolidation of land holdings
 Tenants could not be ousted

Why were these reforms not successful?

 On paper / half – hearted attempt / lack of political will
 Strong landlords
 Low social / economic status of tenants
 Corruption in land revenue department
 Lack of documentation of land

Why land consolidation?

 Economic units

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  Easy use of machinery / modern methods
 Easier to supervise
 Better irrigation
 Easier to get loans
 Bring more land into cultivation.

Q: To what extent can land reforms be successful increasing

agricultural production?
 Land reforms are positive as due to them there is / are
 More efficient use of land
 Bigger fields for mechanization due to consolidation
▪ So, less time wasted / faster work
 More independence of tenants / free from control of landlords. However.
 Poverty of farmers
 Power of landlords
 Government not interested.

Effects of agriculture on environment

 Chemical fertilizers reach rivers which cause algae so less oxygen and sunlight for aquatic
life
 Pesticides / insecticides pollute air and cause diseases as farmers inhale them because
they do not use precautions like masks
 Deforestation of land for agriculture can lead to soil erosion if left exposed
 Irrigation due to poor farming practices causes water logging and salinity
 Over-grazing by sheep which causes soil erosion
 HYV seeds exhaust nutrients of soil.

Problems of agriculture (crop farming)

 Small size of farms due to growing population
 Lack of money / poverty
 Difficult for small farmers to get loans
 Lack of education / knowledge so cannot use modern methods
 Many farmers dislike new ideas / hold traditional attitude
 Fear the use of machinery would increase unemployment
 Most machinery has to be imported / is very expensive
 Machinery is difficult to use on fragmented farms
 Shortage / expensive of fuel / power supplies

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  Fuel is expensive
 Lack of technical experts of machinery
 Lack of spare parts for machinery
 Animals provide other needs of farmers as well as draft uses so preferred to machinery
 Using HYV seeds needs specialized knowledge
 Insufficient chemical fertilizers produced in Pakistan o Are to be imported
 Oppressive landlords do not allow change
 Tenants are insecure or are unsure of their position and so do not take risk change
 Storms and flooding / pest attacks e.g. leaf curl virus destroy crops
 Rural – urban migration so able – bodied men leave
 Water logging and salinity reduces cultivable area / yield.

Solutions / Improvements
 Green revolution (use of modern inputs like HYV seeds for high yield)
 Increase in farmland due to irrigation
 E.g. development of dams / link canals / perennial canals / tube wells
 Government support / policies.
 Land reforms giving tenants greater security
 Loans to farmers to purchase machinery
 Imported / subsidized fertilizers / inputs
 Guaranteed prices / support prices of output
 Agricultural universities / colleges like Agriculture University Faisalabad therefore more
research and experts in agriculture
 Education / training of farmers through media
 High yield / better seeds
 More use of HYV seeds e.g. irri pak for rice, maxi pak for wheat, nayyab – 78 for cotton
 Increased use of fertilizers
 Increased use of pesticides / insecticides
 Mechanization e.g. tractors for Plugging
 Financial help from relatives abroad / foreign investment.

Q: To what extent could government action increase agricultural

production in Pakistan?
Possibilities (res 2)

 Improve education like model farms traveling advisors, training centers, colleges, etc
 Loans e.g. for machinery, HYV, fertilizers
 Subsidized (low prices) e.g. for imported machinery, lower fertilizer prices
 More fertilizer / pesticides factories or imports

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  More machinery factories or imports
 Land reforms e.g. consolidation for easy use of machinery
 Improve water availability e.g. reservoirs, canals
 Cure of water logging and salinity e.g. SCARP
 Weather forecasts
 Media like radio, tv

Problems (res 2)

 Lack of money
 Illiteracy
 Other calls on government investment / attention
 Fears of unemployment due to mechanization
 Land reforms may fail due to corruption / power of land lords.

Q: Explain other causes of low farming incomes.

 Soil erosion means poor root growth and small crop output
 Overgrazing means lack of food for animals and soil erosion
 Desertification causes climatic change and a lack of water due to less rainfall
 Low crop productivity means low income leading to less money for better seeds,
fertilizers, etc.
 Poor quality livestock produces less milk, meat, etc.
 Traditional farming methods give low yields
 Small farms so little mechanization
 Oppressive landlords (Zamindars) so high rents, no change of improvement
 Storms and flooding / pest attacks (e.g. locusts, weevils destroy crops)
 Illiteracy / lack of education so no improvement
 Rural – urban migration so able bodies men leave
 Water logging and salinity reduces cultivable area / yield
 Lack of government support / investments.

Q: Name three important grain crops grown in Pakistan and for

each state whether it is a kharif or rabi crop
 Millet – kharif
 Maize – kharif
 Rice – kharif
 Wheat – rabi

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UNIT: 08

“POWER RESOURCES”

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INTRODUCTION
 All forms of energy can be changed into power
 Energy is found in nature both in renewable and non – renewable form
 Renewable form includes sunlight, wind energy and water energy
 Non – renewable includes fossil fuels and nuclear energy.

FOSSIL FUELS

COAL

 Coal is formed by the decomposition of vegetative matter like swamp forests in a period of
millions of years
 Types
 It has 4 types:-

Anthracite:
 Best quality coal
 High carbon content so high heating value
 Not available in Pakistan

Bituminous:
 Good quality coal
 High carbon so high heating value

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Lignite:
 More moisture and ash
 Low heating value due to low carbon content

Peat:
 It is the first stage of formation of coal
 Highly vegetative
 Very low carbon content

Coal transportation
 It is transported with the help of trolleys, trucks or donkeys from inside to outside of a mine
 From outside the mine, it is transported to industries with the help of either road transport e.g.
by trucks or by rail transport as it is cheaper over longer distances and can carry large amount
of coal.

Pakistan coal fields

Quetta coal fields

 At Mach, Sharig, Degari, Harnai

 Bituminous is found
▪ Used in steel industry
▪ Used in brick kiln industry Lower Sindh
 At Jhimper, Lakhara, Sonda
 Lignite is found
▪ Used in thermal power station
 Salt range
 At Dandot, Pidh
 Lignite – Bituminous is found
▪ Used in brick kiln industry
 Makarwal
 At Makarwal
 Sub – Bituminous is found
▪ Used in ceramic industry

Uses of coal
 In iron and steel industry to separate iron from iron ore through smelting

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 Used as fuel in thermal power stations to produce steam for electricity
 Use as raw material in brick kiln, ceramic and fertilizer industry
 Used domestically and commercially for heating and cooking
 Briquetting

Coal extraction
 Coal is mined through the following methods: -
 Shaft mining – when coal is underground
 Adit mining – when coal is seen on a hillside
 Open cast mining – when coal outcrops to the Earth’s surface

Shaft mining
 A vertical shaft is dug into the ground
 Many shafts are also dug along coal seams
 Dynamite is used for breaking coal seams
 Pick and shovel method is used
 Coal, with the help of trolleys, is brought to the main shaft and is then lifted up with the help of
an elevator.

Adit mining
 Horizontal shaft is dug into the ground
 There can be many shafts at different levels
 Dynamite is used to break seams
 Pick and shovel method is used
 With the help of trollies, etc. coal is brought out of the mine

Open cast mining

 Pick and shovel method is used after breaking coal seams through dynamite, etc. and is then
transported by roads/rail to industries, etc.

Q: Why is coal imported?

 Low quality coal in Pakistan
 To mix with poorer quality coal
 Difficult to mine coal reserves in Pakistan due to thin seams and lack of machinery,
infrastructure e.g. roads, electricity and lack of experts, etc.

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OIL

 Oil is formed by the decomposition of remains of sea animals and sea vegetation in millions of years.

Where it is found
 It is found in anticline
 Between two non – forest rocks with natural gas above it and water below it
 This feature is known as an oil trap because o Oil is trapped between two non – porous rocks
which do not allow it to leak out
 It reaches the height of anticline but cannot escape

Oil drilling
 A derrick/oil rig is setup
 Well is drilled
 Rock(s) is/are broken with the help of diamond
 Water/mixture of mud is used to reduce heat
 Pipes are inserted/thrown into the wells
 Oil quickly comes out when pressure is released
 Valves are used to control the flow of oils in pipes
 The derrick is removed when oil starts flowing in pipes

Oil fields in Pakistan

 Potowar Plateau oil fields
o Balkasar, Mayal, Dhullian, Tut, etc.
 Lower Sindh oil fields
o Tando Adam, Mazari, Laghari, Dhabi

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Oil refineries

Karachi because: -
 To refine imported crude oil
 To refine crude oil from southern Sindh
 More demand due to high population of Karachi
 More demand due to more industries in Karachi
 There are many thermal power stations in Karachi which use oil as fuel

Mehmood Kot (near Multan):

 Crude oil is transported from Karachi to Mehmood Kot through pipelines
 High demand in Multan due to its population and industries in the suburbs of Multan

Morgah/Attock Oil:
 Crude oil from Potowar Plateau is refined
 High demand in Rawalpindi/Islamabad due to its population
 High demand in further north e.g. in KPK and Gilgit Baltistan.

Oil transportation

Through Pipelines

Advantages
 Continuous supply
 Fast
 Large amount
 Cheap after pipeline’s construction

Disadvantages
 Leakage
 Only two main centers
 Only one product
 Expensive to build.

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Through Rail Tanker

Advantages
 Can reach such areas where pipes cannot
 More than one product
 Suitable for small users

Disadvantages
 Small amounts
 Slow
 Accidents

Through Road Tankers

Advantages
 Can reach remote areas where pipelines cannot
 More than one product
 Suitable for small users

Disadvantages
 Small amount
 Slow
 Accidents
 Theft
 Leakage
 Heavy on roads

Uses of oil
 Fuel for vehicles
 Lubricant for machinery
 Power for: Thermal power stations and for heating
 By products are used for: Wax, detergent, synthetic rubber, plastics, furnace oil, paraffin.

Q: Explain the uses of oil in farming and manufacturing

Farming
 As fuel in agricultural machinery e.g. tractors
 As fuel for tube wells

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 As lubricant for machinery
 As raw material in chemical fertilizers and pesticides industry
 Tarmac for better roads so easy to bring inputs to farms and agricultural output to markets
 As fuel in transport for agricultural products

Manufacturing
 In machinery as fuel
 Lubricant in machinery
 Tarmac for better roads for easy transportation of materials/goods
 For heating
 For fuel in thermal power stations for electricity which is then used in manufacturing industries
 As raw material in chemical industry e.g. fertilizer and pesticide industry.

NATURAL GAS

Areas
 Sui – Balochistan
 Mari – Sindh
 Mayal – Punjab
 Khairpur
 Dhullian
 Uah
 Pirkoh

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Transportation

Through Pipelines

Advantages
 Continuous
 Fast
 Large amount
 Cheap after construction of pipelines

Disadvantages
 Leakage
 Only two main centers
 Expensive to build.

Through Cylinders

Advantages
 Can reach remote areas
 Suitable for small users
 Portable

Disadvantages
 Slow
 Interrupted supply
 Small amount
 Expensive
 Accidents, etc.

Natural gas uses

 Domestic and commercial uses e.g. cooking and heating
 As raw material in fertilizer, cement and chemical industry
 Alternative fuel for vehicles.
 As fuel in thermal power stations.

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Q: Why is natural gas used for domestic purposes?
 Easily available in main cities of Pakistan through pipelines
 Can be transported to remote areas through cylinders
 Cheaper than coal
 Convenient as firewood is difficult to collect
 Cleaner than coal

Q: Explain the importance of natural gas as fuel in Pakistan.

 Alternative fuel for vehicles
 As fuel in thermal power stations
 Cheaper than coal/oil
 Cleaner than coal/oil
 Easy transportation than coal
 Reduces dependencies on imported fuel like fuel and oil
 Other fuels are insufficient in Pakistan

Q: Why is natural gas (a cheap fuel) easy to use?

 Produced in Pakistan
 Large reserves in Pakistan
 Lightweight
 Easily available in pipelines
 Portable in cylinders

NUCLEAR ENERGY

 In nuclear energy, heat is produced through nuclear fission through breaking of atoms
 It is used for production of steam in boilers for electricity.

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Advantages
 Large output
 Reliable
 Small input of raw material/efficient
 Long lasting fuel
 Fossil fuels running out/reduce burden on other fuels
 Less pollution/environmentally friendly
 There will be less need for load shedding

Disadvantages
 Expensive to buy fuel
 Expensive to build
 Lack of technology/skills/difficulties of maintenance
 Dangerous/risks of radioactivity
 Unpopular/local opposition
 Disposal of waste is a problem.

THERMAL POWER STATIONS

 Electricity is produced with the help of fossil fuels (natural gas, oil, coal)
 Fossil fuels are used to produce steam in boilers which rotates turbines
 Which then turns shaft quickly into a generator
 Within a magnetic field, so electricity is produced.

HYDROELECTRIC POWER
 At HEP stations, electricity is produced with the help of water.

How is electricity produced?

 Water of reservoirs passes through the dam very quickly
 It goes into a narrow intake pipe which rotates turbines
 Which then turn shaft quickly into a generator
 Within a magnetic field provoking electricity to be produced

How is it transmitted?
 From transformers of HEP stations, electricity goes on to transmission lines/natural grid o

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 Which are either underground or overhead
 Then onto local supply Friday voltage adjusted
 After the adjustment, is then transmitted to domestic and commercial consumers.

Physical conditions for construction of dam

 Wet climate/high rainfall for more water
 Cool climate for low evaporation
 Deep and narrow valleys for easy construction of dams
 Steep sides for easy construction of dams
 Large catchment area for more water
 Impervious rocks to reduce seepage
 Hard rock for firm foundation of dams
 Areas of glaciers so that more water is available after melting of snow

Main HEP stations (dams) and their locations

 Tarbela on River Indus
 Mangla on River Jhelum
 Warsak on River Kabul.

Q: Why are renewable resources important to Pakistan?

 Fossil fuels are expensive
 Fossil fuels are running out
 Many fossil fuels like oil are imported
 The price of oil in international market is constantly increasing
 Nuclear energy is dangerous and its wastes are difficult to dispose of
 Renewable resources are pollution free
 Renewable resources are cheaper.

NATIONAL GRID
 It is a network of long transmission lines and transformers to transport electricity to domestic
and commercial consumers
 Within different areas of the country through road centers.

Problems
 Long transmission lines are difficult to install/construct
 Difficult and expensive to maintain

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 Line losses due to friction

Q: Why is there shortage of electricity in Pakistan?

 Many power stations are not working to their full capacity due to:-
 Old machinery
 Poor maintenance

• Silt in reservoirs reduces their capacity and so less electricity is produced at HEP stations

• Silt damages dam machinery

• Less rainfall in winter so reduces water in reservoirs of HEP stations

• High demand for electricity due to

 Growing population
 Industrialization
 Improved standard of living

Rural electrification
 Rural electrification
 To improve standard of living of rural population
 Better use of modern methods of agriculture e.g. tube wells
 To reduce rural – urban migration
 To improve and expand cottage and small-scale industries
 Better access to IT

Q: What has been done for rural electrification?

 Extension of national grid
 More thermal power stations
 More HEP schemes
 Some villages have been provided with electricity through biogas and solar energy
 Private and foreign investment
 Work of WAPDA
 Government programs e.g. Village Aid Program
 The government has decided to provide electricity to those areas which will bare 33% of total
installation cost.

Q: Why is it difficult to provide electricity to all areas of Pakistan?

 Pakistan is a large country
 Many remote areas
o Which are cut off by mountains and deserts

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 Many areas are away from the reserves of fossil fuels
 Many rivers are not suitable for HEP production
 Lack of capital
 Expensive to provide electricity to low populated areas
 Long transmission lines are difficult to construct and maintain
 Long transmission lines lead to line losses due to friction
 Theft.

SOLAR ENERGY

 It is the energy produced with the help of sunlight

Advantages
 250 – 350 sunny days in a year
 Continuous sunny days (very rare continuous rainy, cloudy days)
 Pollution free
 Cheap
 Suitable for rural electrification and small users

Disadvantages
 Expensive to install
 Not suitable for large users
 Lack of technology
 Lack of experts
 Lack of government attention.

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BIOGAS
 Fermentation of cow dung produces methane gas which is used for production of electricity

Advantages
 Cheaper
 Efficient disposal of waste
 Suitable for rural electrification/small users

Disadvantages
 Air pollution as it is a greenhouse gas
 Not suitable for large users
 Can lead to shortage of natural fertilizers o the import of chemical fertilizers increases.

WIND ENERGY

Advantages
 Available due to flat areas of Indus Plain
 Due to mountains
 Windy on coastal areas
 Pollution free
 Cheap after installation

Disadvantages
 Lack of experts
 Lack of government attention
 Expensive to install.

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Q: What is load shedding?
 They are the ‘planned’ power cuts

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UNIT: 09

“INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT
SECONDARY AND
TERTIARY
INDUSTRIES”

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SECONDARY
 It is the changing of raw materials from primary or secondary sectors into semi finished or
finished products.
 Through processing or manufacturing.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

• Capital • Smelting • Cement
• Land • Weaving • Fertilizers
• Power • Spinning • Cotton yarn
• Labor • Checking • Suger
• Enterprise • Dyeing • Iron (pig)
• Raw material • Printing • Coils
• Transport • Canning • Drugs
• Machinery • Moulding • Fans
• Mixing • Tractors
• Stiching • Galvanized Sheets

Factors influencing industrial location

Collecting all inputs

 On low costs

Processing / manufacturing items

 On low costs

Market distribution

 For high profit

Physical factors
 Natural route sites requirement (Flat Land, Vast Land, Cheap Land)

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Human factors
 Capital, raw materials, skilled labor, transport, government policies, access to market, industrial
linkages.

Raw materials
 Basic commodity from which semi or finished products are made
 May be of primary sectors (directly from ground / sea)
Like fishing, forestry, farming, mining, etc.
For example: wheat, cotton (raw), limestone, etc.
 It may also be of secondary industry (processed / semi-manufactured).
For example: cotton yarn, wood pulp, coils, etc.

TYPES OF SECONDARY INDUSTRY

Cottage
 Home based
 Family labor
 Inherited knowledge
 Traditional tools
 Low capital invested
 Very small output.

Small scale
 Small amount of land
 Small amount of machinery
 Small amount of capital (up to 10 million rupees)
 Small amount of labor (10 people)
 Small amount of raw material
 Small outputs
 Small profit.

Large scale
 Large amount of bulky raw materials
 Large amount of power

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 Large amount of machinery
 Large amount of labor
 Labor intensive
 This is where skills of labor is more important than machinery)
 For example: Cottage industry.

Capital intensive
 This is where machinery is more important than labor
 For example: large scale industry like steel and ship making

Heavy industry
 This is where weight of the output is far more than its price
 Light Industry
 This is where weight of the output is far less than its price.

PRINCIPLE INDUSTRIES OF PAKISTAN

COTTON TEXTILE

 50% of employment to industrial labor

 60% of exports
 Foreign exchange earned
 Fulfils local demand so less import needed
 Utilizes local raw material
 Main areas are: Karachi, Hyderabad, Multan, Quetta and Faisalabad.

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Problems of textile industry
 Leaf curl virus which reduces raw materials (cotton)
 Recession in international market so less demand abroad which reduces exports
 Competition from South Korea / Egypt affects exports
 Lack of finance
 Load shedding of electricity and natural gas reduces/delays production
 Lack of government attention which effects development.

Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing the

cotton manufacturing industry in Pakistan?

Advantages
 Established industry / good reputation world wide
 Creates jobs / employment so develops skills
 Traditional skills / cheap labor available
 Value added exports / large scale export / main export.
 Higher price (because it is processed / value added)
 Farmers can increase income

Disadvantages
 Lack of money to invest / investors
 Lack of modern skills / education
 Competition from other countries
 Old machinery so more breakdowns, slow, old products (need to import machinery)
 Water shortage for manufacturing / conflict with other users
 Power shortage / power breakdown
 Poor roads and railways / transport to ports
 Government policy / changing policies
 Less land for growing food and other crops
 Problems of pest attack / climate problems/ poor harvest
 Effects of increase in urban population
Increase in rural – urban migration.
 Named pollution increases linked to cotton manufacturing
Noise pollution as noise of machinery is very loud (may cause deafness)
 Machines will replace manpower so loss of unskilled labor
 Lack of investment in other industries / services.

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CEMENT INDUSTRY

 Limestone, sulfur, gypsum locally available which are the main raw materials
 Coal / natural gas is available as fuel
 High demand in construction industry
Dams, barrages, etc.
Bridges, underpasses, roads, etc.
Lining canals
Houses / factories / hotel, etc.
 Pakistan has insufficient timber for construction so use cement in some other parts
Because steel industry is small
 Main areas are Salt Range, Karachi and Hyderabad.

Q: Explain the importance of concrete (cement) to the development

of Karachi.
 Developing / increasing population / industrialization of offices, housing, ports, roads, etc.
 Used to make infrastructure
 For better roads for transport
 For better bridges for easy access
 Stronger building material
 Which is long – lasting / more durable
 This also has a modern appearance.
 Improving slums / squatters.

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FERTILIZER INDUSTRY

 Natural gas as fuel

 Sulfur and gypsum are locally available which are the main raw materials
 Green revolution in agriculture so more demand
 Use of HYV seeds thus more chemical fertilizers
 Soil is deficient in nitrogenous matter, so chemical fertilizers provide organic nutrients to soil
 Growing population so more demand of food
 Main areas are Multan, Faisalabad, Mechigot, Haripur.

Q: What are the benefits of increasing fertilizer production for the

people and economy of Pakistan?
 Higher yield
 More food production rate
 More agricultural exports or improved Balance of Payment
 Reduces imports of fertilizer or improved Balance of Payment
 Higher GDP / GNP
 Less debt
 Higher farm incomes / profit
 More jobs
 Cheaper cost of fertilizer
 More industrial goods (e.g. cotton).

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SUGAR MILLS

 Sugar cane abundantly available in Pakistan which is the main raw material
 High demand of sugar in Pakistan due to high population
 Main areas are Peshawar, Faisalabad and Nawab Shah
 Sugar mills must be close to area of sugar cultivation because Sugar cane must be crushed
quickly after cutting
 ▪ As it loses its weight rapidly
 ▪ Reduces sugar content rapidly
 It keeps down transport cost because sugar cane is bulky therefore expensive and difficult to
transport.
 Sugar mills work only 160 days a year.

This causes the following problems

 Seasonal employment / unemployment for the rest of the year
 Skilled workers may be lost to other industries permanently
 Inefficient use of machinery
 Machinery deteriorates with lack of use

Solutions
 Casual / unskilled labor migrate to other employment like cottage industries
 Many workers are poor farmers who return to their farms with the extra income earned
 Offer incentives to keep skilled labor
 Some labor may be retained to look after the machines.

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By-products of sugar mill and their uses

Bagasse
 Chipboards
 Paper
 Animal fodder
 Fuel
 Electricity

Molasses
 Packaging plastics
 Ethylene (in chemical industry).

STEEL INDUSTRY

 Pakistan steel mill Karachi (at Pipri, established with the help of Russia)

Imported
 Iron ore
 Manganese
 Coal

Locally produced
 Limestone
 Coal
 Water (Haleji lake)
 Chromite

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Outputs
 Pig iron
 Rolled and cast billets
 Raw steel
 Galvanized sheets
 Coils
Provides raw materials for engineering and construction industry for heavy mechanical complex
Texila

Heavy Mechanized Complex Texila (established with the

help of China)
It is a heavy engineering center.
Inputs (they are outputs of steel mill, Karachi are imported)
 Pig iron
 Rolled and cast billets
 Raw steel
 Galvanized sheets
 Coils

Outputs
 Tractors / other machinery for agriculture
 Machinery / equipment for HEP plants / thermal power plants
 Boilers
 Cranes
 Construction machinery
 Railway equipment.

BRICK KILN INDUSTRY

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Inputs (raw materials)
 Coal, oil, wood (as fuel)
 Clay (the main raw material)
 Water (usually from a tube well)
 Capital
 Labor
 Land

Processes
 Digging (the earth)
 Mixing (the clay and water to prepare paste)
 Molding (to shape the paste like bricks)
 Drying (unbaked bricks in sunlight)
 Baking / heating (the bricks to make them stronger)

Output
 Fired bricks.

Importance
 Employment for both males and females
 Bricks are used in construction
 For building houses, offices
 For building bridges
 For lining canals
 Shortage of wood in Pakistan / wood is expensive.
 So bricks are used in flooring to replace wood
 Shortage of steel due to few steel industries
 So bricks are used in roofing replacing steel/iron
 Cement ix expensive so bricks are sometimes used to reduce construction cost

Problems
 Bonded labor
 Very low wages
 So labor take loans and are forced to work in the same industry
 It includes child labor
 Expensive fuel
 Air and land pollution

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Main areas
 Peshawar
 Potowar Plateau
 Harappa
 Bhakkat

INDUSTRIAL ESTATE
 Special areas reserved for industries
 Government offers incentives
 Exemption from customs or imported machinery
 Tax holidays
 Electricity / power supply
 Better roads
 Private power stations are allowed
 Simplified procedures

Examples are:
 S.I.T.E (Sindh Industrial Trading Estates) Karachi
 Hattar Texila.

Why choose industrial estate?

 Employment
 Goods for local needs
 Goods for export
 Increase in GDP/GNP so increases national income
 Reduces imports
 Attracts more investors
 Development of infrastructure e.g. roads, power, telecommunication
 Reduces emigration & if in rural areas, reduces rural – urban migration
 More competition so improves quality of goods
 Stimulates growth of service industries

Problems due to industrial estates

 Cost / lack of investment
 Lack of skilled labor due to high illiteracy

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 Loss of agricultural land / trees
 Lack of infrastructure e.g. electricity, roads, water
 Lack of government support
 Pollution e.g. water, air, land
 Need for more imports e.g. machinery, raw materials, oil.
 Increase in rural – urban migration.

EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE

 Special zones / places reserved for manufacture of export products
 Incentives are offered
 Tax holidays
 Exemption on custom duties (import of machinery)
 Simplified procedure
 Relaxation in foreign exchange control
 Why choose Export Processing Zones?
 To increase exports and so to increase foreign exchange.
 Promoting industrial developing
 Checking quality
 Attracting investment and experts
 Examples are: Landhi, Karachi and Sambrial, Sialkot.

FEATURES OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL

SECTORS OF ECONOMY

Formal
 Capital intensive
 Employment by institution
 Regular working hours
 Decided wages
 Quality of goods
 Work in offices / factories
 Legal / registered
 Mainly adults / no child labor
 Pension schemes

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Informal
 Labor intensive
 Self – employment
 Flexible working hours
 No fixed wages
 Poor quality of goods
 At home
 May not be registered
 Child labor.

Q: Explain the advantages and disadvantages of formal and

informal labor.

Formal

Advantages
 Guarantee of products
 Warranty available
 Can be replaced quickly
 Fixed timings

Disadvantages
 Expensive
 Not available at odd times
 Fixed prices (non-negotiable)

Informal

Advantages
 Cheap
 No fixed prices (negotiable)
 Availability at different timings

Disadvantages
 No guarantee
 No warranty
 Usually non-replaceable
 May not be available at certain times.

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Q: Why is fertilizer industry an example of formal sector?
 Capital intensive
 Fixed timings
 Fixed wages
 Quality goods.

Importance of cottage and small-scale industry

 Employment
 Women employment
 Fulfils local demands
 Restricts imports
 Saves foreign exchange
 Exported e.g. carpets to Saudi Arabia
 Earns foreign exchange
 Improves Balance of Payment / Trade
 Reduces rural – urban migration as most of them are in villages
 Development of rural areas e.g roads / electricity.
 It suits Pakistan’s developing economy as it does not require expensive technology and
machines
 Waste of large scale industry can be used to make products here.
 Contributes to GDP / GNP.

Problems
 Limited profit
 Economy of scale not achieved
 Lack of quality
 Outdated machinery & methods used
 Wholesalers / middle man makes the most profit
 Electricity not available in many villages so work only in day light hours
 Limited training and technical advice available
 Lack of marketing
 Poverty / lack of finance
 Child labor
 Illiteracy

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Steps to improve
 Establishing small industrial estates
 Marketing facilities be provided
 Technical service centers be established
 Pre – investment counseling and guidance
 Loans on easy installment to purchase machinery
 Rural electrification
 Provision of roads from industries to markets for easy purchase of inputs / easy sale of products
 Handcraft development centers have been established
 Organizations like PSIC, SSIC, etc have been established
 Tax breaks to reduce financial burden
 Dry ports for exports from inland cities
 Telecommunication improvements for better contact with the market
 More use of machinery
 Thus more value – added goods so more profits.

Examples of cottage & small scale industries

 Carpets
 Wood carving
 Embroidery
 Jewelry
 Sports goods
 Surgical goods.

Q: Explain the importance of mechanization to the craft industry

and other small-scale industries of Pakistan
 Faster
 Larger production
 Lower labor cost / cheaper
 Less work / easy / less tiring
 Standardized product / better quality.
 Can replace child labor
 New skills earned.

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SECONDARY INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENT

It produces
 Air pollution due to smoke
 Water pollution due to poor disposal of industrial waste in rivers, lakes, etc
 Noise pollution due to noise of machinery
 Land pollution when industrial waste is dumped underground.

Effects
 Diseases e.g. deafness, diarrhea
 Contamination of sub soil water effects food crops and supplies of drinking water from wells
 Industrial waste harmful for irrigation of crops
 Threat to marine life e.g. fish due to polluted water
 Threat to mangroves due to polluted water

How to control
 Awareness campaigns e.g. NGO’s should cooperate
 Protests / show of concern by public
 Strict enforcement of environmental laws
 Water treatment plants be installed to purify water
 Green trees be planted to reduce air pollution
 Industries should be established away from residential areas.

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TERTIARY INDUSTRY
 Service sector e.g. public administration, defense, tourism, etc.
 Tourism means the whole business of providing accommodation and recreation facilities for
those who are traveling, staying or visiting a place for a relatively short period of time, primarily
for pleasure seeking.

Advantages
 Invisible export therefore helps to earn foreign exchange which improves Balance of Payment
 Source of employment for different people like tourist guides
 It helps to improved local areas infrastructures e.g. electricity, roads, water, sanitation, etc.
 Provision of other modern facilities e.g. shops
 Local tourists can utilize the facilities
 Development of cottage industry e.g. souvenirs
 Cultural linkage
 Reduces rural – urban migration because many tourists resorts are in rural areas
 Sustainable industry.

Disadvantages
 Expensive to develop as Pakistan is a developing country
 Seasonal employment like tourists (winter or summer or spring, etc.)
 Local culture destroyed
 Foreign tourists sometimes do not respect locals and their customs
 Litter / garbage (air and land pollution)
 Resettlement of local people
 Natural habitat destroyed due to deforestation
 Facilities may not be affordable for local tourists
 Locals may lose their traditional jobs
 Political situation and security situation (threat).

TOURIST ATTRACTIONS
Natural tourist sites e.g.
 Kaghan, Swat, Gilgit, Skardu, Hunza, Chitral

Archeological
 Moen – jo – daro, Badshahi Mosque, Shalimar Gardens

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Modern buildings
 Faisal mosque, the Parliamentary building in Islamabad.

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 UNIT: 10

“TRADE”

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  It is the exchange of goods and services or rather is the sale / purchase of goods and services.
 It is of two types

Internal
 Within a country

External / Foreign
 Country to country.

FOREIGN TRADE

Why?
 Stimulates economic activity
 Economies of scale are achieved
 Employment
 Allows specialization of goods
 Domestic resources are utilized
 Exports helps to earn foreign exchange
 Flow of IT
 GDP earned i.e. overall income of the country
 Value – added products
 Foreign exchange earned can be spent on imports of goods

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS

Imports
 Goods or services purchased
 Foreign exchange spent
 Outflow of foreign exchange

Exports
 Goods or services sold
 Foreign exchange earned

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  Inflow of foreign exchange

Visible trade
 It is the export and import of goods

Invisible trade
 It is the export and import of services

EXPORTS OF PAKISTAN
Primary
 Rice, fish, cotton, vegetable and fruits

Processed
 Cotton yarn, dried fish

Manufactured
 Cotton textile, garments, surgical instruments, carpets, sports goods.

Trend
 From more primary initially to more manufactured now
 Beneficial because manufactured items are more value added so of greater price hence
greater profit
 More foreign exchange earned so improved Balance of Trade
 Boosts industrialization
 Stimulates economic activity which creates job opportunities

Problems
 Narrow exports base (a few items / not a big variety)
 Low value products
 As they are agro – based

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IMPORTS

Capital goods
 Machinery for different industries

Raw material
 Manganese, iron ore, coke (coal), crude oil (unrefined)

Consumer goods
 Electrical appliances, sugar, wheat, fertilizer

Trend
 From more ‘consumer goods’ to more ‘capital goods’
 Due to industrialization
 A beneficial trend to restrict imports and save foreign exchange

Problems
 Drastic increase in imports
 This is because of high / ever increasing population
 Unfavorable exchange rate of rupees against foreign currencies like USD and Pound
 Rapid industrialization
 Green revolution
 Construction of infrastructure like roads

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TRADING PARTNERS OF PAKISTAN

Imports

UNITED STATE OF AMERICA

 Machinery, vegetable oil and wheat

GERMANY
 Machinery and electrical appliances

UNITED KINGDOM
 Machinery, electrical appliances and fertilizers

SAUDI ARABIA
 Petrolium

MALAYSIA
 Edible oil

JAPAN
 Machinery, electrical appliances

SRILANKA
 Tea

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Exports

UNITED STATE OF AMERICA

 Carpets, rugs, surgical equipment

GERMANY
 Cotton cloth, carpets, rugs, surgical equipment

UNITED KINGDOM
 Raw cotton, carpets, rugs, surgical equipment

SAUDI ARABIA + UAE

 Spices, rice, ready-made garments

CHINA + HONG KONG

 Cotton yarn

JAPAN
 Fish and fish products

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TRADE ROUTE

Land

 East → India → not feasible due to poor relations

 North – west → Afghanistan → Passes e.g. Bolan, Khyber, etc
 North → China → Khunjarab Pass (Karakoram Highway)
 South – west → Iran → RCD highway (not well maintained)

Problems of land routes

 Mountains / rugged / steep slopes / ravines / bad topography
 Few passes
 High passes
 Expensive due to taxes
 Longer to Europe than sea
 Slower than air
 Insecure
 Narrow roads
 Landslides / can get blocked
 Floods
 Snow

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SEA ROUTES

Preferred route because

 Cheaper as compared to land and air
 Shorter as compared to land for Europe
 Even goes to USA and Canada through Suez Canal
 Developed ports of Pakistan promote sea trade like Bin Qasim port
 Function throughout the year
 Easy access to middle sea through Arabian Sea
 Handles bulky goods and large consignments
 Suitable for import of mineral oil through large containers from Saudi Arabia

Disadvantages are
 Slow / time consuming (slower than air)
 Not suitable for urgent orders
 Do not reach inside cities so no door to door service like roads or no access to inland areas
through airports
 Cannot go to land locked countries
 Not suitable for perishable goods.

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AIR TRANSPORT

Advantages
 Quicker than sea / roads
 So saves time
 Suitable for light items
 Also for small consignments
 Good for urgent orders
 Better than seas as it goes to inland cities
 Even goes to landlocked countries where ships cannot

Disadvantages
 Fog / snow / dangerous
 Expensive
 Unsuitable for perishable / heavy loads / cheap goods
 Does not go door to door / airports may be out of city
 Air and noise pollution

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BALANCE OF TRADE VS PAYMENT

Balance of trade
 Difference between value of exports and imports of goods.

Formula: -
 (Value of exports of goods) – (value of imports of goods)

Balance of payment
 Different between value of exports and imports of goods as well as services

Formula: -
 (Value of exports of (goods + services) ) – (Value of imports of (goods + services) )

Pakistan’s Balance of Payment/Trade was

negative

Why?
 More value of imports and less value of exports
 Imports of capital goods e.g. machinery for industries
 Imports of luxury goods due to improved standard of living e.g. cosmetics, vehicles
 Imports of consumer goods e.g. fertilizers, electrical appliances
 Import of crude oil due to insufficient oil reserves of Pakistan
 The price of oil is constantly increasing in national market
 Increasing population so more need of imports
 Unfavorable exchange rate of rupee against foreign currency like USD and Pound
 Low value exports as they are agro – based so less price
 Restriction by foreign governments
 Due to child labor e.g. in sports good industry
 Due to unhygienic condition of fish markets
 Hard competition e.g. cotton with South Korea and Thailand
 Exports fluctuate due to weather condition as more of them are agro – based

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  Lack of skilled labor due to poor quality of education so poor-quality products, not purchased
by international market
 Pakistan has very few trading partners / not a member of a main bloc like the European
Union
 Terrorism so less investment in national sector so less output
 Load shedding of electricity / natural gas so less orders due to delay and industrial output
 Political instability so consistently changing trade policies
 Poor infrastructure e.g. non-metal roads
 Very few export processing zones.

HOW TO IMPROVE?
 More exports
 Restrict imports

HOW TO INCREASE EXPORTS?

 Value added products
 Strict quality control
 Reliable supply
 More trading partners
 More variety
 Better infrastructure
 More dry ports
 More development of water ports
 Implement ban on child labor so Pakistan’s sports goods can be purchased
 More export processing zones
 Stable government
 Improved telecommunication for better advertisement, marketing, etc
 Good relations / trade agreements with other countries
 Competitive prices
 More advertisements.

HOW TO RESTRICT IMPORTS?

 Improved quality of education for skilled labor
 Import of luxury items reduced by high taxation e.g. import of vehicles
 Pakistan’s own resources be explored and exploited
 Patriotism (encourage people to purchase Pakistan’s product)

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  Reduction in consumer goods by installing more industries
 Tariffs (high taxes) on imports to discourage importers
 Awareness as to how imports affect economy negatively

FOREIGN EXCHANGE
 International currency like USD which is accepted in international market

WAYS TO EARN FOREIGN EXCHANGE

 Exports (visible + invisible exports)
 Remittances from Pakistani’s abroad

EXCHANGE RATE
 An exchange rate refers to the price of one currency in terms of another
 For example, one USD is equal to 150 Pakistani Rupees

Exchange rates are significant in determining: -

 The cost of imports and the price of exports
 The cost of, and returns, from overseas investment

Depreciation:
 An exchange rate is said to depreciate when one unit of that currency buys fewer and fewer
units of that currency

Appreciation
 When one unit of a currency can buy greater units of another currency

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TRADE BARRIERS
 Trade barriers exist when the government imposes a set of restrictions that make it difficult
for other countries to export their products to that country

Its’ types are: -

 Tariffs (taxes on imports)
 Embargoes (a ban on certain imported products)
 Quotas (these impose restrictions on physical quantity of goods imported)

Its’ advantages are: -

 Restricts the inflow of imports into the country
 Which improved Balance of Payment / Trade
 Helps to protect domestic market
 More employment due to more economic activity within the country
 More exploitation of local resources

Its’ disadvantages are: -

 Consumer choice is limited to domestically produced goods only
 Local industry become complacent due to lack of international competition and thus low
efficiency
 Consumer may have to purchase low quality local products
 May spoil relations with other countries
 May lead to artificial inflation

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UNIT: 11

“TRANSPORT AND
TELECOMMUNICATION”

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The development of a transport system provides a sound base for the socio-economic growth of a
country. There are four major means of transport in Pakistan. Rail road, air and water.

PAKISTAN RAILWAY

Advantage
 Can carry bulky items.
 More people can travel by trains.
 Best suitable for long journey and distance.
 Cheaper than road and other transport.

Disadvantages
 Engines and wagons are expensive.
 Maintenance cost for railway system is high.
 Railway stations are uneconomical (cannot encourage industrialization).
 Cannot provide door to door supply.
 Difficult to lay down the railway track in rugged and mountainous area.

Problems with Pakistan Railway

 Lack of investment.
 Worn out rails and sleepers.
 Operational inefficient in timing.
 Over staffing and corruption.
 Uneconomic stations.

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  Poor reservations.
 Single track causes delay.

Development in Pakistan Railway

 Replacement of steel engines with diesel engines.
 Karachi circular railway.
 Electric trains from Lahore to Khanewal.
 Establishment of repair workshops in Lahore, sucker and Jhelum.
 Computerized reservation and ticketing system.
 Double track from single track.

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RAILWAY ROUTES

1-Karachi-Lahore-Peshawar:
 This is the most important route.
 It goes from Karachi to Lahore via Multan.
 Lahore to Peshawar via Rawalpindi.

2-Karachi-Dera Ghazi Khan-Peshawar:

 This route extends from Karachi to Dera Ghazi Khan, West of the Indus River.
 It crosses the Indus river at Kot Addu and then runs northward up to Hasan Abdal to join the
Lahore-Peshawar route.
 Although this route is not critical in peace time, it is extremely important during time of
crises because it serves and area not covered by the Karachi-Lahore-Peshawar Route.

3-Karachi-Quetta:
 This route runs from Karachi to Quetta via Larkana and Jacobabad.
 It enters Quetta via the Bolan Pass.
 It is an important commercial and strategy route.

4-Quetta-Lahore:
 This route runs from Quetta to Sukker via Jacobabad.
 At sucker, it joins the Karachi-Lahore route.

The Pakistan railway extends to foreign territory at two pints.

 From to Lahore a line runs into India via Wagha Pakistan.

 Another line goes from Quetta to Zahedan Iran via Kohi-i-Taftan Pakistan.

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ROAD TRANSPORT

Road network is denser in Plain areas while there is little development of road transport in rugged
area of KPK and Baluchistan.

Advantages
 It is suitable for short distance.
 Roads are easier to build.
 Motor vehicles are less expensive
 Door to door supply.
 It encourages the growth of industries.

Disadvantages
 Accidents are very common.
 It is not suitable for heavy goods.
 It is not suitable for heavy goods.
 Valuable goods cannot be transported.

Difference between Metallic (Pakka) and non-metallic

(Kacha) Roads.

Metallic Roads:
 It can be used for heavy traffic.
 Can be used in all season.
 It joins cities or even countries.

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  Construction cost is high.

Non-metallic Roads:
 It can’t be used for heavy traffic.
 It requires no construction cost.
 It can’t be used in Rainy season.
 It connects villages.

MAJOR ROADS IN PAKISTAN

National Highway
 It starts from Karachi, passes through Hyderabad, Sukker, Multan, Lahore, Rawalpindi and
reaches to Peshawar.

Indus Highway
 It starts from Karachi, travel on left side of Indus river, Larkana, Kashmor, Dera Ghazi Khan,
Dera Ismail Khan, Bannu, Kohat and reaches to Peshawar

RCD Highway
 It starts from Karachi, passes through Khuzdar, Kalat and reaches Quetta then from Quetta
it passes through Naushki and Nok Kundi and reaches Iran.

Karakoram Highway
 It starts from Hasanabad (Punjab), Passes through Abbottabad, Naran, Chillas, Gilgit and
enters China through Khunjerab Pass.

G.T Road
 It starts from Peshawar and enters in India via Lahore.

Karachi-Gawader
 It starts from Karachi, passes through Ormara and Pasni and reaches Gawader.

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Sukkar-Quetta
 It connects Sukkar with Quetta

Lahore-Quetta
 It connects Lahore with Quetta

Q-Explain how better transport routes could help to increase

development in Baluchistan.
 Industrialization-bigger Lorries, Employment, Urbanization-better travel, less nomadism.
 Better travel for cars and lorries, EPZ an dry port developed.
 Better access to port at Gwadar/coastal development/development of ports.
 Travel to Afghanistan or Iran via Quetta and Passes.
 Access for health and education workers or travel to them.
 Promotion of small-scale industries, Tourism, Mineral exploitation.
 Fishing development/better access to markets.
 Higher incomes/living standards/quality of life, more security.

Q-Why are there very few major roads and railways in Baluchistan?
 Low population (density)
 Scattered Population/few towns and lack of urban development.
 Rugged, rocky, mountainous, barren, bad land and hills make barrier.
 Desert, lack of water
 Difficult working conditions.
 Lack of government investments.
 Backward, present political instability.
 Little industry.
 Tribal opposition.

MOTORWAY
Motorways are constructed for faster communication and transportation. It avoids traffic jam and
bypasses the cities. The first motorway was completed from Lahore to Islamabad.

Benefits
 Less time consuming.
 Avoid traffic jam.
 Will boost up industrial growth.

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  Wil boost up the economy.
 Will encourage new settlement.
 Can be used in emergency by our forces.

AIR TRANSPORT

It is the fastest and efficient mean of transport.

Advantages
 It is used for long distances.
 Less time consuming.
 Can connects with those areas which can’t be connect by rail. Road and sea.
 Value added and perishable items can be transported.

Disadvantages
 It is expensive (require long term of investments)
 Because of high fares mostly people can’t afford it.
 Not suitable for short distances.
 Cannot operate in bad weather condition.

International Air Ports

 Karachi
 Islamabad
 Lahore
 Peshawar
 Quetta

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Domestic Airports
 Jacobabad
 Moennjo-Daro
 Chitral
 Gilgit
 Turbat

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC

AIR PORTS

Domestics:
 Operates with in the country.
 Covers small area.
 Usually operates in day time.
 Construction and maintenance cost are low.
 Used for smaller planes.

International:
 Operates for international flights.
 Covers large areas.
 Operates both in day and night.
 Construction and maintenance cost are high.
 Used by both small and large planes.

Q-Why was the development of Air transport been important with

in Pakistan?
 Country with vast distance like North to South.
 Many inaccessible areas by land.
 To promote tourism.
 Providing relief in emergency.

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SEA TRANSPORT
Break Water: The area where intensity of tide is low.

Wharf: A place for loading and unloading of ships.

Harbor: A water body which provide shelter for ships.

Advantages:
 Heavy and bulky goods can be transported for long distances.
 Cheaper than air transport.
 Safe and convenient
 Large number of goods can be transported.
 Too many people can travel.

Disadvantages:
 It is time consuming.
 Landlock countries can’t have sea ports.
 Perishable items can’t be transported.
 Expensive (too much capital).

SEA PORTS IN PAKISTAN

 Karachi Port, Port Qasim, Gawader Port.

KEMARI PORT (Karachi)

 The Port of Karachi is one of South Asia's largest and busiest deep-water seaports, handling
about 60% of the nation's cargo located in Karachi, Pakistan.
 It is located between the Karachi towns of Kiamari and Saddar, close to the main business
district and several industrial areas.

Facilities:
 Construction of flyover bridges connecting and bypassing the port area has been built to
ease traffic conjunctions in the port area.
 Provision of navigational aids and radars.

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  Steps are taken to clean sea water for pollution.
 Expansion of storage capacity of east and west wharfs.
 Reconstruction of worth to handle increasing volume of cargo.

PORT QASIM
 It is located at Gharo creek at Pipri.
 It is natural harbor which week tides there.

Reason for establishment:

 To reduce burden on Kimari port.
 To handle the imports of raw material for steel mill.
 To create job opportunity.
 To enhance foreign trade
 To earn foreign exchange.

GAWADER PORT
 Gawader port is established at makran coastal area with assistance of China.

Importance of Gawader Port

 It will reduce the burden on Karachi and Port Qasim.
 It will serve he landlock countries.
 By this port, infrastructure will develop in Baluchistan province.
 This port will create jobs opportunities for local people.
 It will connect China with central Asian countries.
 Afghanistan can also sore its goods for export to other countries.

DRY PORTS
 There are number of dry ports in Pakistan, these are known as dry port because these are
located inland and not at sea coast.

Requirements for dry ports:

 Highly efficient rail transport and container service to carry bulk cargo.
 Efficient managerial staff.
 Huge storage sheds and opens area.
 Refrigeration facilities for perishable items like fruits and vegetables.

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Functions
 To reduce the work load of sea port.
 To clear goods through customs and complete other formalities.
 To save imports and exports from damage while carrying.
 To reduce fare charges.
 To deliver the imported goods to those consignees.
 To collect the exported items at the dry ports not at sea ports.

Q-Name one dry port and explain why dry ports are needed to
reduce the burden on sea port?
 Sambrail (Sialkot), Lahore Multan, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Larkana, Peshawar,
Quetta.

Reasons
 Lack of Space/storage.
 To deal with paper work.
 Quicker processing and cleaning.
 Customs duties.
 Tax
 Relief congestions
 Allowing packing and unpacking (of containers).

TELECOMMUNICATION
 Telecommunications in Pakistan describes the overall environment for the mobile
telecommunications, telephone, and Internet markets in Pakistan.
 In 2008 Pakistan was the world's third-fastest growing telecommunications market.
 Pakistan's telecom infrastructure is improving dramatically with foreign and domestic
investments into fixed-line and mobile networks; fiber systems are being constructed
throughout the country to aid in network growth.
There are number of departments controlling he telecommunication sector in Pakistan.

 Pakistan Telecommunication Authority.

 National Telecommunication Corporation.
 Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation Limited.

Uses
 Commerce, E-Commerce, Industry, Education.

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UNIT: 12

“POPULATION AND
EMPLOYMENT”

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POPULATION
 Number of people living in a specific area at a specific time
 Growth rate
• Rate of change of population at a certain time in a specific area
• It depends upon two factors (both added):
 Net migration (immigration – emigration)
 Natural increase (birth rate – death rate)

Q: Explain the difference between emigration and immigration

 Emigration – moving out of an area
 Immigration – moving into an area

How has the death rate fallen?

 More awareness about balanced diet
 Use of clean and fresh water
 Better sanitation
 More personal hygiene
 More availability of medical facilities
 More medical facilities in remote areas e.g. mobile clinics
 Better transport facilities which means that patients can easily be taken to hospitals
 Easy availability of life saving medicines
 Free medical facilities in government hospitals

Why is there a high birth rate?

 Lack of awareness about the impact of overpopulation on development and economy of
Pakistan
 High illiteracy rate thus people are unaware of family planning methods
 Contraceptives are not available in remote areas and are expensive
 Contraceptives are considered to be unIslamic
 Large families are considered as a blessing
 Desire for more sons
 Early marriages which increase the span of productivity
 Children are expected to look after their parents at old age
 Most of the farmers are subsistence farmers who cannot afford machinery therefore family
labor is preferred.

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Reasons for reduction in birth rate
 More literacy so more awareness about the impact of high population on
development/economy
 More young people question traditions
 Contraceptives are available in remote areas
 Many women getting higher education so prefer to enter careers than early marriages
Thus, late marriages reduce the span of productivity
 Understand the importance of small families.
 Improvement in standard of living so people are more concerned of materialistic
requirements than family size
 Educated people pay more attention to quality of their children rather than their quantity
Education is expensive
Health facilities are expensive

Why is growth rate of Pakistan high?

 High birth rate and low death rate
 Reasons for high birth rate and death rate
 Afghan refugees

Why do many Afghanis migrate to Pakistan?

Push factors
 War in Afghanistan
 Political instability
 Drought
 So low agricultural output

Pull factors
 Religious ties
 Relatives in Pakistan
 Open border
 Better job opportunities
 Next door neighbors

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Why do some people emigrate from Pakistan?
 For jobs
 Higher wages abroad
 Lack of opportunities for professionals in Pakistan e.g. doctors
 Terrorism/lack of security
 To join their families abroad
 For higher education
 For better health facilities abroad
 To send income to their families (remittances)

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of

international emigration for Pakistan people

Advantages
 Can earn higher income
 Remittances sent home
 Jobs for educated e.g. doctors, engineers, etc.
 Jobs for construction in Middle East
 Better living conditions abroad e.g. housing, sanitation, etc.
 Social benefits e.g. education and health care
 Religious freedom
 Better food

Disadvantages
 Loss of educated workers e.g. doctors
 Qualifications may not be accepted
 Language problems
 So different culture
 High cost of living abroad
 Prejudice e.g. thought to be extremists
 Need for permits e.g. to enter or work in the country
 Exploited by traffickers
 Poor working and living conditions
 Home sick.

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Why do some people make seasonal migrations in
Pakistan?
 To avoid severe climate
 People in mountains come to plains in winter for jobs and return to valley floors in summer
for farming
 Farmers practice transhumance in mountain areas and go up to the mountain in summer
and return to valley floor in winter
 Nomadic people keep on moving from one place to another with their livestock in search of
water/food
 Many works in sugar mills and return to their farms for cultivation when the mills are closed
as they are seasonally operated

Reasons for rural – urban migration

Push factors
 Lack of jobs in rural areas due to mechanization in agriculture
 Farm land is reducing due to growing population
 Flooding
 Lack of services in villages/markets
 Lack of recreational facilities
 Poverty due to subsistence farming
 Oppressive landlords

Pull factors
 Better education
 More jobs/well – paid
 More health facilities
 Better housing
 Better transport facilities
 Better telecommunication.

Effects of rural – urban migration

Rural areas
 Shortage of working population as most able-bodied men migrate
▪ Thus, loss of agriculture
 More women in rural areas so unbalanced gender ratio
 Government pays less attention to rural areas

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  Shortage of health and education facilities
 Lack of infrastructure like roads

Urban areas
 Overpopulation due to lack of resources
 Lack of education and health facilities
 Unemployment
 Traffic problems
 Air pollution due to litter
 More slums/lack of accommodation
 More crime rates

How can people be encouraged to stay in rural areas?

 Land reforms as many farmers have small land holdings
 Electricity supply for raising living standard
 More schools to increase literacy rate
 Cottage industries for employment
 Radio for education/entertainment
 Tourism for employment source.

OCCUPATIONS/PROFESSIONS

Primary (50% of employed Pakistan)

 Farming
 Mining
 Fishing
 Forestry

Secondary (10%)
 Sugar mills
 Cotton textile
 Steel industry
 Cottage industry

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Tertiary (40%)
 Drivers
 Tourist guides
 Doctors
 Civil servants
 Shop keepers
 Lawyers
 Teachers
 Bankers.

Why maximum in primary industry?

 Traditional/inheritance
 Illiteracy so cannot work in other sectors.
 Most of the people live in rural areas where agriculture is the main profession
 Many areas of Pakistan are suitable for farming e.g. Indus Plain due to their alluvium soil
and flat land
 Irrigation scheme like link canals and perennial canals
 Cotton is the main export
 Most of Pakistan’s economy is agro – based i.e. cotton textile so raw cotton required
 Growing population of Pakistan needs more food
 Pakistan is rich in many minerals like rock salt and limestone so many miners
 Wood is used in wood-based industries like sports goods and furniture thus people work in
forestry profession
 Many inland reservoirs like rivers promote fishing
 Similarly, coastal areas of Pakistan promote fishing

Why is the number in agriculture decreasing?

 Mechanization (if 10 worked, now 5 needed)
 Water logging and salinity
 Flooding
 Rural – urban migration due to urban attraction and better employment
 Better literacy so more people qualify in secondary/tertiary sector
 Higher wages in other sectors.

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Why is the number of people in tertiary sector increasing?
 Rural – urban migration as tertiary is well expanded in cities
 Improved standard of living so more services in demand
 Improved education so people want to use their skill in tertiary sector
 More wages in tertiary sector i.e. banking
 Extension of road network so more drivers
 Growing population, more children so more teachers and doctors are needed
 Expansion of shops and other services due to growing population
 IT/usage of more and more computers

Why is there more expansion of tertiary sector in urban

areas than rural areas?
 Rural – urban migration
 Better standard of living so demand of more services
 People in urban areas can invest more in business
 Expansion of multinationals in urban areas e.g. Pizza Hut
 Banking sector is mainly expanding in urban areas

Why is there a high illiteracy rate in Pakistan?

 Poverty
 Lack of budget for education
 Shortage of schools in rural areas
 Shortage of trained teachers
 Education is not free in government schools
 Private schools are expensive
 Many people prefer child labor
 People in rural areas sometimes do not send girls to schools due to tradition
 Landlords do not allow their tenants to get education.

Why is illiteracy rate high in females than males?

 Traditional attitude as it is believed by many that women’s place is at their homes
 Male dominating society
 Pardah system
 Shortage of ‘only girls’ schools
 Many people are reluctant to send their daughters to co – education

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How does the high illiteracy rate effect the secondary and
tertiary industries of Pakistan?
 Illiterate workers may damage machinery
 Slow work so less output
 Low quality of output
 Unskilled management
 Illiterate bosses do not plan properly
 Discourages foreign investment to invest
 Cheap labor available for loading unloading

Explain why it is vital for Pakistan to improve its

education/literacy standard for different sectors of the
economy.
 Illiteracy holds back their development
 Engineering skills are required for mining/manufacturing
 Professional skills are needed in education/health
 Better use of machinery in agriculture if literate
 Farmers will follow the instruction of modern methods of agriculture e.g. HYV seeds,
chemical fertilizers, etc.
 Use of IT

UNEMPLOYMENT
 It is of two types: -
 Voluntary
 Involuntary (only this is in syllabus)
 It is the state of being jobless

Why is there unemployment in rural and urban areas of

Pakistan?
 Lack of jobs
 More people, less resources due to overpopulation
 Rural – urban migration
 Mismatch

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  Mechanization in agriculture
 Use of IT in offices.
 More use of machinery in secondary industry.
 Lack of training/skills
 Political instability.

Why do rural people find it difficult to get jobs in urban

areas?
 Lack of jobs in urban areas due to limited resources
 Illiteracy
 Lack of skill
 May not have relatives in urban areas to help them

Density of population
 Number of people living per unit area.
 Density = (Number of people living) / (Area)

Why is there a low population density in Baluchistan?

 Low rainfall
 High evapotranspiration
 Very hot in summer
 Very cold in some areas in winter
 Lack of fresh water for agriculture and industrial use
 Sandy soil of Kharan desert
 Lack of agriculture
 Few minerals and most of them have not been exploited
 Lack of health and education facilities
 Lack of telecommunication
 Lack of infrastructure e.g. roads, electricity, etc.

Why is there a high population density in Quetta?

 Provincial capital
 Better infrastructure e.g. roads
 Electricity facilities through QESCO
 International airport for east movement
 Dry port
 Agricultural valley e.g. apricots/apples

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  Educational institutions e.g. Baluchistan University
 Main military centers
 Cool in summer

With the help of examples, explain why the population

density varies considerably within NWFP.
 Low/none because
Mountainous
Steep slopes
Area of permanent snow
Very cold in winter
 Moderate because
Minor defense sites
Villages with tourist attractions
Areas with pastures
Areas with unmetalled/Kacha roads
 High density e.g. Peshawar because
Provincial capital
Main business center
Utilities e.g. electricity and natural gas
Flat areas of the valley of Peshawar as suitable for agriculture due to easy use of machinery
e.g. sugar cane
Developed industrial areas so more jobs e.g. sugar mills
Better educational institutions e.g. Peshawar University
Better health facilities available in private and government hospitals
International airport

Explain the reasons for the low population density at

Indus Delta.
 Salty water – difficult to farm
 Flooding – so causes problems to farming and industry
 Swamp/marsh – difficult to build/poor foundations
 Mangrove trees – lack of farm lands
 Tropical cyclones – dangerous
 Lack of roads – difficult to move around
 Fishing in decline due to pollution/mangroves dying
 Lack of industries therefore no jobs.

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Why is there a high population density near the River
Indus in Sindh?
 Water available for irrigation so irrigational schemes, Sukkur barrage, Kotri barrage so more
areas can be cultivated
It attracts more settlements
 Main roads like Indus highway
 Main railways which link Karachi to Punjab
And areas in Hyderabad e.g. cement industry due to availability of limestone in Ganjo Takkar
 Very alluvium soil

Why is there a low population density in Thar desert?

 Very hot in summer
 High rate of evapotranspiration
 Very low amount of rainfall so lack of water for agriculture/dry/arid
 Temperature too high for agriculture
 Lack of infrastructure e.g. roads
 Areas of semi – soil/not suitable for agriculture.

DEPENDENCY RATIO
 The ratio of dependence to independence
 The ratio of those below school leaving age and those who are retired to those who are in
working age
 0 to 14 – dependence (increasing)
 15 – 64 – independence (decreasing % wise)
 64+ - dependence (increasing)

Problems of high dependency ratio

 More people to look after
 Need for more schools
 Need for more hospitals and clinics
 Need for more accommodation
 Adaptation for old
 More unemployment
 More pensioners
 More pressure on government/services
 More stress on workers

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  High taxation
 Inflation
 Child labor

Non – working population is a burden on the working

population. Explain why you might agree and disagree
with this statement.

Agree
 High dependency ratio in Pakistan. More dependent, less independent. 55 – 60% dependent
and 40 – 45% independent
 Many people are very poor
 Many are subsistence farmers or fishermen

Disagree
 Many children start working part time from an early age
 Many starts working full time after completion of primary education
 Joint family system helps to support large number of dependents
 Many elderlies get pensions from the government
 Many old people keep on working after the age of 64

Explain 2 problems of the high population rate in

Pakistan.

Unemployment due to:

 Use of machinery
 Shortage of farmland

Overpopulation so lack of resources due to

 Lack of education
 Lack of health facilities
 Lack of better housing.

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Explain the advantages and disadvantages of these
changes (the sheet thingy)

Advantages
 Fewer children to look after
 More workers for developing the country
 More young workers
 Children more likely to be educated due to more space in schools
 Older to give advice to young

Disadvantages
 Older to look after
 More unemployment due to more work force
 Loss of educated workers through emigration
 More taxes would be needed to support older people
 Examples of the old’s needs: health care, pension schemes, care homes, etc.

Explain why many people get ill in Kacha areas.

 Pool of water encourages mosquitoes
Thus, risk of malaria
 Water pollution/lack of clean water
 Lack of sanitation
Risk of typhoid, cholera, diarrhea, etc.
 Congested
 Flimsy buildings/leaky roofs
Risk of flu, bronchitis, pneumonia, etc.
 Easy spread of diseases due to congestion
 Malnutrition/poor food supply
 No resistance to diseases
 Lack of awareness about diseases
 Poverty so cannot afford medical facilities

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Explain the advantages and disadvantages of self – help
schemes.

Advantages
 Reduces poverty
 Healthier environment/less diseases
 Encourages people to better themselves
 Can build better housing so less slums
 Better care of the area
 Removes unwanted people

Disadvantages
 High cost/lack of finance
 Corruption/money goes elsewhere
 Takes time to achieve
 High risk of failure in Pakistan
 Lack of resources to do this
 Shanty towns would be shifted to other areas
 May attract more people so more rural – urban migration
 Need to educate people which is expensive to do.

Relief (topography) Rainfall River

Explain how each of the 3 factors above contribute to a
high density of the population in the areas of Upper Indus
Plain.

Relief
 Flat land
 So good for cultivation, mechanization, roads, buildings, etc.

Rainfall
 Monsoon/high rainfall
 Plenty for Barani farming or domestic of industrial use or better air quality

Rivers
 Indus and its tributaries
 So good for irrigation

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