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CALENG2 Quiz 1

Coverage: Anti-differentiation, Indefinite Example 2

Integrals, Simple Power Formula,
Logarithmic and Exponential Functions,
( x)
f= 2 x3 + 15
Trigonometric Functions, Inverse, f '( x) = 6 x 2
Trigonometric Functions, Hyperbolic
Functions, Definite Integrals, Consonant
of Integration. Example 3

f ( x)
= 3 x 4 - 17 x 2 + 3 x + 15
I. Anti-differentiation =f '( x) 12 x3 - 34 x + 3
Derivatives

The derivative of a function y = f(x) of a variable Anti-derivatives

x is a measure of the rate at which the value y of
Antiderivatives (Integrals) is of a function f(x) is
the function changes with respect to the change of
a differentials function F(x) whose derivative is
the variable x.
equal to the original function f(x). The process of
Recalling how to find the derivatives, the solving for antiderivatives is called
following formula will be used: antidifferentiation or indefinite integration.
Simply put, antiderivatives are the opposite of
d
[C ] = 0 differentiation (process of finding the derivatives).
dx
d Given that:
[kx] = k
dx d  F ( x ) + c 
d = f ( x)
[kf ( x)] = kf '( x) dx
dx
d f ( x) is the derivative of F ( x)
[ f ( x) ± g ( x)] = f '( x) ± g '( x)
dx F ( x) is an antiderivative of f ( x)
d n
[ x ] = nx n−1
dx
Example 1:

Example 1 f ( x) = 3x 2 + 4 x + 1
3 F ( x) = x3 + 2 x 2 + x + C
f ( x) = 2 x
f '( x) = 6 x 2

1
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CALENG2 Quiz 1

Example 2: f ( x) ∫ f ( x)
( x)
f= 4 x3 + 9 x 2
b. ∫ g ( x) dx ≠
g ( x)
F ( x) = x 4 + x3 + 1

Example 1:

II. Indefinite Integrals

∫ 2 x dx
100

Indefinite Integrals is a function in which it takes 100

= 2 ∫ x dx
the antiderivative of another function wherein
the C is an arbitrary constant. x101
= 2( ) + C
The indefinite integrals of function f(x) are 101
represented by: 2 x101
= ( ) + C
101
∫ f ( x=
)dx F ( x) + C

Basic Integration Formulas:

Example 2:
a. ∫ dx= x + C
∫ x5dx
b. ∫ Cf ( x ) dx = C ∫ f ( x ) dx x5+1
= ( ) + C
c. ∫  f ( x ) ± g ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x )dx ± ∫ g ( x )dx 5 +1
D O N OT FOR G ET TH E C ON STA N T x6
= ( ) + C
OF IN TEG R A TION : + C 6

III. Simple Power Formula General Power Formula

x n+1 u n+1
∫ ∫ u du = n + 1 + C; u = f ( x ) ; du = f '( x ) dx
n n
x=dx + C ; where n ≠ 1
n +1
Note: n +1
 f ( x ) 
 f ( x)   =n
( )
∫ 
f ' x dx 
 +C
a.
∫  f ( x )  g ( x ) dx n +1

≠  ∫ f ( x ) dx   ∫ g ( x ) dx 

2
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CALENG2 Quiz 1

Example: 1 1
=∫ a u ⋅ du = ∫ 32 x ⋅ 4 xdx
2

2 2
∫( 5 x + 3 dx ) 32 x
2

1 = +C
u=5 x + 3; du =5dx; n = 2ln 3
2
1
1 1
1
= ∫ u ⋅ 5du=
2
∫ ( 5 x + 3) 2 ⋅ 5
⋅ 5dx b.

∫ e du=
u
eu + C
1 1
( 5 x + 3) ⋅ 5dx
5∫
= 2
= ( x ) ; du f ' ( x ) dx
u f=
 f ' ( x ) dx
f ( x) f ( x)

1 (
 5 x + 3
1 2 
)2 2  + C
+ ∫e =  e +C
 
5 1 + 2 
 2 2  Example:
2 3
= ( 5 x + 3) 2 + C
∫12e
4x
15 dx
=u 4=
x; du 4dx

IV. Logarithmic and Exponential = ∫ eu ⋅ 3du = 3∫ e 4 x ⋅ 4dx

Functions
= 3e 4 x + C
a.
au c.
∫ a du = ln a + C; a ≠ 1; a > 0
u

du
−1
=u f= ( x ) ; du f ' ( x ) dx ∫u =
∫ u ln u + C
du
=

f ( x)
 f ' ( x )=
a ()
f x
= ( x ) ; du f ' ( x ) dx
u f=
∫a dx 
ln a
+C
f ' ( x ) dx
∫ f ( x)
= ln + C

Example:

∫ (3 )
2 x2
⋅ 2 x dx

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CALENG2 Quiz 1

Example: = ∫ 2cos ( 2 x )dx + ∫ 2 ( tan ( 2 x ) sec ( 2 x ) )dx

6 − 4x =u 2=
x; du 2dx
∫x 2
− 3x − 9
dx
= sin ( 2 x ) + sec ( 2 x ) + C
u = x 2 − 3 x − 9; du = ( 2 x − 3) dx
−2du ( 2 x − 3) dx
=∫ u = − 2 ∫ x 2 − 3x − 9 Example 2:

=−2ln x 2 − 3 x − 9 + C  tan ( x ) csc2 ( x ) + tan 2 ( x ) sec2 ( x ) + sec2 ( x ) 

∫ sec 2
( x )
 dx
 
 tan ( x ) csc2 ( x )   sec2 ( x ) ( tan 2 ( x ) + 1) 
V. Trigonometric Functions
= ∫ dx + ∫  dx
1. ∫ sin ( u )du =− cos ( u ) + C  sec 2
( x )  

sec ( x )
2


2. ∫ cos (=u )du sin ( u ) + C  1 
= ∫  cot 2
( x ) dx + ∫ ( tan 2 ( x ) + 1)dx
3. ∫ sec =
2
( u )du tan ( u ) + C  cot ( x ) 
 
4. ∫ csc ( u )du = − cot ( u ) + C
2
= cot x dx + sec2 x dx ∫ ( ( )) ∫( ( ))
5. ∫ sec ( u ) tan (=u ) du sec ( u ) + C
= ln sin ( x ) + tan ( x ) + C
6. ∫ csc ( u ) cot ( u ) du = − csc ( u ) + C
7. ∫ tan ( u ) du =−ln cos ( u ) + C =ln sec ( u ) + C Example 3:
8. ∫ cot
= ( u ) du ln sin ( u ) + C
 tan ( 3 x ) cos (3 x) + sin ( 3 x ) − 1 
2 2 3

9. ∫ sec ( u ) du= ln sec ( u ) + tan ( u ) + C ∫ −6 

cos ( 3 x ) 3 dx
 
10. ∫ csc ( u ) du= ln csc ( u ) − cot ( u ) + C  tan ( 3 x ) cos ( 3 x ) − 1 sin ( 3 x ) 
2 2 3

∫ −6 
=
cos3 ( 3 x )
+  dx
cos3 ( 3 x ) 

Example 1:
 sin 2 ( 3 x ) 
 ⋅ cos 2
( 3x ) − 1 
 cos ( 3 x )
2

 sin ( 2 x )  = ∫ −6  + tan ( 3 x ) dx
( ) cos ( 3 x )
∫
3
2  cos 2 x + dx  
 cos 2
( 2 x )   
 
 sin ( 2 x ) 1 
= ∫ 2cos ( 2 x )dx + ∫ 2  ⋅ dx
 cos ( 2 x ) cos ( 2 x ) 

4
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CALENG2 Quiz 1

 sin 2 ( 3 x ) − 1  Example 2:
∫
= −6  + tan ( 3 x ) dx
 cos 3
( 3 x )  7e x
 − cos 2 
∫
16 − e 2x
dx

∫ cos3 ( 3x )
= −6  + tan ( 3 x ) dx =u e= x
; du e x=dx; a 4
 
du
= 7∫
a2 − u2
VI. Inverse Trigonometric Function
 ex 
du u = 7arcsin   + C
1. ∫ a2 − u2
= arcsin  
a
+ C ; a > 0 4

du 1 u
2. ∫ a2 + u2 a
= arctan   + C; a ≠ 0
a VII. Hyperbolic Functions

du 1 u 1. ∫ sinh
= ( u )du cosh ( u ) + C
3. ∫ u u2 − a2 a
= arcsec  
a
+ C ; a > 0
2. ∫ cosh= ( u )du sinh ( u ) + C

Example 1:
Example:
3dx
∫x 2
+ 8 x + 25 ∫ ( sinh ( x ) coth ( x ) )dx
3

3dx 
=∫ 2 cosh ( x ) 
( x + 8x + 16 ) + 9 = ∫ sinh ( x )


3
dx
sinh ( x ) 
 
3dx
=∫ =u sinh
= ( x ) ; du cosh = ( x ) dx; n 2
( x + 4)
3
+ 32
u= x + 4; dx =
dx; a = 3  u 2+1 
= ∫=u du  2
+C
du  2 +1
= 3∫ 2
u + a2  sinh 3 ( x ) 
=  +C
1  x + 4   3 
= 3  arctan   + C
 3  3 
 x+4
arctan  +C
 3 

5
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CALENG2 Quiz 1

VIII. Definite Integrals All sorts of approximations are called Reimann

sum, and they are the foundational tool for
Riemann Sum
integral calculus.
Suppose that it is needed to find the area under
In general, this means that the Riemann Sum is
the curve (graph), and it is decided to use
the sum of the area of a sequence of rectangular
rectangles to approximate the area under the
strips whose width is  xi and length is f (ci ) .
curve.
n

∑ f (c ) x , x
i =1
i i i −1 ≤ ci ≤ xi

The norm, ||Δ||, is the strip with the largest

width in the sequence.

For a Riemann Sum whose strip have equal

width, then the norm is:

b−a
||||=
n
The number of strips in the Riemann Sum is
always greater than or equal to the number of
strips when the interval is divided equal by the
The more rectangles are used, the better norm.
approximation is made.
b−a
≤n
||||
Definite Integral

Definite integral is defined as a Reimann Sum

whose norm approaches to zero.

If f is defined on a closed interval [a, b] and the

limit of Reimann sums over the partitions 
n
lim
||||→0
∑ f (C )x
i =1
i i

6
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CALENG2 Quiz 1

exists, the f is said to be integrable on [a, b] and = 62.25 − 2.25

limit denoted by = 60
n b
lim
||||→0
∑ f (C )x = ∫
i =1
i i a
f ( x)dx
Example 2:
The limit is called definite integral of f from a to
2
∫ 10 x
2
b. The number a is the lower limit of integration, + 10dx
0
and the number b is the upper limit of
2
integration. = 10 ∫ x 2 + 1dx
0

Properties of Definite Integrals 14

= 10( )
a 3
1. ∫a
f ( x)dx = 0
=
140
b a
3
2. ∫a
f ( x)dx = − ∫ f ( x)dx
b

3. If a < c < b , then

b c b
Absolute Value Functions
∫=
f ( x)dx
a ∫a
f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx
c
b b The absolute value function g(x)=|f(x)|is defined
4. ∫ kf ( x)dx =k ∫ f ( x)dx
a a as
b b b
5. ∫ [ f ( x) ± g ( x)]dx = ∫ f ( x)dx ± ∫
a a a
g ( x)dx
6. If for all values of x interval [a, b],
f ( x) ≤ g ( x) then,
For the definite integral of the absolute value
b b
∫a
f ( x)dx ≤ ∫ g ( x)dx
a
function, g(x)=|f(x)| in the interval [a, b] where
the value of a is negative and b is positive:
b 0 b

Example 1: ∫a ∫ − f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx

g ( x) =
a 0

3 If both a and b are positive, then,

∫
1
(3 x3 − x + 2)dx
b b

= [
3x x 4
− + 2 x]13
2
∫a
g ( x) = ∫ f ( x)dx
a

4 2 If both a and b are negative, then,

3(3) 4 (3) 2 3(1) 4 (1) 2 b b
= [ − + 2(3)] − [ − + 2(1)]
4 2 4 2 ∫a
g ( x=
) ∫a
− f ( x)dx

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CALENG2 Quiz 1

Odd and Even Functions When solving integration problems that require a
particular solution (or in other words, require you
The antiderivative (or the integral) of an odd
to also determine the value of the constant of
function is an even function while the
integration), there are a few key points to
antiderivative of an even function is an odd.
remember. Typical questions on this topic revolve
The function, f(x) is odd if f(−x) =−f(x). The around finding the equation of a curve given a set
function is also symmetrical to the origin. of conditions. Remembering these key points can
be essential to formulating the necessary
The function, f(x) is even if f(−x) =f(x). The
equations or conditions that will enable you to
function is also symmetrical to the y-axis.
solve for the constant/s of integration in the
a. Odd Functions equation.

If the function, f(x) is odd, then the integral on First, if the slope at a certain point is provided in
the interval [−a, a] is equal to: the problem, the slope refers to the first derivative
a of the equation of the curve being obtained.
∫−a
f ( x)dx = 0
a. If the slope is a function, then it can be
b. Even Functions directly integrated. Then since it is known
that the curve must pass through the
If the function, f(x) is even, then the integral on provided point, the coordinates of this
the interval [−a, a] is equal to: point are substituted into the integrated
a a function in order to find the value of C or
∫−a
f ( x)dx =2 ∫ f ( x)dx
0 the constant of integration.

IX. Determination of the Constant of Example: Find the equation of a curve whose
Integration
slope at P (3, -2) is .
In the past topics, particularly when solving for
indefinite integrals, it has been previously Conditions:

mentioned that a constant of integration C should

always be added to the obtained equation, which slope = ; for y’
signifies that the integrated function is a general
P (3, -2) or x = 3, y = -2; for y = f(x)
solution. However, if the constant C is given a
value, then the integrated function is now a
particular solution that is unique.

8
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CALENG2 Quiz 1

b. If the provided slope at a certain point is

a constant, then the nth derivative is
likely provided as well. Once the function
of the first derivative is obtained, the slope
is substituted into y’ and the abscissa or
the x-coordinate of the provided point is
substituted into x in the first derivative.
The given point can also be used when
obtaining the latest constant C in the final
integrated equation y = f(x).

Example: A certain curve’s y’’ at any point is

always equal to 3x+5. At P (2, 2), the same curve
has a slope of 3.
Next, if a critical point is given in the problem,
Conditions:
then this signifies that y’ = 0 at that critical point,
slope = y’ = 3 at P (2,2); for y’ a concept taught in CALENG1. The critical point
can also be used to obtain the last constant C in
P (2,2) or x = 2, y = 2; for y = f(x)
the final integrated equation y = f

For example, a problem states that the curve

whose equation is to be obtained has a critical

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CALENG2 Quiz 1

point at P (1, -3). It also states that y’’ = 2x. The of inflection at x = 1 and that y’’’ at any point is
condition that is formulated from this statement always equal to 5 (NOTE: this is not a complete
is: problem.). The condition that is formulated from
this statement is:
y' = 0 at critical point (1, -3)
y'’ = 0 at x = 1
To utilize this condition in order to solve for the
constant/s integration, To utilize this condition in order to solve for the
constant/s of integration,

To further solve for the final integrated equation

y = f(x), the above concepts will also be applied
depending on the given information in the
problem. Below shows a complete sample problem
to demonstrate how the aforementioned key
points are applied all together.

Lastly, if a point of inflection is provided in the

Example 1. Find the equation of a curve whose
problem, this means that y’’ = 0 at the given
y’’’ at any point is always equal to 4, has a critical
point of inflection, a concept that was also taught
point at P (2, 0), and has a point of inflection at
alongside critical points in CALENG1. To
x = 0.
demonstrate, say that a problem states that the
curve whose equation is to be obtained has point

10
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CALENG2 Quiz 1

Conditions:

Point of inflection at x = 0; y’’ = 0

Critical point P (2, 0); y’ = 0

P (2, 0); for y = f(x)

Hence,

Reviewer is made by:

Rocelle Andrea S. Belandres BS ECE2 - 120

Aldrich Miguel P. Cai BS CE - 120
Eunice W. Chieng BSMS ECE - 119
Shaquille Michael V. Dimacali BS ME - 119

Point of inflection at x = 0; y’’ = 0

References:

Cuaresma, G. A., Cuaresma, M. C. N., Jose, E.

C., Natalio, E. S., & Loyola, J. O. (2013). A
Worktext in Analytic Geometry and
Critical point P (2, 0) ; y’ = 0 Calculus 1. (J. O. Loyola, Ed.) (2nd ed.). C
& E Publishing, Inc.

Larson, R., & Edwards, B. H. (2017). Calculus

(11th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Stewart, J., (2016). Calculus: Early

P (2, 0) Transcendentals (8th ed.). Cengage
Learning.

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