Analysis and Design of Precast

Concrete Structures to Eurocode 2

Precast Frame Analysis
Beam Components
Precast Frame Analysis
Beam Components
• Precast frame analysis
• Edge and spine beams
• Composite beams
• Half joints at ends of beams
• Shear box
• Column design and erection
 Rigid-Jointed Sway Frame: Starting Point
Gravity Load
Max. load
Min. load

Max. load
Min. load

Max. load
Min. load

Loading BMD
Rigid-Jointed Sway Frame: Starting Point
Wind / Sway Load

Loading BMD
 Skeletal Pin-Jointed Sway Frame
Gravity Load
Max. load
Min. load

Max. load
Min. load

Max. load
Min. load

Column moments
caused by eccentric
Small column beam-column
deflection connector

Loading BMD
Skeletal Pin-Jointed Sway Frame
Wind / Sway Load

Loading BMD
Skeletal Pin-Jointed Sway Frame
Large Columns for 2nd Order Effects
Semi Rigid Jointed Sway Frame

q
“Brooklyn” Sway Frame: Post Tensioned Joints

q
“Brooklyn” Suspension Cables
“Brooklyn” Flat Slab System

Special dapped end to

slab causes problems
Portal Frame: Pinned and Rigid Joints
‘SYSPRO’ L-Frame (BFT Journal, Germany)
‘PerfCon’ (Beton Bolduc, Canada)
‘PerfCon’ Vertical & Horizontal In-situ Splices
Knee or L-frame: Useful for Balconies & Stadia
 Wall-Slab Frame
with alternate rigid and pinned knee joints
H-Frame: A Series of L-Frame

Pinned connection at
beam end

Monolithic
beam-column

Pinned connections at
column mid-height
 H-Frame: A Series of L-Frame
Gravity Load

Loading BMD
Skeletal Frame: Pin Jointed Braced Frame
Design of Beams

External: Mainly RC
Internal: Mostly PSC
Composite Beam
External Beam
 External Beam
Top restraint by
welded plates

Top restraint by
grouted dowels
Deep Spandrel Edge Beam
Edge Beam: Type I
 Edge Beam: Type II

Non-composite Composite
Design of Beam: RC Non-Composite

Ultimate Moment of Resistance

Ultimate Shear Capacity
Torsional Resistance
 Ultimate Moment of Resistance, MR

bw  cu = 0.0035

Fcc1
hs
x

Bearing ledge

Fcc2
d

z1
z2
Fst
 st
As
b
 Ultimate Moment of Resistance, MR
Fst = 0.87.fyk.As
Fcc1 = 0.567.fck.bw.hs ------------------- (1)
Fcc2 = 0.567.fck.b (0.8X – hs)

Check X  0.45d as required in EC2 to ensure under

reinforced section:
z1 = d – hs/2
z2 = (d – 0.4X) – hs/2
Ultimate moment of resistance;
AVOID
MR = Fcc1.z1 + Fcc2.z2
DOUBLY
However, if X  hs, hence
REINFORCED
MR = Fst (d – 0.4X) or MR = Fcc1 (d – 0.4X)
SECTION
 Ultimate Moment of Resistance, MR

For TYPE II Beam?

beff of the compression zone = b – slab bearing length

Then, replace Eq. (1) with beff and fck of the in-situ infill concrete:
 Fcc1 = 0.567fck, in-situ.beff.hs
 EXAMPLE 1
Calculate MEd of a 650 mm deep x 300 mm wide L beam. Main
steel at mid-span comprises of 3H25. Shear links are H10-175. The
upstand is 225 mm deep x 165 mm wide. Cover to shear links = 40
mm. Use fck = 35 N/mm2 and fyk = 500 N/mm2.

165
225
650

Cross section at mid-

3H25 span
300
 EXAMPLE 1: Solution
Flexure
At mid-span the beam uses 3H25 (As = 1473 mm2);
d = 650 – 40 – 10 – 25/2 = 587.5 mm
 = As/bh = 1473/(300 x 650) = 0.0075
(Check: 0.75% > As min 0.13% for bw/b > 0.4 and < As max = 4%)

Fst = 0.87  500  1473 = 641  103 N

Fcc1 = 0.567  35  165  225 = 736.7  103 N (in the upstand)
Fcc2 = 0.567  35  300  (0.8X – 225) = (4762.8X – 1340  103) N
 EXAMPLE 1: Solution
From equilibrium of forces;
Fst = Fcc1 + Fcc2
641  103 = 736.7  103 + (4762.8X – 1340  103)
X = 261 mm  hs = 225 mm  Assumption of N.A. is adequate

X/d = 0.44 < 0.45 ➔ Under reinforced section

Lever arm:
z1 = 587.5 – 0.50  225 = 475 mm
z2 = 587.5 – (0.4  261) – 225/2 = 370.6 mm
 EXAMPLE 1: Solution
Therefore, Fcc2 = −96.4 kN

MEd = Fcc1.z1 + Fcc2.z2

= 736.7  0.475 − 96.4  0.3706
= 314.2 kNm
 Ultimate Shear Capacity

t > fctd

Shear-tension cracking due to shear

stress = diagonal tension > indirect
tensile strength fctd
 Ultimate Shear Capacity

Shear links in inverted tee beam

 Ultimate Shear Capacity
Typical Bar Arrangement & Spacing

Area of 2 legs
1st link at cover +
= Asw
3½ bar dia. from
end of beam
Link spacing > 75 mm
and < 0.75d
Ultimate Shear Capacity

VRd,max has 2 values

EC2 allows q = cot-1 1 to 2.5

or angle 22o to 45o
 Ultimate Shear Capacity
Start

Determine shear
force, VEd
Redesign section

Determine VRd, max for cot 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘 /250

q = 1.0 (q = 45) and cot q 𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉 =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
= 2.5 (q = 22)

If VEd  VRd, max If VEd  VRd, max If VRd, max cot θ = 2.5 
cot q = 1.0 cot q = 2.5 VEd  VRd, max cot θ = 1.0

A B
 A Ultimate Shear Capacity

Calculate shear 𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝐷 0.513𝑉𝐸𝑑

reinforcement = =
𝑠 0.78𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑
using cot q = 2.5

B
C

𝑉𝐸𝐷
Calculate q 𝜃 = 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
0.18𝑏𝑤 𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘 1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘 /250

Calculate shear 𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝐷

=
links 𝑠 0.78𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

C
Ultimate Shear Capacity

Calculate minimum links

𝐴𝑠𝑤 0.08𝑏𝑤 𝑓𝑐𝑘
required by EC2: Cl. 9.2.2(5) =
and s  0.75d 𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑦𝑘

Calculate additional
longitudinal tensile force ∆𝐹𝑡𝑑 = 0.5𝑉𝐸𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
caused by shear

End
 EXAMPLE 2
Given VEd = 500 kN, design the shear reinforcement of the beam
shown in the figure. Use fck = 32 N/mm2 and fyk = 250 N/mm2.

0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘 /250

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
0.36 × 32 × 300 × 550 1 − 32/250
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
b = 300
For q = 22 ➔ VRd, max = 571 kN
For q = 45 ➔ VRd, max = 828 kN
Since VEd  VRd, max = 571 kN (q = 22) d = 550
Therefore, use q = 22 (cot 22 = 2.5)
 EXAMPLE 2: Solution
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝐸𝐷
=
𝑠 0.78𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
226 × 0.78 × 250 × 550 × 𝑐𝑜𝑡22°
𝑠= 3
= 121 𝑚𝑚
500 × 10

Choose R12 links

s Asw = 226 mm2

Use R12 - 120 spacing

 EXAMPLE 2: Solution
Ultimate shear capacity with links
Minimum links must exceed certain value:
Asw 0.08 fck0.5 b
≥
s fyk

For Asw = 226 mm2

smax < 226 x 250 = 416 mm
0.08 x 320.5 x 300
Check s < 0.75d = 412 mm < 416 mm
Use R12 – 410 spacing
 EXAMPLE 2: Solution

This occurs when

V = 226 x 0.87 x 250 x 495 x 2.5 / 410
= 148.4 kN

410
 Torsional Resistance

Torsion
reinforcement
required?
 Torsional Resistance

Torsion in Edge
Beam: Non-
Composite Case

e
 Torsional Resistance

Torsion in Edge
Beams: Non-
Composite Causes
Twisting and Large
Torsion Stress

e
 Torsional Resistance
Torsion in
Edge Beam:
Floor Slab
Now Acts
Compositely
with Edge
Beam Prop
force
e now small
 Torsional Resistance
Torsion in edge
beams – floor slab
now acts
compositely with
edge beam

Tie bars in
milled slots

Prop force
Design of Beam: RC Composite

Ultimate Moment of Resistance

Ultimate Shear Capacity
Torsional Resistance
Design of Beam: Typical Cross Section
Arrangements

Floor slab and topping

Rectangular or inverted-tee beam

 Design of Beam: RC Composite

Site placed straight or

hooked bars placed Hollow core floor
In milled slots slabs

Projecting
dowels or loops
act as shear
connectors
Precast beam
 Design of Beam: RC Composite

Intermittent milled Chamfered end to

slots hollow core unit

Precast beam
 Flexural Design: Without Topping

Stage 1 • Self weight of beam + dry floor slab

• Section properties = precast beam

• Superimposed load
Stage 2 • Section properties = Stage 1 + in-situ
near beam
 Design of Beam: RC Composite

Stage 1 Stage 2
(Self weight of beam + (Dead + Imposed load)
Precast floor + In-situ
infill)

As = As1 + As2
 Flexural Design: With Topping

Stage 1 • Self weight of beam + dry floor slab

• Section properties = precast beam

• As stage 1 + self weight of topping only

Stage 2 • Section properties = Stage 1 + in-situ
near beam

Stage 3 • Superimposed load

• Section properties = Stage 2 + topping
 Design of Beam: RC Composite

Stage 1
Say M1 is the moment at stage 1;
K1 = M1 / fckb1d12
z1 and X1 can be found using the rectangular stress block approach.
Check X1 < 0.45d1 and z1 < 0.95d1

As1 = M1/0.87fykz1
 Design of Beam: RC Composite

Stage 2
Say M2 is the moment at stage 2;
K2 = M2 / fck’b2d22
z2 and X2 can be found using the rectangular stress block approach.
Check X2 < hs < 0.45d1 and z2 < 0.95d2

As2 = M2/0.87fykz2

Total area of steel, As = As1 + As2

 EXAMPLE 3
A precast beam is simply supported over a span of 7.2 m. It carries 200 mm
deep HCU which span 8 m and have a selfweight (including in-situ infill) of 3
kN/m2. The variable floor action is 7.5 kN/m2 live and 2 kN/m2 permanent.
Calculate the area of reinforcement required to satisfy the ultimate bending
moment. Use fck = 40 N/mm2 for the precast beam and fck’ = 25 N/mm2 for the
in-situ infill, fyk = 500 N/mm2. Use d = 550 mm.

Hollow core slab with 500 mm long x

170 mm deep slots

200

75 bearing
600

300
 EXAMPLE 3: Solution
Loading Service (kN/m) Partial safety Ultimate
factor, f (kN/m)
Selfweight of floor slab 24.00
= 3 kN/m2  8 m
Selfweight of beam 4.50
= 0.6  0.3  25
Total Stage 1 28.50  1.35 38.475
Variable 7.5 kN/m2  8 m 60.00  1.5 90.00
Permanent 2 kN/m2  8 m 16.00  1.35 21.60
Total Stage 2 76.00 111.60
 EXAMPLE 3: Solution
Stage 1 Flexure
Mu1 = 38.475  7.22/8 = 249.3 kNm
d1 = 550 mm
b1 = 300 mm
K1 = 249.3  106/(40  300  5502) = 0.0687  Kbal = 0.167
z1 = 0.94d1 < 0.95d1
z1 = d – 0.4X1; X1 = 82.5 mm < 0.45d1 (247.5 mm)

Then As1 = 249.3  106/(0.87  500  0.94  550) = 1109 mm2

 EXAMPLE 3: Solution
b2 = 1150
200

75 bearing d2
Stage 2 Flexure
600
Mu2 = 111.60  7.22/8 = 723.2 kNm
d2 = 550 + 200 (slab depth) = 750 mm
300
b2 = 500 + 150 + 500 = 1150 mm
K2 = 723.2  106/(25  1150  7502)= 0.0447  Kbal = 0.167
z2 = 0.96d2  0.95d2  Use z2 = 0.95d2
z2 = d2 – 0.4X2; X2 = 93.75 mm  hs = 200 mm  0.45d2 (337.5 mm)
Then As2 = 723.2  106/(0.87  500  0.95  750) = 2333 mm2
 EXAMPLE 3: Solution

Stage 1; As1 = 1109 mm2

Stage 2; As2 = 2333 mm2

Total = 3442 mm2

Provide 3H40 (3768)
Or 3H32 + 3H25 (3886) in 2 rows
 EXAMPLE 3: Solution
50

34

Max bar
spacing

Provide 3 bars:
3 no. H32 = 2412 mm2

Max. bar spacing = 300 – 2(34) – 32 = 100 mm

2
Maximum Clear Spacing Usually 150 - 200 mm

spacing
 EXAMPLE 3: Solution
U loops for interface steel

200

75 bearing d2
600

Interface shear reinforcement:

EC2-1-1, Eq. (6.24) and (6.25) 300

z2 = 0.95 d2 = 712.5 mm and bi = 300 – 2  75 = 150 mm

VEd,2 = 111.60  7.2/2 = 401.8 kN
vEdi = 401.8 x 103 / 712.5  150 = 3.76 N/mm2
 EXAMPLE 3: Solution
U loops for interface steel

bi

vRdi = vEdi = As,u 0.87 fyki / Ai

where Ai = bi x 1.0 m
Then As,u = 3.76 x 1000 x 150 / 0.87 x 500 = 1297 mm2/m run
Use H12 U loop at 150 mm c/c or H16 at 250 mm c/c
EXAMPLE 3: Solution
Straight bar for interface steel
200

d2
600

300

1200

240
 EXAMPLE 3: Solution
Straight bar for interface steel
200 bi

Say 30 bottom flange

d2
Interface shear reinforcement into the slab 600

vEdi = 401.8 x 103 / 712.5  170 = 3.32 N/mm2

bi = 200 – bottom flange say 30 = 170 mm 300

Then As,s = 3.32 x 1000 x 170 / 0.87 x 500 = 1297 mm2/m run
Divided by 2 interfaces = 649 mm2/m
Distances between hollow cores, typically 150
Use H16 bar at 300 mm c/c (670)
Bond length into opened core taken as 40 dia.
 Ultimate Bond Stress & Anchorage Length

P = 0.87 fyk p f2 / 4

 Fbd = p f Lb fbd
Dia. f

P
Fbd
Lb

Lb, required = 0.25  0.87 fyk / fbd

But if area of bar provided < area designed, pro-rata the
length smaller
 Ultimate Bond Stress & Anchorage Length

EC2 Descriptions of Bar Shapes for Anchorage Length Calculations

 Ultimate Bond Stress & Anchorage Length

EC2 Clause 8.4.4

Lbd = a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 Lb,rqd >
Max { 0.3 Lb,rqd ; 10 f ; 100 mm}

fbd = 2.25 h1 h2 fctd

where h are for casting conditions
Ultimate Bond Stress & Anchorage Length

Examples of EC2 Anchorage Length Factors, a1 etc.

Design of Beam: Prestressed Non-
Composite and Composite Section
Internal Beam: Rectangular or Inverted Tee
Internal Beam: Rectangular or Inverted Tee
Prestress Camber may Cause Level Problems

Prestress camber may cause level problems

Inverted Tee Beam Cross Section
Inverted Tee Beam Arrangement of Tendons
 Stress Limits

Stresses Loading Stage

Transfer Service
Symbol Value or Symbol Value or
Equation Equation

Compressive fct 0.6fck (t) fcs 0.6fck

Tensile ftt fctm (t) fts 0

Composite Prestressed Beam