{gle SOLVED EXAMPLES Example 8.1 ‘Afour cavity klystron VA.628 has the following parameters Beam voltage : Vo = 14.5 kV Beam current : =14A Operation frequency : f=10GHz dc electron charge density Po = 10% em? RF charge density p =10%clm® Velocity perturbations V= 10° m/sec. Compute the (@ de electron velocity, (ii) the de phase constant, (iii) the plasma frequency, (iv) the reduced plasma frequency for R = 0.4, (v) the de beam current density, (vi) The instantaneous beam current density. Solution. (@ The de electron velocity is vg = 0.593 x 10° Vo = 0.593 x 10° /14.5x10° = 0.714 x 10° m/sec @ 2nx10x10° ii) The de phase it = ieee Te Up 0.714108 = 1.41 x 10° rad/sec (iii) The plasma frequency a= [1750-208 (* electron charge density \]” £9 a 2 = |1.759 x10" x a 8.854 x 10" ie, «, = 1.41 * 10° rad/sec (w) The reduced plasma frequency for R= 0.4 is (= 0.4 x @, = 0.4 1.41 x 108 rad/sec. ie, , = 0.564 x 10° rad/sec (V) The de beam current density do = Po: Vo= 10 x 0.714 x 10° m/s = 71.4 Alm?*(egreere-ees Rater Erinn, 358 nt density De eens eee x 108 + 10° x 10° 1.814 Afm? Example 8.2 —_— nna A two cavity klystron amplifier has the following characteristics Voltage gain =15dB Input power =5mW Ry of Input cavity = 30 ka Ry of Output cavity = 40k FR; (load impedance) = 40 kQ Determine © The input rms voltage, (i) The output rms voltage, (iif) The power delivered to the loud, Solution. 2 ® Py= Hor Vi= Py, x Ry input) = 8x 10-*x 30 x 10°= 160 or V,=12.25V @ A,=2010g “Zap, yi 15 = 20 log—¥2_ or V, = 68.89 V 1225? 7 v% (68.89)? _ 4745.83 a Pyyy = 2. = 68.89)" _ 4745.83 “Rn 20x10° 20x10? = 0.2373 W or 237.3 mW Example 8.3 { teflexkiystron operates atthe peak mode of n = 9 SS Jo= 20 mA, signal voltage V, = 40 V. Deter,,y eames voltage V)= 300 V. Beam current Watts (iii) efficiency. Power in watts (ii) output power in Solution 6 Pac Ginput power) = V5 1, = 300 x29 x 19-200 @ orn a 2x6x1.95 =1.36 Watts (2x2xx)—a7g ii) n= Fex100% = 188 = 29.7%,_ i or yi P ae a klystron amplifier has the following specifications. Beam voltage : Vy =900V Beam current: [y= 30 mA Frequency : f=8GHz Gap spacing in either cavity : d= 1mm cavity ing between centers of cavities: L=4cm pBifective shunt impedance : Ry=49GQ Determine (a) The electron velocity, (b) The de transit time of electron, (c) The input voltage for maximum output voltage, (d) The voltage gain in decibels Solution. (@)electron velocity Ug = 0.593 x 10° Vo = 0.593 x 10° /900 =17.79 x 10° m/sec. () dctransit time of electrons L 8 = oT, =o— br ehres 2 Ty = & =4x 2 _,y = 0.295 x 10% sec U% 17.79x10° (€ Maximum Input voltage Vo x3.68 gone Vicaun) Bi 8 0) = @Ty = 2n x 8X 10° x 0,225 x 10° = 113.1 rad ®, . = sin — 2 Being ie eee 2nx 810° x10 wane ia 17.79x 10° 5 : e 7) a = 1.418 rad ; sin = 0.988. in (8, /2) fo=B, = na!) - 0.988 _ 9 ¢99 0/2 1.418 900 x 3.68 = 000x368 _ = 41,894 Vi mms) = 9699113. bo)@) Voltage gain, J(X) ak Bae) “ane Ta 3 (0.699)? x (113.1) (0.582) 4010" _ 95 994 30x 10° x1.841 Example 8.5 7 ee ——— The parameters of a two cavity amplifier klystron are Vy =1200V i= 28mA f=8GHz Gap spacing in either cavity: d= 1mm Spacing between two cavities S:L = 4 em Effective Shunt Resistance : R,, = 40 kQ (excluding beam loading) @ Find the input microwave voltage V, in order to generate maximum output voltage © Determine the voltage gain (reflecting beam loading in the output cavity). © Calculate the efficiency of the amplifier neglecting beam loading. @ Compute the beam loading conductance and show that one may neglect it in the Preceding calculations. Solution. y, li ag ee i. (x 2nn-n/2 2nn aa = 0)= transit angle between cavities = 2®X8x10° x10 x4 0.593 x10° 1200 = 1200 x3.68 x 0.598 x10° Ji200 2nx8x10° x10? x4 = 45 volts Ifbeam amplifying coefficient B, is considered sin(@, /2) = By = eg! 2) B= Bo 0,/2 V))maxod _ 2nx8x10° x10 Up 0.593x10°¥1200 gS (Wy) max = Inour derivation in text, B; —— bola Re R Ran \ Fig. 8.38 o Voltage gain of klystron amplifier a= a = Botan Y Y , 2 240% Bo ® and L=2hI® and catcher fy are equal i.e., Bi=Bo Ifthe beam coupling coefficient of buncher B ie Bo 2a iO 05 Ra 4x0 = 8. AM, Bape i, = Resistance of wall of catcher cavity Rp = Beam loading resistance R, = External load resistance_ (0.768)? x 97.88 0.582 x 40 x10° ‘i 1200 : 28x107 x1.841 J, (X) =0.582 ™ X=1.841 — formaximum V, A, = 17.084 (© Efficiency =n= 0.58 #2. 0 Va =Bo le Run By Lp = 2 x 28 x 10° x 0.582 x 0.768 x 40 x 10° = 1001.23 1 = 0.58 x iene = 48.39% (@ Beam loading conductance Gy as -Fe newt] = 23.3 x — * 100. 768) — (0.768) cos (2.45)] beam loading resistance Rp = x =0.073 x 10°= 73 kA 'B _ The value 73 kQ is very much comparable to Ry, and cannot be neglected because @, is quite Example 8.6 Areflex klystron operates under the following conditions =500V Ry = 20kQ f, =8GHz L= aT otk The tube is oscillating at f, at the peak on n= 2 mode or 12 mode. Assume that the transit time through the gap and through beam loading effect can be neglected. @ find the value of repeller voltage Vz © find the de necessary to give microwave gap of voltage of 200 V.Avi 6 x 1 £(onn-® goution@ — a 8a E *( ae 1.760 10!) (2n/2) - n/2)? 8 (2nx8x10°)? ao)? = 0.028 (Vp—Vo)® = 500 x 0.023 = 11.5 or Va—Vo= 11.5 Vp = 3.39 + 500 = 503.39 volts (&) Assuming Bo = 1, Vz = Ry h=2hyh ®) Ry y, 200 = = —____, = 8.59% 10° A f= FT) R, ~ 2x0Bb2x2010 °° * : 2X’ Jy(X) Efficiency 2 nt 1 “Onn — w/2 x = BM00 2V Sega eam: GOT oR —Vo) = 2nx8x10° x2x10™ x 0.593 x10° V500 1.579 x10 x [503 — (-600)} ie, % =7.556 200 x 7.556 2500 X =1.51 from graph, X’ J, (X) =0.84 = 20.84 2m(2)—n/2 @ for B,=1, X= =151 = 15.28% Example 8.7 ig a ee Areflex klystron operates at the peak of n = 1 or 3/4 mode. The de power input is 40 mW and ratio of V, over Vy is 0.278. @ Determine the efficiency of the reflex klystron. (©) Find the total power output in mW. © 1f20% of the power delivered by the electron beam is dissipated in the cavity walls find the Power delivered to the load. ————Solution. 1 = 2A) jax 0.278 x Sx pee. 2nn+ n2 ® PF, cel = 3.564 mW @ (©) Power delivered to load = 3.564 x 50 = 2.85 mw Example 8.8 b a ee a. Anormal circular magnetron has the! following parameters Inner Radius Re =0.15 m Outer radius .45 m Magnetic flux density fae .2 mWb/m? (@) Determine the Hull cut-off voltage (6) Determine the cut-off magnetic flux density if the beam voltage Vo as 6000 V. (© Determine the cyclotron frequency in GHz, Solution. 2 @ Cut-off voltage V, = ee “(i-ef ais: = LE oansot cos (2s iT 0.45 = 50.666 kV ® = 130.595 m Wh/m2 A @, = Fh * f= 1.759 x 1001 x 19x 10% =0.336 He ‘on—— ‘helical TWT has diameter of 2 mm with 50 turns per cm. (a) Calculate axial phase velocity and the anode voltage at which the TWT can be operated for useful gain. Solution. V, = velocity of light x Pitch __ ® P ent Gareumference pitch = —!_ =0.02em=2x10~m 50cm circumference =n x D=n x 2X 10 m= 6.284 x 10m. = 5 10+ V, =3x 108 x 2x ————_ 6.284 x10° © eV, = 1mv?2 1071 = =x9.1x————_— 16x10" x (0.9548107)? Example8.10 | af + _ ‘Atwo cavity Klystron amplifier has the following parameters Beam voltage : Beam current : Frequency : Gap spacing in either cavity : Spacing between centres of cavities : Effective shunt impedance : Determine @ The electron velocity @® The dc. electron transit time © The input voltage for maximum output voltage @ The voltage gain in decibels Solution. (a) vp = 0.598 x 10° /900 = 17.79 x 106 = 1.8 x 107 m/s Fy (© Transit time = Bo 122 0.55% 10s ty 18x10 10° (© Gap transit angle, 6, pigaio? = oF =2n (8x 10%) %eo Beam coupling coefficient =p, = Sin(2.8/2) _ 9.704 BB 2.8/2 - de. transit angle Q = ok _ 4x10" _ 111.64 vy OXI) TBF Form maximum output voltage, Vz J,%) =0.582, X=1.841. Vi, = 2900.84) - yo.16V max 0.704 x111.64 2. = (0.704)? (111.64) (0.582) (40x10") _ 95 50 id os 30x 10° x 1.841 Example 8.11 a eet seen A four-cavity Klystron amplifier has the following parameters Beam voltage : Vo =20kV Beam current : h=2A Operating frequency : f=9GHz d.c.chargedensity: py = 10 C/m? RF charge densi p =10*C/m? Velocity perturbation : v =10° m/s Determine @ The dc. electron velocity © Thed.e. phase constant (© The plasma frequency @) The reduced plasma frequency for R= 0.5 © The beam current density The instantaneous beam current density Solution. (a) The d.c. electron velocity Up = 0.593 x 108 20x 10° = 8.386 x 107 m/s (6) The d.c. phase constant _ 2nx9x10° B= 8386x107 = O74 * 10? rad/m s = [1759x101 x10 2 854 x1 (©) Plasma frequency 1.41 x 108 rad/sMicrowaves Tubes And Circuits (d) Reduced plasma frequency 4, = 0.5 X 1.41 x 10° = 0.705 x 108 rad/a (© dc. beam current density Jo = 10 x 8.386 x 107 = 83.86 Alm? (f Inctantaneous beam current density 10" x 8.386 x 107 ~ 10-8 x 195 = 0.7386 A/m? A reflex Klystron is operated at 56 Hz with an anode voltage of 104 }00 V and cavity gap 2mm. Caleulate the gap transit angle. Find optimum length of the drift region. Assume N= u . Vg=-500V. Solution. \Val = 6.74 x 106 x Fx Im. Vo N ‘0 = 6.74x10* FlmVo 500 = r; -V L =2.463 nim (length of drift region) Also gap transit angle = a 0 d= 2% 10 m, uy =5.93 x 10° /Vy = 18.75 x 10° mis @=5% 10° an inset 2nx5x10° x2x10% ay 18.75 x 108 = 3.361 radians Atwo cavity Klystron is operated at 10 GHz with V, (200 V, J) = 30 mA, d= 1mm, L=4cmand Ru= 40 kO. Neglecting beam loading, calculate (a) input RF voltage V, for a maximum output voltage, (b) voltage gain and (c) efficiency. . Solution, The bunching parameters Xis given by Vy, sal Teast | Beample 8.13 where 4) = transit angle without RF voltageaa q= ot 5 Uo = velocity of reference electron Up = 0.593 x 10° [Vy = 20.64 x 10° m/s _ 2nx1010°x4x107 _ y99 347 rad &= 20.54 x10° => Y= 2x % Now for maximum output power (and hence maximum output voltage) X=184 Be Wag = 2X184*1200 ~ 36.09 122.347 Ifbeam coupling coefficient is considered, V, = 2M Bie, sin®,/2 where B= 9p 6, = average gap transit angle = 4 % = 122.347, 1-3 8 = Tag d X10 = 3.05 rad = sin 1.5293 _ B= “T5293 ~ 0.658 V) ax = 3608 = 55.268 V (6) Voltage gain Ay is given by V, re Ay where Vs = By Jp Ryy By =output cavity coupling coefficient = B, = 1, = 2 J(%For X= 1.54, A(X) = 0.58 — & T, =2 30x 10x 0.58 Va = 0.658 x 2 x 30 x 10°? x 0.58 x 40 x 10? V2 = 909.49 V = Vo _ 909. Ay = “2 = 209.49 _ Vv, 55.268 o4® %, Ay = 24.33 dB (© Maximum efficiency is given by 1 = 43.95% Example 8.14 ‘An X-band pulsed cylindrical magnetron has V)= 30 kV, [p= 80 A, By=0.01 Wh/sq. m, a= 4em b=8cm. Calculate (a) cyclotron angular frequency, (b) cut-off voltage and (c) cut-off magnetic flu density. Solution. (a) Cyclotron angular frequency is given by a= m 6x10"! x 0.01 = 18X10 x0.01 _ | 758 x 10° rad/s 9.1x10" (b) Hull cut-off voltage is given by 252 27 Vuc = eBob’ \,_ a 8m 1 a Vig oem 101 x (0.01)? x (8 x 107)? | 1-45 Vyc = 7.9155 kV (© Cut-off magnetic flux density is given by (8Vy mle)? = ba-a7/b")370 Microwave and Radar Engi, V2 8x30x10° Y Bl Trsox07) * a dts sxio(i-4 1 B. 0.001168 * "0.06 B, = 19.468 mWb/m? Example8.15 Areflex Klystron operates at the peak mode of n = 2 with V, = 280 V, I=22 mA and signal voltage Vi=80V. Determine (a) the input power, (b) the output power, and (c) the efficiency Solution. (a) P,, (input power) = Vol, = 280 x 22 10-9 Pa = 6.16 watts ) P,_ (output power) = 2¥0% XA) 2nn-® 2 2x6.16x1.25 2x2xn-F xaxn—Z = 154 x2 = 1.4 watts Tx PB. = =e. 10 © n= fx 1.40 = 61g %100 Efficiency n = 22.74% A reflex Kiystron operates at 8 GHz at the peak of n=2 mode with Vo= 300 V, Ry, = 20k and L=1 mm. If the gap transit time and beam loading are neglected, find the (a) repeller voltage, (©) beam current necessary to obtain an RF gap voltage of 200 Vv. Solution. (a) Repeller voltage Vais given by——2_”. = 0.00105 (Vp - Voy" Vp—Vo)? = —300_ = ae (Vp— Vo) 0.00105 285 x 1.34 x 10% Vp—- Vo = 533.98 V os Vp = 533.98 + Vp = 833.98,V (¢) Assuming output coupling coefficient By = 1 V, = Ty: Ryy= 2d X) By yp - ~ QW XI Ry - 200 2x 0.582 x 20x 10° I, =8.59 mA SUMMARY + Microwave tubes provide higher output powers. «s Microwave transistors have lesser noise, better reliability with reduced output power levels. + Conventional devices cannot be used for frequencies (> 100 MHz) because of the following effects— Inter electrode capacitance effect Lead inductance effect ‘Transit time effect Gain bandwidth limitation a Radiation losses. + As frequency increases, the reactance decreases and the output voltage decreases due to shunting ‘effect. It is known as Inter Electrode Capacitance (IEC) effect. + As frequency increases, the reactance X, = 2n/L increases and hence the voltages appearing at the ‘active electrodes are less than the voltages at the base pins. ‘* ‘Transit time is the time taken for the electron to travel from cathode to anode. * Acorn tubes are corn sized UHF tubes capable of handling frequencies upto 12 MHz. * Kiystron is a vacuum tube that can be used either as a generator or as an amplifier of power at microwave frequencies. * Klystron tube is based on velocity modulation. * Multicavity Klystron use more than two cavities with more bunching, voltage amplification and Power gain. ‘* Reflex Klystron is a single cavity variable frequency microwave generator of low power and low ecoo * The Travelling Wave Tube (TWT) makes use of distributed interaction between an electron beam and a travelling wave.