CRIMINOLOGY 7 - Criminological Research 1

Meaning of Research - To obtain prestige and respect by a

person or by the institution;
- scientific investigation of phenomena
which includes collection,
- To obtain a research degree;
presentation, analysis and
interpretation of facts that links man’s
- As a means of livelihood by way of
speculation with reality.
obtaining the source of finance.
- systematic, controlled, empirical and
critical investigation of hypothetical Research Requirements for Academic
proposition about the presumed Degree
relations among natural phenomena
Dissertation - It is a long essay on a
particular subject, specially one written as a
- research is an art of scientific
requirement for the doctor of philosophy
investigation whose aim is to get
degree.
more information.
Thesis - It is a statement or theory that is put
forward as a premise to be maintained or
Need of Research
proved. It is also a long essay involving
- To discover the truth, which is hidden personal research, written by a candidate for
and which has not been discovered as a college or master degree.
yet; To discover the solution of a
Feasibility Study - It is an analysis that takes
problem;
all of a project’s relevant factors into
account-including economic, technical, legal,
- To expand the scope of theoretical
and scheduling considerations to ascertain
knowledge;
the likelihood of completing the project
successfully. It is usually used for business
- To discover the new application for
proposal.
old knowledge;

- To understand, analyze and explore

the phenomena; Research According to Goal
Basic or Pure Research
- To know the cause effect relationship;
- It is done for the development of
- To improve the level of living in theories and Principles.
society;
- This type of research is primarily
- For professional and intellectual focused on the advancement of
development of the researcher by knowledge rather than solving a
gaining knowledge; specific problem.
Ex. How do the universe
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Applied Research
- The application of the results of pure
search. This is testing the efficacy of
theories and principles.

- Aims to test theories and concepts

developed for verification,
application, development and support
- and their relationship to the existing
fund of knowledge.
Descriptive Research
- Seeks to solve a specific problem or - A type of research that describes a
provide innovative solutions to issues population, situation, or phenomenon
affecting an individual, group or that is being studied. It focuses on
society. answering the how, what, when, and
where questions If a research
problem, rather than the why.

Research According to the Level of

Investigation

Exploratory Research
- A research used to investigate a
problem which is not clearly defined.

- Tends to tackle new problems on

which little or no previous research
has been done.
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Experimental Research Research According to the Type of

- A systematic and scientific approach Analysis

to research in which the researcher
manipulates one or more variables,
and controls and measures any Analytical Research
change in other variables.
- A specific type of research that
- Experimental research is a study that
involves critical thinking skills and
strictly adheres to a scientific research
the evaluation of facts and
design.
information relative to the research
- Most importantly, experimental being conducted.
research is completed in a controlled
environment. - The analytical research aim is to
analyze the data by answering the
question of why?
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Holistic Research The process of evaluation research

consisting of data analysis and
- Begins with the total situation.
reporting is a rigorous, systematic
Focusing attention on the system first
process that involves collecting data
and then on its internal relationships.
about organizations, processes,
projects, services, and/or resources.
Evaluation research enhances
knowledge and decision-making, and
leads to practical applications.

According to Choice of Answers to

Problems

Developmental Research
- The focus is on finding or developing
a more suitable instrument or process
than has been available.
Evaluation Research
- A type of applied research, and so it is - The purpose of developmental
intended to have some real-world research is to assess changes over an
effect. extended period of time.

- All possible courses of action are Research According to Statistical Content

specified and identified and the
researcher tries to find the most 1. Quantitative or statistical research – is
advantageous. one in which inferential statistics are utilized
to determine the results of the study.
- Evaluation research, also known as Inferential statistics such as correlation, chi-
program evaluation, refers to research square, analysis of variance, etc. are used to
purpose instead of a specific method. test the hypothesis. This type of research
Evaluation research is the systematic usually includes comparison studies, cause-
assessment of the worth or merit of and effect relationships, etc.
time, money, effort and resources 2. Non-quantitative research / Qualitative
spent in order to achieve a goal. – This is research in which the use of the
quantity or statistics is practically nil. This is
- Evaluation research is a type of especially true in anthropological studies
applied research, and so it is intended where description is usually used.
to have some real-world effect. Many Descriptive data are gathered rather than
methods like surveys and experiments quantitative data.
can be used to do evaluation research.
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Attributes of Good Research Problem

3. Mixed-Method – application of both S = Specific – specifically stated
quantitative and qualitative research.
M = Measurable – easy to measure by using
research instrument in collection of data
Research According to Time Element
A = Achievable – data are achievable using
correct statistical treatment/techniques to
arrive at precise results
1. Historical research describes what was.
R = Realistic – real results are not
2. Descriptive research describes what is.
manipulated
3. Experimental research describes what
T = Time-bound – time frame is required in
will be.
every activity because the shorter completion
of the activity the better

Steps in Scientific Method of Research

(Sequential) Avoid Plagiarism

1. Determining (recognizing) the problem - an act of incorporating into one’s

work the work of another without
2. Forming a hypothesis indicating the source
3. Doing the library search
- the unacknowledged used of
4. Designing the study somebody else’s words or ideas
5. Developing the instruments for collecting
data - an act wherein the writer uses
passages, ideas, writings, and
6. Collecting the data statements of others without giving
7. Analyzing the data due credit

8. Determining implications and conclusions

from the findings THESIS FORMAT: AN OVERVIEW

9. Making recommendations for further

research. THESIS FORMAT
Standard format of Thesis Writing
Three (3) Major Research Methods 1. The Problem and its Background
1. Historical 2. Review of Related Literatures and Studies
2. Descriptive 3. Research Methodology
3. Experimental
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4. Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation Statement of the Problem

of Data
• General and specific statement of the
5. Summary, Conclusions, and problem determined in the study
Recommendations.
Hypothesis
• Tentative conclusion or answer to
Preliminary Pages specific questions
a. Title Page Significance of the Study
b. Approval Sheet • Contribution of the result of the study
c. Acknowledgment to individuals, institutions,
administrators, society, etc…
d. Dedication
Scope and Limitation of the Study
e. Table of Contents
• Boundaries in terms of time, sample,
f. List of Tables location (Scope)
g. List of Figures • Weakness of the study beyond the
control of the researcher (Limitation)
h. Abstract
Definition of Terms
• It can be lexical or operational
Chapter 1 definition or a combination thereof of
THE PROBLEM AND IT’S different terms used in the study
BACKGROUND which are arranged alphabetically

Introduction
CHAPTER 2
• Presents the problem. What the
problem is all about REVIEW OF RELATED
• Rational or reasons for conducting the LITERATURE AND STUDIES
study
Background of the Study
Foreign Literature
• Locality of the study. Place where the
study is to be conducted • Published articles from foreign
countries
Theoretical / Conceptual Framework
• Theoretical / conceptual foundation
Local Literature
of the study
• Locally published articles
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Foreign Studies • Instrument is tested on individuals

who are knowledgeable of the subject
• Foreign unpublished articles
matter but are not part of the
Local Studies respondents of the study

• Locally unpublished articles Procedures in Gathering Data

Synthesis • Contains the step by step procedures

used by the researcher in reaching the
Relevance of literature and studies to the respondents in order to gather data
present research
Statistical Treatment
• Contains discussion on the statistics
CHAPTHER 3
used in consonance with the specific
RESEARCH METHODS AND problem and hypothesis to be tested
PROCEDURES
CHAPTER 4
Research Design PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS
• Brief description and justification of AND INTERPRETATION OF
the research method used in the DATA
study
• Contains the answers to all the sub-
Population and Sampling Scheme problems of the study
• Brief presentation of the entire
population of the study and the type • Answers to the problems are stated
of sampling techniques used in one by one according to the
selecting sample respondents arrangement of sub-problems for
clarity and understanding
Description of the Respondents
• Contains detailed description of the • Answers are presented in textual and
respondents as to age, gender, civil tabular forms. Textual explanations
status, highest educational come after the tables
attainment.
CHAPTER 5
Research Instruments SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,
CONCLUSIONS AND
• Explanation on how the instrument
RECOMMENDATIONS
used in gathering data was develop as
well as its detailed description.
Summary of Findings
Validation of Instrument • Contains the specific findings/results
of the study
• States brief discussion on how the
instrument was validated
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• Presented as they were organized and

categorized in the sub-problems of
the study

• Written in past tense

Conclusions
• Written in present tense
• Should be based on the findings of the
study
• Logical and valid outgrowth of the
findings
• Should not contain any numerals
from the findings
• Organized and categorized according
to the sub-problems

Recommendations
• An appeal to people or institutions
concerned to solve the problems
discovered in the study
• No recommendations that will be
made for problems that were not
discovered in the study
• Practical and attainable