CIVIL MILITARY OPERATIONS

A. Definition:

Civil Military Operations (CMO) – encompasses those economic, psycho-political and psycho-social activities undertaken by the
AFP independent of in coordination with civil government agencies (CGA), local government units (LGU) and non-government
organizations (NGO) prior to during or subsequent to combat operations and/or natural or man-made disasters and calamities.

B. CMO objectives are pursued through six (6) interrelated AFP programs generally categorized into:

AFP Personnel-Oriented Programs:

1. Military Values Education (MILVED)

2. Livelihood Enhancement (LIVELIHOOD)

Community-Oriented Programs:

3. Community Relations (COMREL)

4. Civic Action (CIVAC)
5. Public Information (PUBLIC INFO)

Enemy-Oriented Programs

6. Psychological Operations (PSYOP)

C. CMO Components:

1. Military Values Education (MILVED) – the dynamic process of learning internalizing, upholding and practicing universal
truths, moral principles and time-honored intrinsic military values and ethics essential to the pursuit of AFP goals and
objectives.
2. Military Livelihood Enhancement Program (LIVELIHOOD) – designed to provide necessary assistance to the soldier
and his dependents to embark on productive ventures that enable him to cope with harsh economic realities while in the
active service and during retirement.
3. Military Civic Action (CIVAC) – the use of AFP resources in predominantly non-military projects and activities useful to
the people and supportive of combat operations in such fields as socio-economic: health and sanitation; agri-industrial;
education and the like.
4. Military Community Relations (COMREL) – the active participation of AFP personnel, individual or collectively as an
AFP unit, in people – oriented rallies like: anti-drug abuse, anti-smut and other campaign against immoral activities. It also
includes open-houses, static displays of military hardware, and use of camp facilities/utilities for people oriented projects.
5. Military Public Information (PUBLIC INFO) – is the dissemination of military information through all forms of
communication media to include inter-personal, face-to-face communication to the internal audience and more specifically
to the public-at-large with the view of informing them about what the AFP has done, is doing and plans to do to bring about
peace and security.

Objectives: To disseminate information through the press, broadcast and interpersonal, face-to-face communication that will broaden
public understanding of the AFP’S mission and generate public support for the AFP in particular and the government in general, as
well as to broaden public understanding of the various treats to national security, their objectives, strategies and techniques to grab
political power.

D. Disaster Relief and Rescue Operation

Why We Have Civil Defense:

The Filipino has always endured the hardships of a hostile environment. He has continually sought survival against typhoons,
floods, earthquakes, epidemics, fires and other calamities. Further, the technological advances of the modern world have ushered in
more lethal weaponry, environmental pollution, huge aerial and maritime disasters and flash holocausts. Fires and typhoons are the
most frequent, but more serious results are likely from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The July 16 earthquake in 1990 gave us a
vivid example of the destruction wrought by said calamity on lives and properties. Experts tell us calamity will happen anywhere and
anytime. Destructive capacity can be enormous and the problem is made more difficult by absence of warning. Earthquakes can also
cause flood, fire, and if the epicenter is offshore, even seismic (tidal) waves. The possible dangers from these natural hazards cannot
be ignored and neither can man-made accidents of disaster proportions. If a situation is reached or is developing whereby the Police,
Fire and Ambulance Services or the normal emergency services of the Local Government are inadequate, it is a case for emergency
measures and to meet such occurrences, planned arrangements must be available. This is why and when we need Civil Defense is this
preparation in advance of measures necessary for our protection when disaster strikes.

Its purpose is to:

1. Prevent loss of life by rescue and removal of people to places of safety.

2. Prevent needless suffering of people.
3. Protect property; and
4. Minimize damages during disasters and calamities.

Civil Defense is therefore involved in the safety and welfare of people as well as in the saving or protection of property.

The Concept

In any serious disaster, the local people must in the first instance, fend themselves with resources immediately available to them until
sufficient other help is available. The concept therefore is one of SELF-HELP and

E. Mutual Assistance:

It is expected that each political and administrative subdivision of the country shall utilize all available resources in the
immediate area before asking for assistance from neighboring entities or higher authority. Individual volunteers, voluntary
organizations and the general public in the disaster area shall augment its resources.

Discussions of Rules and Responsibilities of Existing Government Agencies to Assist Types of Disaster During Emergencies

The Secretary of National Defense heads the NDCC with the heads of 18 departments/agencies as members. These include
the Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines, Secretary-General, Philippine National Red Cross, Director-General, Philippine
Information Agency, Executive Secretary and the Administrator, Office of Civil Defense who is the Executive Officer of the Council.
It is through the NDCC member-agencies that disaster preparedness; prevention, mitigation and response carry out its corresponding
tasks and responsibilities under the NDCC system. The NDCC, unlike the other department coordinating bodies, does not have its own
regular budget to disburse. It operates through the member-agencies and its local networks, which are the regional and local disaster
coordinating councils.

The members of the Council are the following:

 Secretary, DND ……………………… Chairman

 Secretary, DPWH ……………………. Member
 Secretary, DOTC …………………….. Member
 Secretary, DSWD ……………………. Member
 Secretary, DA ………………………… Member
 Secretary, DECS ……………………. Member
 Secretary, DOF ………………………. Member
 Secretary, DOLE …………………….. Member
 Secretary, DTI ………………………... Member
 Secretary, DENR …………………….. Member
 Secretary, DILG ……………………… Member
 Secretary, DBM ……………………… Member
 Secretary, DOJ ………………………. Member
 Secretary, DOH ……………………… Member
 Director, PIA ………………………….. Member
  Presidential Executive Secretary ……Member
 Chief of Staff, AFP …………………… Member
 Secretary-General, PNRC …………… Member
 Administrator, OCD ………………….. Member and Executive Officer

INDIVIDUAL COMBAT TRAINNG

A. Individual Movement:

Factors to be Considered in Movement:

1. Terrain:
a. Suitable for fast movement
b. Provide adequate security.
2. Security:
a. Use available cover and concealment
b. Provide good observation
c. Knowledge of the use of camouflage and concealment.

B. Techniques and Aids to Day Movement:

1. Take advantage of anything that provides concealment in the movement.

a. Fogs
b. Haze
c. Rain
d. Smoke
e. Darkness
2. Tall grasses give good concealment when properly used.
3. Move only when the wind blows.
4. Avoid moving in a straight line through out.
5. Change direction from time to time.
6. Be alert on movement of any kind.
7. Flight of birds of any kind
8. Absence of bird and animals.
9. Unusual rustle of leaves and twigs.
10. Take advantage of destruction.
11. When land moves.
12. Exploding shells
13. Flying airplanes
14. Avoid leaving foot prints.
15. Select spots
16. Avoid loose rocks or stones
17. Avoid wet surface.
18. Know how to cross streams.
19. Keep arms and ammunitions dry
20. Improvise craft to float equipment if possible remove boots and - clothing.
21. When crawling plowed fields
22. Avoid string dust
23. Take route over the hardest surface
24. Follow the furrows
25. Avoid loading yourself with unnecessary equipment.

C. Individual Movement:

1. Day Movement.
 a. High crawl and creeping – is used when cover and concealment is available and speed is needed to close up with
the objectives. Body is kept free of the ground with weight resting on firearms and lower legs. Cradle rifle in your
arms to keep muzzle out of dirt. Move forward by alternately advancing the elbows and knees.
b. Low Crawl - is used when cover and concealment are few and speed is not needed. Body and chest is flat to the
ground. Drag rifle along toe of the butt with fingers over nuzzle to keep it out from dirt. Push arms forward and cock
left leg forward. Pull yourself forward with arms and push with left leg.
c. Rushing - fastest movement executed from a prone to the next dropping position when crossing an open terrain.
d. Prone to Rushing - Keep body as flat as possible to the ground. Slightly raise head and select a new good position
and concealed to cover position. Slowly lower your head back drown your arms into the body and cock right leg
forward. With one movement raise body by straightening the arms. Spring to your feet stepping off the left foot and
rush to your new selected position, crouching low in a zigzag way.
e. Dropping - Just before you drop, plant both feet on the ground. Drop your knee and at the same time sliding arms
from the small of the stock to the heal of the butt of the rifle. Fall forward, breaking fall with the butt of the rifle.
Shift weight to your/right side and roll several; times going to your new position. Come immediately to firing
position.
1. Application:
a. Individual or by two rushes
b. Team rushes
c. Squad rushes
2. Movement at Night.
a. Walking at Night. Keep weight on one foot as you step. Feel the ground with your toe before stepping it down. Do
it alternately in the same manner.
b. Hitting the Ground at Night - Crouch slowly and hold rifle under armpit and fell the ground with free hand.
Support feet with free hand and opposite knees. Raise free leg and back and lower it silently to the ground. Roll
quietly into back prone position.
c. Crawling at Night - Crawl on hand and knees. Lay rifle on the ground by your side. Keep on hand on the spot and
bring forward knees until it meet the hand. With hands feel the ground for the knees. Clear again next spot for other
knees do the same way and alternately and silently.

Problems during Night Movement:

1. Night Vision – Adopt eyes in seeing at night , by enlarging the pupil of the eye in order to let in more light keep out off lights
around you and do not look straight to the light.
2. Appearance and Sizes - Darkness changes the appearance and sizes of an object. Trees look smaller because tips and twigs
of branches can not be seen-Airplane caught by the beam of search light looks longer. Night glasses make it possible to see
objects that are too small.
Light is quickly visible at night. 0rdinary condition candle light could be seen for several miles and visible for ten
miles under ideal condition for darkness.
3. Sound - depends mostly upon ears to get into the enemy and exercise care to keep enemy for hearing you. When shouting
stop frequently to listen. Remove helmets so that sounds are not distorted. By practicing, you can learn to listen for long
period in perfect silence. Sound are transmitted a great distance in wet weather and at night. If you hold ears close to the
ground, you can hear better sounds as persons walking or noise of a vehicle.
4. Smell - Sense of small may warn you of any enemy fire, cooking lines , gasoline and oil engines.
5. Touch - Learn to operate and adjust equipment by touch alone. Use to feel how to recognize object in the dark.
6. Concealment - At night it is provided by darkness unless there is moonlight. Movement is different from daytime movement
in absolute silence. Determine in advance and move by bounds. run only in an emergency. Stop and listen frequently. Take
advantage of the sounds which may distract the enemy. If you fall down do it silently.

D. Proper Ways to Cross the Obstacle:

Movement near their wire must be slow because of nearby traps and wires. Passing under wires on your back by feeling ahead and
above. When cutting wire alone, cut a wire near a picket to avoid having a loose and fly back. When with companion, one will hold
the wire with both hands while the other cut in between the hands. Bend and roll back wire passage, wrap a cloth around the wire to
muffle sound. Leave top wire intact to lessen chance of discovery.

To cross narrow trench, crawl silently up to the edge. Spring up from prone and jump across sinking quietly to the ground on
another side.
 To cross trench, climb silently and slowly and then climb out to the other side. Remain quiet for a moment and listen before
further movement.

Demonstration and Practical Exercise on.

 High Crawl and Creeping

 Low Crawl

E. Cover and Concealment:

1. Cover - is the protection against enemy fire or hostile weapons. Types of cover:
a. Natural Cover - made by nature/ need no change.
Examples:
 Ditches of canals
 Depression
 Embarkment
 Boulders
b. Artificial Cover - Constructed from issued materials or made by man.
Examples:
 Sandbags
 Foxholes
 Trenches
2. Concealment - is the protection against enemy observation but not enemy fire. Types of Concealment.
a. Natural Concealment - Made by matters/ need no change.
Examples:
 Bushes
 Grasses
 Log pile
b. Artificial Concealment - constructed from issued materials or individual found in the vicinity.
3. Rules of Concealment
a. Avoid unnecessary movement.( remain motion- less while observing).
b. Blend with the background. (Be sure that the background does not. Contrast with your uniform.
c. Take advantages of the shadow. (Stay in the shadow).
d. Break the regular outline of the object. (Copy the background near your vicinity.
e. Keep off the skyline. (You can observe from even a great distance).

BASIC COMBAT FORMATIONS

A. General:

You will usually move as a member of a team. Small teams, such as infantry fire teams normally move in a formation. Each
soldier in the team has a set position in the formation, determined by the type weapon he carries. That position, however, may be
changed by the team leader to meet the situation. The normal distance between soldiers is 10 meters.

B. Fire and Movement:

When a unit makes contact with the enemy, it normally starts firing at and moving toward the enemy. Sometimes the unit
may move away from the enemy. That technique is called fire and movement. It is conducted both to close with and destroy the
enemy, or to move away from the enemy so as to break contact with him.

The firing and moving take place at the same time. There is a fire element and a movement element. These elements may be
single soldiers, buddy teams, fire teams, or squads. Regardless of the size of the elements, the action is still fire and movement.

The fire element covers the move of the movement element by firing at the enemy. This helps keep the enemy from firing
back at the movement element. The movement element moves either to close with the enemy or to reach a better position from which
to fire at him. The movement element should not move until the fire element is firing.
 If your team makes contact, your team leader should tell you to fire or to move. He should also tell you where to fire from,
what to fire at, or where to move. When moving, use the low crawl, high crawl, or rush.

C. 4 Types of Fire Team Formations:

Formations are arrangements of elements and soldiers in relation to each other. Squads use formations form control flexibility
and security.

Column formation

1) Permits rapid controlled movement.

2) Favors fire and maneuver to the flanks.

3) Vulnerable to fire from the front.

4) Provides the least amount of fire to the front.

Wedge

1) Permits good control.

2) Provides all-security.

3) Formation is flexible.

4) Fire is adequate in all directions.

Skirmishes (right/left)

1) Maximum firepower to the front.

2) Used when location and strength of enemy are known.

D. Squad Formations:

Squad formations describe the relationships between fire teams in the squad. They include the squad column and squad line.

1. Squad Column.
- The squad column is the squad’s most common formation.
- It provides good dispersion laterally and in depth without sacrificing control, and facilitates maneuver.
- The lead fire team is the base fire team. When the squad moves independently or as the rear element of the platoon, the
rifleman in the (rail fire team provides rear security
2. Squad Line.
- The squad line provides maximum firepower to the front.
- When a squad is acting as the base squad, the fire team on the right is the base fire team.
3. Squad File.
- When not traveling in a column or line, squads travel in file.
- The squad file has the same characteristics as the fire team file.
- If the squad leader desires to increase his control over the formation, exert greater morale presence by leading from the
front, and be immediately available to make key decisions, he will move forward to the first or second position.
- Additional control over the rear of the formation can be provided by moving a team leader to the last position.

PROTECTIVE MEASURES

Personal hygiene is the individual concern of every soldier. It is therefore important for them to practice the rules of hygiene and
sanitation.
In camp sanitation, it is a command responsibility that under the guideline of a command, it is the mirror image of its commander.
And so for a sad state of health of his men and the unsanitary condition they work in, it reflects the poor leadership, weak discipline
and inadequate supervision in the unit.

A. Health Maintenance and Sanitary Practice

The rules of hygiene and sanitation are simple and easy to follow.

1.
Always keep your body clean. Take a bath at least once a day.
2.
Change your underclothing daily. Inspect them for lice, fleas or other bugs that may keep you itchy.
3.
Change socks immediately after they get wet to avoid getting colds, athlete’s foot and other illnesses.
4.
Brush your teeth at least twice a day, preferably after waking up and before going to bed.
5.
Always wash your hands with soap and water after duty, after engaging exercise, before eating and after coming
out from the comfort room.
6. Use only your own eating and drinking utensils if possible.
7. Use mosquito net when mosquitoes and other flying insects are present.
8. Never drink water from any untreated source until it has been declared safe for drinking.
9. Relieve yourself on an area which is designated as the head area..
10. . Exercise your muscles and joints regularly.
11. Avoid person infected with venereal diseases.
12. Set yourself as an example of personal cleanliness and sanitary discipline.
B. Measures to protect and improve health responsibility for military sanitation.

The rules of cleanliness and sanitation should be followed.

1. When pulling up camps, build them around a sanitary plan. Make provision for sanitation requirements.
2. Purify drinking water, when water source is a stream or a river, mark separate water points for washing, cooking and human
consumption. Of course, in case of tactical camps, these watering points must be well secured against enemy.
3. Locate and construct heads and urinals away from the galley, mess hall and water supply but not too far from the living areas.
4. Maintain the sanitary conditions in the galley. Food must be stored in clean receptacles. Garbage and left over must be
disposed on a designated dumping areas or garbage pits where they may be covered with soil or burn.
5. Carry out a continuous campaign against insect, rodents and other pests.

FIRST AID

First aid – is an immediate and temporary care given to a victim of an accident or sudden illness before the services of a physician is
obtained.

Objectives of first aid

1. To save life
2. To prevent further injury
3. To preserve vitality & resistance to infection

First Aid Rules

1. First, check for danger and then check for responsiveness. Determine whether the victim is conscious. If the victim is
conscious, ask him what happened and what is wrong now. If the victim is unconscious, proceed to check the airway,
breathing and circulation. Commence resuscitation as appropriate.
2. Do not move injured victim unless it is necessary. If necessary to move a casualty, seek assistance and handle gently.
3. Keep the victim lying down with his head level with his feet while being examine.
4. Keep the victim warm and comfortable. Remove enough clothing to get a clear idea to the extent of the injury.
5. Examine the victim gently. Treat the most urgent injuries first and then treat the other injuries.
6. Avoid allowing the victim to see his own injury. Assure him that his condition is understood and that he will receive good
care.
7. Do not try to give any solid or liquid substance by mouth to an unconscious victim nor to a victim who has sustained an
injury.
8. Do not touch open wounds or burns with fingers or other objects except when sterile compresses or bandages are not
available.
9. Do not try to arouse an unconscious person.
 10. Seek medical attention immediately.

“HURRY CASES” in First Aid

1. Stoppage of Breathing

Critical time is four minutes to restore the victim to normal before brain damage take place.

Management of the Casualty:

Clear the airway. Inflate the lungs with five quick breaths (proceed to CPR)

2. Severe Bleeding

Bleeding and hemorrhage mean the same thing that blood is escaping from arteries, capillary vessels or veins.

Types of Hemorrhage

1. Arterial Bleeding – Blood from an open artery. The color of the blood is bright red. The blood spurts which are
synchronized with the pulse.

2. Venous Bleeding – Blood from an open vein. The color of the blood is dark red. The blood escapes in a slow steady
flow.

3. Capillary Hemorrhage – Blood from damage capillaries. The color of the blood is intermediate between bright and
dark red. The blood only oozes from the wound. This is the common type of hemorrhage.

Controlling External Bleeding

 Direct pressure

Digital pressure (pressure points)

o Facial – Temporal
o Carotid – Subclavian
o Auxiliary – Brachial
o Femoral

 Compress and Bandage

o Ligation – tying
o Torsion – twisting
o Elevate the injured part to
o Lessen the flow of blood.
o Indirect pressure – Tourniquet
3. Poisoning
a. Swallowed – Antidote is to dilute with water or milk to lessen the concentration of the poison. Milk coats the lining of
the intestines.
b. Inhaled – Proper ventilation at once (open air).
c. Contacted poison – Wash with soap and water. Bath soap is recommended.

Snake Bite

 Immediately expose the wound then remove clothing, remove shoes, remove casualty’s jewelry and place it in
casualty’s pocket.

 Determine the nature of bite.

Non-poisonous

- Four to six rows of teeth

- No fang marks on victim
 Poisonous

- Two rows of teeth - Two fangs which create puncture wound

 Signs and Symptoms

Less than one hour

 Headache - Vomiting
 Transcript faintness, confusion, unconscious

One to three hours after.

 Dropping eyelids -Double vision (Diplopia)

 Difficulty in swallowing- Enlarged lymph
 glands
 Abdominal pain -Dark urine
 Rapid pulse -Hemorrhage

After three hours

 Paralysis in large muscles- respiratory paralysis

 Circulatory failure
 Treatment

Non-poisonous

 Cleanse/disinfect wound. Use soap and water or an antiseptic solution. Use iodine (if casualty is not allergic to
it)
CAUTION: If the bite cannot be positively identified as poisonous or non-poisonous, treat as a poisonous bite.

Poisonous

Rest the casualty / have casualty lie down. Keep casualty still to delay venom absorption. Apply broad bandage.
Keep bitten part below heart level. Immobilize the limb and bring transport to casualty.

 DON’TS

 Cut or incise wound

 Apply tourniquet
 Wash bitten area

 PREVENTION Avoidance – know where the snake rests like near the logs or in heavy brush (vegetation)
and or In Rocky Edges (reef)

4. Shock

Shock – is a condition in which there is insufficient blood I the circulation to fill the blood vessels. As a result, the tissue do
not receive enough oxygen to maintain life and there is extreme body weakness or physical collapse.

Main Causes of Shock

 Hemorrhage, also loss of water due to nausea and vomiting and loose bowel movement
 Severe injuries, such as burns and fractures
 Asphyxiation – lack of oxygen

Signs and Symptoms of Shock

1. The casualty is pale

2. Skin is cold and clammy
3. Pulse is rapid and weak
4. Respiration is rapid, irregular and shallow
5. If the casualty is conscious, he may be listless and drowsy and complain of thirst and dryness in the mouth. The eyes
may have a vacant, dull expression and the pupils may be enlarged
 Treatment for Shock

1. Control the bleeding

2. Give oral fluids providing there is no contradictions such as abdominal wounds or unconsciousness
3. Keep the casualty comfortable and warm but do not overheat.
4. Lay the patient on his back with his feet higher than his head except in cases of chest or head injuries.

5. Fracture
Fracture – is a break in the continuity of the bone
Kinds of Fracture
 Open (compound) fracture – Bone has broken through skin.
 Closed (simple) fracture – Skin has not been penetrated on both ends
 Signs and Symptoms
o Deformity
o Pain at the point of fracture
o Crepitation (grating sound)
o Felt and heard when bones rub together
o Discoloration
o Loss of motion
o Exposed bones
o Swelling (endema)
o Possible loss of pulse below fracture

Splinting

Splinting – a device to immobilize an injured part of the body.

Reasons for Splinting

 Relieve pain by minimized movement.

 Prevent further damage to injury site.

General Principles of Splinting

 Splint fracture where it lies – DO NOT reposition

 Immobilize fracture site before moving casualty.
 Pad splints before applying.
 Dress all wounds and/or open fracture (exposed bones) prior to splinting.
 Check for neurovascular function before, during and after application of splint.

6. Burns and Scalds

Burn - is an injury that results from heat, chemical agent or radiation. It may vary in depth, size and severity.

Scalds - is a burn caused by a liquid.

Classification of Burns Depth

a) First Degree – The outer skin is reddened and welted or slightly swollen.
b) Second Degree - The under skin is affected and blisters are formed.
c) Third Degree - The skin is destroyed and tissues underneath are damaged.

Treatment for first Degree Burn

1) Immerse burnt area in cold water until the patient ceases to feel pain.
2) When it is possible to immerse the burned area, moist cold towels should be applied and renewed frequently.
3) Follow this application for dry dressing.
4) If desired a simple burn ointment may be applied
 Treatment for second degree burn

1) Follow the steps prescribe in the First degree except do not apply any burn ointment.
2) Gently Blot area dry with sterile gauge or clean cloth.
3) Apply sterile gauze or clean as protective dressing.
4) Never break a blister.

Treatment for third Degree Burn

1) Do not remove adhered particles of charred clothing.

2) Cover burned area with sterile dressing or freshly laundered sheet.
3) Do not allow victim to walk
4) If medical help is not available for one hour or more and victim is conscious, and not vomiting, give a weak
solution of salt and soda.

7. Fainting

Fainting is loss of consciousness caused by a temporary reduction of the blood supply to the brain.

Causes

 Emotional
 Hunger
 Fatigue

Signs and symptoms of fainting

 Weakness
 Dizziness
 Pallor
 Cold Sweat
 Unconsciousness

Treatment

 Seat victim with knees far apart and hold head far down between knees for about five minutes. If victim loses
consciousness, lay him down on his back with head turned to one side.
 After unsciousness return keep victim quiet for about 15 minutes.

BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

Methods of administering Artificial Respiration (AR)

1. Mouth-To-Mouth Method
2. Chest-pressure Arm-Lift Method
3. Closed-chest heart-massage (casualty with no heartbeat)

Mouth-to-mouth Method (casualty with heartbeat)

a. Clear casualty’s upper airway.

b. Position the casualty on his back.
c. Place him up and put a rolled blanket or similar object under his shoulders.
d. Adjust the casualty’s lower jaw to a jutting position using either of the two methods

 Thumb-jaw lift
 Two-hand jaw lift
 e. Seal the airway opening (nose or mouth)
f. Take a deep breath, open your mouth wide, and make an airtight seal around the casualty’s mouth or nose.
g. With your eyes focused on the casualty’s chest, blow forcefully into his airway (mouth or nose)
h. Remove your mouth from the casualty’s airway opening and listen for the return of air from his lungs.
i. After each exhalation of air from the casualty’s lungs, blow another deep breath into his airway.

Chest-Pressure Arm Lift Method

a. Clear the casualty’s upper airway (as described earlier)

b. Position the casualty on his back
c. Position the casualty’s head in the same manner as for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

Position Yourself

 Stand at the casualty’s head and face his feet.

 Kneel on one knee and place your opposite foot to the other side of his head and against his shoulder to steady it.
 If you become uncomfortable after a period of time, quickly switch to the other knee.

Administer as follows ;

 Grasping the casualty’s hand and holding him over his lower ribs, rock forward and exert steady, uniform pressure
almost directly downward until you meet firm resistance.
 Lift his arm vertically upward above his head then stretch them backward as far as possible.
 Replace his hands on his chest and repeat the cycle-press-lift-stretch-replace.
 Continue AR until the casualty can breath satisfactorily for himself or until you are positive life is gone.

Closed-chest heart-massage (casualty with no heartbeat)

Prepare the casualty for mouth-to-mouth AR. The surface on which the casualty is placed must be solid.

Position yourself:

 Kneel at a right angle to the casualty’s chest so that you can use your weight to apply pressure on his breastbone.
 Place the heel of your hand on the upper half of the breastbone and the heel of the upper hand on top of it.

Administer as follows:

 With your hand in position and your arms straight, lean forward to bring your shoulders directly above the casualty’s
breastbone; then press straight downward.
 Repeat the press-release cycle 60 to 80 times per minute.
 If you are performing alone, you will have to administer both mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and closed-chest heart-
massage.