2019 JC2 H2 Chemistry Prelim Anderson Serangoon Junior College
2019 JC2 H2 Chemistry Prelim Anderson Serangoon Junior College
CHEMISTRY 9729/01
Higher 2 19 September 2019
Paper 1 Multiple Choice 1 hour
There are thirty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question, there are four
possible answers, A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate Answer
Sheet.
Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.
The use of an approved scientific calculator is expected, where appropriate.
The 68Ge isotope is medically useful because it undergoes a natural radioactive process to
give an isotope of a different element, 68Q, which can be used to detect tumours. This
transformation of 68Ge occurs when an electron enters the nucleus and changes a proton
into a neutron.
68
Which statement about the composition of an atom of Q is correct?
2 The successive ionisation energies (IE) of two elements X and Y are given in the table.
3 Plants appear green due to the presence of chlorophyll. There are several closely related
chlorophylls and the diagram shows a simplified version of one. The various different
side–groups are all shown as R.
Note that the four N atoms and the Mg ion are planar.
Which of the descriptions of the bonds between Mg and the numbered N atoms is most likely
to be correct?
N atoms numbered
1 and 3 2 and 4
A co–ordinate ionic
B co–ordinate
C ionic co–ordinate
D co–ordinate
A B C D
5 Which graph best represents the behaviour of a fixed mass of an ideal gas under the
given conditions?
A B
p p
constant T constant V
0 0 T/K
C D
V
constant p constant T
0 T / °C 0 V
6 Which of the following, in aqueous solution, could be used to maintain the pH at about 5?
7 Values of the ionic product of water, Kw, at different temperatures are given in the table.
15 4.50 x 10–15
30 1.47 x 10–14
trichloroisocyanuric acid
Mr = 232.5
How many chlorine atoms are present in a 2.50 x 10 6 litre Olympic–sized swimming pool
filled with the recommended concentration level of trichloroisocyanuric acid?
A 2.91 x 1025
B 2.91 x 1028
C 9.71 x 1024
D 9.71 x 1027
10 When 720 cm3 of hydrogen sulfide gas, H2S, is passed through 40 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3
nitric acid, HNO3, a yellow solid of sulfur and a nitrogen–containing compound are formed.
What could be the nitrogen–containing compound formed from the complete reaction?
[All volumes are measured at room temperature and pressure conditions under which H2S
is a gas.]
A N2
B NO
C NO2
D NH3
11 When m g of ethanol was burned under a container of water, it was found that the
temperature of 300 g of water rose by T °C.
thermometer
water
ethanol
(Mr = 46.0)
The enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol is –1371 kJ mol−1 and the specific heat
capacity of water is 4.2 J g−1 K−1.
m 4.2 T 46.0
A 100%
300 1371 1000
m 1371 1000
B 100%
300 4.2 T 46.0
What information, other than that given above, is required to calculate a value for the
enthalpy change of formation of MgCO 3(s)?
13 What will be the signs of the enthalpy and entropy changes when a liquid boils?
∆H ∆S
A + +
B – +
C – –
D + –
14 The alkaline hydrolysis of 2–chloro–2–methylpropane, (CH3)3CCl, with 0.2 mol dm–3 NaOH
produces 2–methylpropan–2–ol, (CH3)3COH.
With reference to the overall order of this reaction, what percentage of (CH3)3CCl in a
solution of concentration 0.04 mol dm–3 would hydrolyse in 5 minutes at the same
temperature?
O2 + 2NO → 2NO2
The following rate equation was derived from initial rates experiments.
s t u
16 Which suggested mechanisms are consistent with the experimentally obtained rate
equation?
A 1, 2 and 3
B 1 and 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D none
17 The graph shows how ∆Go changes with temperature for the reaction shown.
40
30
1 2 3 4
20
10
∆Go/ kJ mol–1 0
-10
-20
-30
-40
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
T/K
Equimolar amounts of H2O and CO were introduced into a sealed container and allowed to
reach equilibrium.
At which points on the graph above will the value of Kc be more than 1?
18 Nitrosyl chloride, NOCl, is a yellow gas that can be formed between nitryl chloride, NO2Cl,
and nitric oxide, NO, in the following reaction.
NO2Cl and NO were initially allowed to react in a closed vessel at 800 K and equilibrium was
established.
The graph below shows how the pressure of NO 2Cl varied with time.
pressure of NO2Cl
0
time
What could be the changes made to the system at t1, t2 and t3?
t1 t2 t3
A 3 only
B 1 and 3
C 2 and 3
D none
20 Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic compound. The nitrogen atoms, labelled as Na and Nb, in
purine have different basicity. Na is basic whereas Nb is non–basic.
Na
Na
Na
Nb
H
Purine
Br
CH3
1
Br
CH3
2 Br CH3
CH3 Br
Br Br
CH3 CH3
A 1 and 2 only
B 1 and 3 only
C 2 and 3 only
D none
Cl OH
A 1 and 2 only
B 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D none
COCH3 COCH3
Br
B (CH3)3CCH2F (CH3)3CCH2NH2
NO2 CH3
NO2
D CH3CH=CH2 CH3CH=CHCl
O
HO2CCH2CH2CCHCH CH2
CH2 NO2
When Y is treated with sodium borohydride, what is the final product obtained?
OH
HO2CCH2CH2CHCHCH CH2
A
CH2 NO2
OH
HOCH2CH2CH2CHCHCH2CH3
B
CH2 NO2
O
HOCH2CH2CH2CCHCH CH2
C
CH2 NO2
OH
HOCH2CH2CH2CHCHCH CH2
D
CH2 NH2
A HO2CCH2CH2CH2CO2H
B HO2CCH2CH2CH2CHO
O
H C CH2CH2OH
C
OH
O
H C CH2CO2H
D
OH
26 Equal amounts of compounds P, Q, R and S are separately shaken with 100 cm3 of water.
Which sequence shows the correct order of decreasing pH of the solutions formed?
A P, R, S, Q
B P, S, R, Q
C Q, P, S, R
D Q, S, R, P
27 An amide, M, has the empirical formula C7H15ON. When M is hydrolysed by heating under reflux
with dilute hydrochloric acid, a carboxylic acid with empirical formula C 2H4O is obtained as one
of the products.
A 1, 2 and 3
B 2 and 3 only
C 1 only
D 3 only
CO 2H
H2N H
(CH2)4NH 2
lysine
When one mole of protonated lysine was titrated against hydroxide ions, the following
titration curve is obtained.
pH
moles of
hydroxide
added
A 1 and 3 only
B 2 and 4 only
C 3 and 4 only
D 1, 2 and 4 only
O O + 2H + + 2e ⇌ HO OH Eo = +0.70 V
quinone quinol
A 1, 2 and 3
B 1 and 3 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1 only
1. When aqueous sulfuric acid was electrolysed for 5 minutes, 0.01 mol of oxygen was
collected at the anode.
2. When molten aluminium oxide was electrolysed for 5 minutes, 0.01 mol of aluminium
was collected at the cathode.
If the current used in electrolysis 1 was I, what was the current used in electrolysis 2?
3 4
A I B I C I D 2I
4 3
CHEMISTRY 9729/02
Higher 2 4 September 2019
Paper 2 Structured Questions 2 hours
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Write your name, index number and class on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
1 / 12
2 / 11
3 / 18
Paper 2
4 / 13
5 / 12
6 /9
Total / 75
This document consists of 26 printed pages and 2 blank pages.
1 (a) Use the data from Table 1.1 to state and explain the relative reactivity of Group 2 elements as
reducing agents.
Table 1.1
Element Eo [M2+(aq)/M(s)] / V
Mg –2.38
Ca –2.87
Sr –2.89
Ba –2.90
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..… [2]
(b) Table 1.2 gives data about some physical properties of calcium and copper.
Table 1.2
calcium copper
(i) Explain why the electrical conductivity of copper is higher than that of calcium.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………......
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…………..…………………………………………………………………………………..… [2]
(ii) Using relevant data from Table 1.2, explain why the density of copper is significantly
greater than that of calcium (no calculations are required).
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
(c) (i) Copper is a typical transition element and is used in alloys for aircraft engine parts.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
….……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) Using the Cartesian axes shown in Fig. 1.1, draw fully–labelled diagrams of any two
d–orbitals of different shapes found in a Cu+ ion.
z z
y y
x x
Fig. 1.1
[2]
(d) Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass. It very rarely occurs as
the pure element in the Earth's crust.
Table 1.3 shows the melting points of silica (SiO 2) and silicon.
Table 1.3
melting point / °C
silica 1710
silicon 1414
Silica and silicon each form a solid with the same type of structure.
(i) State the type of structure present in solid silica and silicon.
………………………………………………………………………………….……………... [1]
(ii) Using relevant data from the Data Booklet, suggest why the melting point of silica is
higher than that of silicon.
………………………………………………………………………………….………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………….………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
[Total: 12]
2 (a) Alkene C, C7H10, on treatment with hot, concentrated potassium manganate(VII) forms an
optically inactive compound D, C5H8O3, and carbon dioxide gas.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………….… [2]
C D
[2]
Ozone, O3, is an oxidising agent that causes carbon–to–carbon double bond cleavage.
When an alkene is treated with ozone, followed by zinc metal in acetic acid, two
carbonyl–containing products are obtained.
The following reactions illustrate two oxidations using ozone as the oxidising agent.
CH3 1. O3
C O + E
CH3 2. Zn, H3O+
C3H6O
1. O3
CHCH2CH3 O + F
2. Zn, H3O+
C3H6O
Both E and F react with 2,4–dinitrophenylhydrazine but only F reacts with Fehling’s solution.
E reacts with alkaline aqueous iodine but not F.
E F
[2]
(iv) Use the above information and your answers to (a)(iii) to suggest the structure for
compound G in the following reaction.
1. O3
G CH3CHO + (CH3)2CHCHO
2. Zn, H3O+
G
[1]
(b) (i) Limonene occurs in oil of lemons and is used to flavour some citrus drinks.
limonene
Draw the structural formula of the product, and describe what you might observe, when
limonene reacts with bromine in an inert solvent, until in excess.
observation …………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………..... [2]
excess HBr
a mixture of isomeric products
step 1 step 2
Cl Cl
Fig. 2.1
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
[1]
[Total: 11]
3 Transition metals are building blocks for life and they make up the middle block of the Periodic
Table.
(a) Catalase is an important enzyme that reduces the damaging effects of hydrogen peroxide in
the biological system. It contains four iron–containing heme groups that allow the enzyme to
react with the hydrogen peroxide.
It catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and molecular oxygen.
(i) With the aid of a sketch of the Boltzmann distribution, explain why the addition of
catalase speeds up the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………….… [3]
An investigation to study the rate of the catalysed decomposition of H2O2 can be conducted
as follows:
1 cm3 of catalase, extracted from a liver sample, was added to a 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 H2O2
solution connected to a sealed glass pressure tube which measures the volume of O 2
collected. The time taken for 20 cm3 of O2 to produce was then measured.
(ii) Outline how you would determine the effect of changing the concentration of H 2O2 on
the rate of the catalysed decomposition of H2O2.
You are provided with the same solution used in the experiment described above.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [3]
(iii) Sketch a graph to show how, for a fixed concentration of catalase, the rate of
decomposition varies with the concentration of H 2O2 and explain the shape of the
graph.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
Solution J containing 0.100 mol dm–3 of Fe2+ and 0.100 mol dm−3 of Mn2+ can be separated
easily by selective precipitation of the metal sulfides.
The Ksp values of two metal sulfides are shown in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1
(i) State which metal ion, Fe2+ or Mn2+, precipitates first when solid sodium sulfide is
slowly added to 100 cm3 of solution J.
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(ii) Hence, calculate the concentration, in mol dm –3, of sulfide ions when first trace of the
precipitate appears.
[1]
(iii) Determine the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the metal ion you have stated in (b)(i)
remaining in the solution when the other metal ion just starts to precipitate.
[1]
(iv) An effective separation means that less than 1% of the metal ion should remain in the
solution when the other metal ion just starts to precipitate. Using your answer to (b)(iii),
deduce if the separation is effective.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..... [1]
One advantage of using sulfide ion as a precipitating reagent is that its concentration can be
controlled by regulating the pH of the solution.
Hydrogen sulfide behaves as a weak dibasic acid that dissociates in two steps:
(v) Using the above equilibria, explain how varying the pH of a mixture containing solution
J and sulfide ions can allow selective precipitation to take place.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
(c) The most important ore of chromium is the mineral ferrous chromite, FeOCr2O3.
Fig. 3.1 shows a reaction scheme illustrating many of the characteristic properties of
transition metal compounds.
.
FeO Cr2O3
filter
filtrate residue
Na2CrO4(aq) Fe2O3(s)
solution N FeCl3(aq)
Fig. 3.1
(i) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction involving Cr 2O3 in step I, by using
changes in oxidation numbers, or otherwise. In this reaction, H 2O is a by–product.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..... [1]
(ii) State the series of colour changes that occurs in step II.
………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(iii) State the type of reaction that occurs in step III and give the formula of the complex
ion in solution P.
The oxidation number of iron in the iron–containing complex ion in solution Q and in FeCl3(aq)
is the same.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….… [1]
[Total: 18]
4 Ethylamine, CH3CH2NH2, and phenylamine, C6H5NH2, are both weak bases, with pKb values of
3.35 and 4.63 respectively.
(a) Explain why the pKb value of ethylamine is lower than that of phenylamine.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(b) 20.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of ethylamine was titrated against 0.20 mol dm3 hydrochloric
acid, HCl. It was found that the pH at the equivalence point was 5.91.
(i) Suggest an appropriate indicator for the titration, giving a reason for your choice.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………….… [1]
(ii) Calculate the concentration of CH3CH2NH3+, in mol dm–3, at the equivalence point.
[1]
(iii) Hence, calculate the volume of hydrochloric acid needed to neutralise the ethylamine.
[1]
(iv) Prove that the initial concentration of ethylamine is 0.102 mol dm–3.
[1]
[1]
(vi) A total of 25.00 cm3 HCl was added in this titration. Calculate the final pH of the
resulting solution.
[1]
(vii) Using the information given in the question and your answers to (b)(iii), (b)(v) and
(b)(vi), sketch the pH changes that occur during the titration when a total of
25.00 cm3 of HCl was added to 20.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of ethylamine.
pH
volume of HCl
25.00 added / cm3
[2]
(c) A buffer solution was prepared by mixing 200 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm–3 of phenylamine and
100 cm3 of 0.20 mol dm–3 of HCl.
[2]
(ii) Write an equation to show how this solution can act as a buffer on the addition of an
alkali.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..... [1]
[Total: 13]
5 Radical initiators are substances that can produce radicals under mild conditions and promote
radical reactions. These substances generally possess weak bonds. An example of a radical
reaction involving peroxide as the initiator is shown below :
H H
H H H
uv C C
C C + HBr
H peroxide Br
R R H
(a) Explain what is meant by the term radical and explain, with the aid of a diagram, how the
bond in the peroxide initiator, R–O–O–R, would break to produce radicals.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
Step 1: The radical produced from the peroxide initiator reacts with a HBr molecule
to generate a Br radical and an alcohol molecule.
Step 2: The Br radical formed approaches an alkene molecule, RCH=CH 2, to form a
stable alkyl radical.
Step 3: The alkyl radical reacts with another HBr molecule to form the organic product
and regenerates the Br radical.
Draw the displayed formula of the stable alkyl radical formed in Step 2 and the final organic
product formed when 2–methylbut–2–ene undergoes this radical reaction with HBr.
(c) Benzoic acid is often added to soft drinks as a preservative in the form of its salt,
e.g. sodium benzoate. However, it is reported that in the presence of ascorbic acid,
benzoic acid can undergo decarboxylation to form benzene, which is a known carcinogen.
Step I: The hydroxyl radical, OH, is produced from the catalysed reduction
of oxygen by ascorbic acid.
Step II: The hydroxyl radical abstracts a proton from benzoic acid to form an
intermediate.
Step III: This intermediate then forms a phenyl radical and carbon dioxide gas.
Step IV: The phenyl radical abstracts a proton from water to produce benzene and
regenerates the hydroxyl radical.
Complete Fig. 5.1 to suggest the mechanism for Step III and Step IV. Show the structural
formulae of the intermediates, the movement of unpaired electron by using curly arrow
( ) and indicate any unpaired electron with a dot (●).
O
OH
H Step II
C
O + H OH
intermediate
Step III
O
HO H
+ OH + C
Step IV O
phenyl radical
Fig. 5.1
[3]
Fig. 5.2
Table 5.1 shows the fuel values of some substances found in the bottle of coffee. The fuel
value is the amount of energy generated when one gram of a substance undergoes complete
combustion.
Table 5.1
(i) Energy is provided by the carbohydrates, proteins and fats in the food and drinks
consumed.
If a student uses on average 7 kJ of energy per minute while studying, how many
minutes of this activity can be sustained by the energy obtained from one serving of
bottled coffee?
[2]
Fats are metabolised into carbon dioxide and water when subjected to combustion in a bomb
calorimeter. The reaction of a typical unsaturated fat (triglyceride), C55H98O6, found in the
bottle of coffee is as follows:
153
C55H98O6 + O2 → 55CO2 + 49H2O ∆H = –x kJ mol−1
2
(ii) Using relevant data from Table 5.1, determine the value of x.
[1]
(e) Compounds R and S are structural isomers with the molecular formula of C 6H12O.
Table 5.2 shows results of the chemical tests carried out on R and S.
Table 5.2
observation
test reagent
R S
1 Tollens' reagent grey solid formed grey solid not formed
orange solution orange solution
2 aqueous bromine
remained remained
When R and S were separately subjected to chlorine in the presence of sunlight, both gave
only two monochlorinated products (not including stereoisomers).
R S
[2]
[Total: 12]
6 Nitrogenous bases such as guanine and thymine contribute to the structure of deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA). If the compositions of these bases are altered significantly, it may lead to a change in
the DNA structure, which could cause cancer.
Studies have suggested that consumption of overcooked carbohydrates such as french fries may
lead to cancer. This is partly contributed by the Maillard reaction that takes place during cooking,
which typically occurs on the surface of the cooked food. This reaction occurs at temperatures
above 140 oC.
This question focuses on the Maillard reaction between asparagine and glucose, both of which are
found in potatoes. Fig 6.1 shows the structures of asparagine and glucose.
Fig 6.1
Nucleophilic attack by the amine group in asparagine on the electrophilic carbon of the aldehyde
group in glucose results in an imine, characterised by a carbon–nitrogen double bond. Water is
produced as a by–product.
If food containing this imine is consumed, gastric acid breaks down the imine to produce
acrylamide, a carcinogen. Acrylamide is then metabolised by an enzyme in the body, producing
glycidamide.
Glycidamide has a highly reactive epoxide group (a three–membered ring of two carbon atoms
and an oxygen atom). The lone pair of electrons on a nitrogen atom in guanine (one of the
nitrogenous bases) attacks one of the electrophilic carbon atoms of the epoxide group in
glycidamide. This eventually changes the DNA structure and causes cancer.
(a) Table 6.1 shows the acrylamide content in some potato products.
Table 6.1
amount of acrylamide
potato product preparation method
(𝑢g / kg)
boiled potato cut into half, lengthwise 69
baked potato cut into half, lengthwise 1270
deep fried potato
cut into strips, lengthwise 4080
(french fries)
(i) Explain why boiled potato has the lowest amount of acrylamide.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….....
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) By considering the preparation method, suggest why deep fried potato has a higher
amount of acrylamide compared to baked potato.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….....
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) Some recommendations have been proposed to reduce the production of acrylamide. Explain
why the following methods are effective.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) Soak the sliced potatoes in a solution of amino acid, such as glycine.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(c) Using the structures of asparagine and glucose given in Fig 6.1, draw the structure of the
specific imine produced.
[1]
(d) (i) With reference to the structure of glycidamide below, explain why the circled carbon
atom in the epoxide group is more susceptible to nucleophilic attack by guanine.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) State why the reaction between guanine and glycidamide affects the DNA structure.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(iii) Guanine reacts with glycidamide as described on page 24. Suggest why glycidamide
does not undergo the same nucleophilic attack by thymine.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
[Total: 9]
CHEMISTRY 9729/03
Higher 2 18 September 2019
Paper 3 Free Response 2 hours
Candidates answer on separate Answer Booklet.
Write your name and class on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Section B
Answer one question.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
Section A
Answer all the questions from this section.
1 (a) Iron(III) cation complexes with a thiocyanate anion (SCN–) to form the iron(III) thiocyanate
complex, [Fe(SCN)]2+ at 298 K, according to the following equation.
(i) Write an expression for Kc for this reaction, stating its units. [2]
(ii) The Kc value of this reaction is 4.99 x 10 2. Calculate the percentage of [Fe(SCN)]2+ in a
Fe3+–[Fe(SCN)]2+ mixture when [SCN–] = 5.00 x 10–3 mol dm–3. [2]
(iii) State and explain the difference in observations when the reaction is carried out at
500 K. [2]
(b) Describe the variations in melting points of the elements sodium to chlorine and explain these
variations in terms of their structures and bonding. [5]
B and C have high melting points while D and E have low melting points.
When water was added separately to 0.100 mol each of C, D and E, a neutral solution was
obtained for C while an acidic solution was obtained for D and E. The resulting solution of D
required 0.500 mol of silver nitrate for complete precipitation.
Identify compounds B to E, and write equations for the reactions described above. [6]
[Total: 17]
A 60.0 dm3 industrial tank of helium gas at 27 °C and 125 atm was used to fill up some balloons.
After some balloons were filled, the pressure in the tank was reduced to 50 atm.
(i) How many moles of helium was used to fill the balloons? [2]
(ii) Assuming each filled balloon is a sphere with a radius, r, of 0.15 m and has an internal
pressure of 1.2 atm, what is the maximum number of balloons that can be filled with the
remaining gas in the tank at the same temperature?
3
4r
(volume of sphere = )
3
[2]
(iii) State and explain if helium gas behaves more ideally in the tank, or when present in
balloons. [2]
(b) (i) Using the thermochemical data shown in Table 2.1, draw a fully labelled energy cycle to
calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of liquid propan–2–ol.
Table 2.1
(ii) By using your answer to (b)(i), and relevant data from the Data Booklet and Table 2.1,
calculate the standard enthalpy change of vapourisation of propan–2–ol. [2]
(iii) Hence, explain why combustion of liquid propan–2–ol takes place at all temperatures.
[2]
(CH3)3COH (CH3)3CCO2H
2–methylpropan–2–ol 2,2–dimethylpropanoic acid
(CH3)2CClCO2H
2–chloro–2–methylpropanoic acid
[3]
(iii) Grignard reagents, with different alkyl or aryl groups (R’–MgBr), react with carbonyl
compounds to yield alcohols.
O OH
R'-MgBr
C C + Mg(OH)Br
R'' R (or H) + R' R''
followed by H3O R (or H)
Fig. 2.1
[5]
[Total: 23]
3 (a) Nitrate, NO3–, and phosphate, PO43–, are oxoanions of nitrogen and phosphorous
respectively.
(i) Draw dot–and–cross diagrams to show the bonding in NO 3– and PO43–. Hence, suggest
the shape of each of these ions. [3]
(ii) The 2s and 2p orbitals of nitrogen atoms can hybridise in the same way as the 2s and
2p orbitals of carbon atoms.
(iii) Table 3.1 shows the bond lengths of two nitrogen–oxygen bonds.
Table 3.1
The experimental bond length of each nitrogen–oxygen bond in the nitrate ion, NO3–,
is 128 pm.
By reference to your answers to (a)(i) and (a)(ii), explain this observed bond length in
NO3–. [1]
O O
NH2 NHCOCH3
NHCOCH3 NH2
NaNO2
step 4 HCl
CH3CH2ONa
O
followed by
O O
N
Cl H 2O
O step 6 step 5
OH N N
N
K
Fig. 3.1
(ii) Explain why step 1 needs to be carried out before step 2. [1]
(iii) Explain why step 6 would not occur in the absence of sodium ethoxide, CH3CH2ONa.
[1]
The reaction in step 6 is carried out in a suitable solvent and is found to be bimolecular.
(iv) Describe the mechanism for this reaction. In your answer, you should show all charges,
lone pairs and the movement of electrons using curly arrows.
You may use R to represent any part of the molecule that does not take part in the
reaction. [3]
(v) Predict the effect on the rate of the reaction in step 6 if the volume of solvent used is
doubled. [1]
(c) Both acetanilide and 4–aminoacetophenone are solids at room temperature and pressure.
acetanilide 4-aminoacetophenone
(i) Suggest and explain, with the aid of equations, the solubility of each of the compounds
in HCl(aq). [3]
(ii) Using your answer to (c)(i), outline how these two compounds could be separated from
each other in a mixture and recovered in their original solid forms using chemicals
normally found in the laboratory. [2]
[Total: 20]
4 (a) Alkenes have many diverse industrial applications. They are used as starting materials for
many chemicals.
One of the reactions of alkenes involves the addition of hydrogen to form alkanes. This
process of hydrogenation of alkenes at room temperature requires the use of a catalyst. The
Wilkinson’s catalyst precursor, RhCl(PPh)3 (where Ph represents a phenyl group), is one of
them.
When the Wilkinson’s catalyst precursor was added to propene dissolved in benzene with
hydrogen gas being passed through the solution, the following dissociation took place:
Fig. 4.1 shows the proposed mechanism for the hydrogenation of propene.
Fig. 4.1
(iii) The species in the equations shown in Fig. 4.1 have various roles. They can be
reactants, products, catalysts or intermediates.
Suggest, with a reason in each case, the roles of the species M and N. [2]
(iv) Rhodium can also form octahedral complexes with bidentate ligands like
ethane–1,2–diamine, en.
Copy and complete the diagram below to suggest the structure for this complex.
(b) Scientists have recently made vanadium into a useful catalyst for hydrogenation.
Vanadium was named after Vanadis, the Scandinavian goddess of beauty, because of the
wide range of colours it exhibits in its complexes.
(i) Explain why a solution of [V(H2O)6]2+ is violet whereas a solution of [V(H2O)6]3+ is green.
[1]
Predict the products of, and write an equation for the reaction that occurs when nitric
acid is added to a solution containing V2+(aq) ions. [2]
(c) Alkenes can be hydrated to form alcohols using various reagents. One such reagent is
concentrated sulfuric acid.
Alkenes react with concentrated sulfuric acid in the cold to produce alkyl hydrogensulfates.
Addition of water with heating then produces the alcohol product.
(i) Suggest a mechanism for the reaction of propene with concentrated sulfuric acid to
produce the alkyl hydrogensulfate as shown.
OSO3H
isopropyl hydrogensulfate
Show the displayed structure of the electrophile, the structure of the intermediate and
the movement of electron pairs by using curly arrows. [3]
(d) Chromium(VI) is an important high oxidation state chromium and it occurs in two well–known
anions, chromate(VI), CrO42–, and dichromate(VI), Cr2O72–.
Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) is a common oxidising agent that can be used to oxidise
sulfur dioxide.
(i) Construct a balanced equation for the reaction between acidified potassium
dichromate(VI) and sulfur dioxide. [1]
(ii) Calculate the Eocell and hence, the standard Gibbs free energy change for this reaction.
[2]
(iii) Both potassium dichromate(VI) and potassium manganate(VII) are useful oxidising
agents in organic chemistry.
The scheme shown in Fig. 4.2 shows the different products formed when compound P
is oxidised by potassium dichromate(VI) and potassium manganate(VII).
Q
hot acidified (C9H6O6)
KMnO4
P
(C12H14O3)
HBr(g)
hot acidified S
K2Cr2O7
Fig. 4.2
(iv) Compound R can also be converted to compound T which contains an acyl chloride
and an alkyl chloride functional groups.
COCl
COCl
2
Cl
1
Explain the different reactivities of the two chlorine atoms, Cl 1 and Cl 2, in T. [2]
[Total: 20]
5 Metals like cobalt and nickel have been widely used since ancient times.
(a) In the presence of ligands, the d–orbitals in a transition metal ion are split into two levels.
Fig. 5.1 shows how the d–orbitals are split in an octahedral environment.
energy gap
degenerate d–orbitals
in an isolated gaseous d–orbitals in an
atom octahedral
environment
Fig. 5.1
In a ‘high spin’ state, the electrons occupy all the d–orbitals singly, before starting to pair up
in the lower energy d–orbitals.
In a ‘low spin’ state, the lower energy d–orbitals are filled in first, by pairing up if necessary,
before the higher energy d–orbitals are used.
(i) Use diagrams like the one above to show the electronic distribution of the cobalt(II) ion
in a high spin state, and in a low spin state. Label your diagrams. [2]
(ii) Transition elements with unpaired 3d electrons are paramagnetic. In the presence of
a magnetic field, these unpaired electrons align themselves in such a way that they
are attracted to the field. The strength of paramagnetism shown in transition metal
complexes depends on the total number of unpaired 3d electrons.
Using your answer from (a)(i), explain which spin state of the cobalt(II) ion is relatively
more paramagnetic. [1]
When air is bubbled through an aqueous solution containing CoCl2, NH4Cl and NH3, and the
resulting solution evaporated, crystals of a salt can be isolated. , which contains an
octahedral cation, has the following composition by mass:
(iv) On adding an excess of AgNO 3(aq) to an aqueous solution containing 0.01 mol of ,
1.43 g of AgCl(s) is precipitated.
The cation in can exist as two isomers. One of the isomers of the cation in has no
net dipole moment. Draw the structure of this cation. Show clearly the arrangement of
the ligands and the oxidation number of the central metal ion in your diagram. [2]
(b) The nickel–cadmium (Ni–Cd) battery is a common rechargeable battery used in portable
power tools and emergency lightings. It is made up of a cadmium electrode, Cd, and nickel
oxyhydroxide electrode, NiO(OH), immersed in sodium hydroxide.
(i) Construct a half–equation for the reaction that occurs at the cathode during discharge
and hence, write the equation for the overall reaction during discharge. [2]
(ii) When a Ni–Cd battery is recharged, Cd(OH)2 is converted back to Cd. Given that the
charging process is 86% efficient, how many hours does it take to restore 5.5 g of Cd
metal using a current of 2.0 A? [3]
(c) Reduction reactions involving organic compounds are commonly carried out using reducing
agents like hydrogen gas with nickel metal catalyst and lithium aluminium hydride, LiAlH4.
LiAlH4 I
O H O
HO C CH CH C C NH2
CN
H2 , Ni
F J
Fig. 5.2
(d) Compound W, C9H9NO4, rotates plane–polarised light. W reacts with tin and concentrated
hydrochloric acid, followed by careful neutralisation to give compound X, C9H11NO2.
[Total: 20]
CHEMISTRY 9729/04
Paper 4 Practical 27 August 2019
2 hours 30 minutes
Write your name, class and index number on all the work you hand in.
Give details of the practical shift and laboratory where appropriate, in the boxes provided.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
Laboratory 2
Total
1 To determine the order of reaction with respect to the concentration of iodine in the
iodination of propanone reaction
The iodination of propanone, to form iodopropanone, proceeds as shown in the equation below.
This reaction is first order with respect to both CH3COCH3 and H+ ions.
The remaining amount of I2 at different times can then be determined by titration against FA 4.
Each titration can only be performed once.
The required order of reaction can be obtained by the graphical analysis of your results.
The first aliquot should be removed approximately 4 minutes after the reagents were mixed. You
will then remove four further aliquots, at time intervals of your choice, up to a maximum time of
20 minutes.
Prepare a table in the space provided on page 4 in which to record, to an appropriate level of
precision, your chosen time, the actual time and your titration results for each of your aliquots. All
values of actual time should be converted to decimal value, t, in minutes and recorded to one
decimal place.
For example if actual time = 4 min 33 s then t = 4 min + 33/60 min = 4.6 min
Experiment
Safety: Propanone is flammable. Transfer your titrated solutions into the waste bottle for later
disposal. Keep this bottle stoppered when not in use.
Keep the conical flask (reaction mixture) stoppered except when removing aliquots.
1. Label each of the boiling tubes with one of your chosen times.
2. Add approximately 10 cm3 of FA 5 to each of these boiling tubes.
3. Using a pipette, transfer 25.0 cm3 of FA 1 into the 100 cm3 beaker.
4. Using a different pipette, transfer 25.0 cm3 of FA 2 into the same 100 cm3 beaker.
5. Using a burette, transfer 50.00 cm3 of FA 3 into the 250 cm3 conical flask, labelled reaction
mixture.
6. Pour the contents of the 100 cm3 beaker into this 250 cm3 conical flask. Start the stopwatch,
insert the stopper and swirl the mixture thoroughly. Once you have started the stopwatch,
allow it to continue running for the duration of the experiment. You must not stop the
stopwatch until you have collected all of your aliquots.
7. At approximately 4 minutes, using a 10.0 cm3 pipette, remove a 10.0 cm3 aliquot of the
reaction mixture. Immediately transfer this aliquot into the boiling tube labelled 4 minutes
and swirl the mixture. Note the actual time when half of the reaction mixture has emptied
from the pipette. Replace the stopper in the flask.
8. At each of your chosen times, repeat step 7 but transfer each aliquot to its appropriately
labelled boiling tube.
Titrations
9. Pour the whole of the contents of a boiling tube into a clean 250 cm3 conical flask. Wash
out the boiling tube and add the washings to the conical flask.
10. Titrate the iodine in this solution with FA 4. Add about 1 cm3 of starch indicator when the
colour of the solution turns pale yellow. The solution will turn blue–black. The end–point is
reached when the dark blue–black colour just disappears. Record your results.
11. Empty the contents of this conical flask into the waste bottle. Wash this conical flask
thoroughly with water.
12. Repeat steps 9 to 11 for each of your boiling tubes.
(b) (i) On Fig 1.1, plot a graph of volume of sodium thiosulfate, FA 4, on the y–axis, against
time, t, on the x–axis. Start the x–axis at t = 0. You should choose a scale which will
allow you to extrapolate your graph back to t = 0.
Draw the most appropriate best–fit line taking into account all of your plotted points.
Fig 1.1
[2]
(ii) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to the I2 in reaction 1. Explain your answer.
order................................................................................................................................
explanation......................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
[1]
(c) (i) Write the rate equation for the iodination of propanone.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the gradient of the line you have drawn in Fig 1.1, showing clearly how you
did this.
gradient = ........................................
[1]
(iii) Use your answer from (c)(ii) to determine the rate of change of amount of S 2O32– ions
required in mol min–1.
(v) Use your answer from (c)(iv) to calculate the rate of change of [I2] in the reaction
mixture.
(vi) Hence, calculate the value of the rate constant for this reaction.
(d) Step 7 requires you to mix each aliquot immediately with an excess of sodium
hydrogencarbonate solution, FA 5. Suggest a clear explanation for this requirement.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….... [1]
(e) Explain why the concentration of iodine in FA 3 is very much lower than the concentrations
of propanone in FA 1 and of H+ ions in FA 2.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….... [1]
(f) Planning
The Finkelstein reaction can be used to synthesise 1–iodopropane, a colourless liquid, from
1–bromopropane and sodium iodide. The reaction is carried out using dry propanone as a
solvent.
……………………………………...……………………………………………………….. [1]
(ii) Explain why it is important for dry propanone to be used as a solvent for this reaction.
.......................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Table 1.1 shows the solubilities of sodium bromide and sodium iodide in propanone.
Table 1.1
solubility at 25 °C
compound
in g / 100 g of propanone
Use this information to explain why, although the reaction between CH 3CH2CH2Br and
NaI is reversible, the reaction produces a very high yield of CH3CH2CH2I.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [1]
Table 1.2 gives the boiling points of 1–bromopropane, 1–iodopropane and propanone.
Table 1.2
1–bromopropane 71.0
1–iodopropane 102.6
propanone 56.0
1–bromopropane, an excess of sodium iodide and propanone solvent are mixed and then
heated under reflux conditions for around thirty minutes.
(iv) Calculate the minimum volume of 1–bromopropane you would use to prepare 10 g of
pure 1–iodopropane, showing your working.
[1]
give a full description of the procedures you would use to prepare the crude
1–iodopropane;
draw a labelled diagram of the assembled apparatus you would use to obtain
the pure 1–iodopropane.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
The temperature change when a mixture containing KI and LiCl dissolves in water is due to the
summation of the temperature change when KI and LiCl dissolve separately in water.
FA 6 is a mixture containing equal masses of potassium iodide, KI, and lithium chloride, LiCl.
The T per gram of LiCl dissolved in water may be found by first determining the relationship between
mass of KI dissolved in water and the change in temperature of the water due to its dissolution. The
temperature change when FA 6 dissolves completely in water is then determined.
(a) Determination of the value of the decrease in temperature, TKI, for the dissolution of KI
in water
(i) You will follow the instructions to perform the following experiment.
Results
[4]
(ii) Using the mass of KI and TKI obtained in (a)(i), together with the data in Table 2.1, plot
a graph of TKI against the mass of KI used on the grid in Fig 2.1.
Draw the most appropriate line, taking into account all of the plotted points.
Table 2.1
decrease in temperature,
mass of KI / g
TKI / C
4.00 4.1
6.00 6.2
12
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
mass of KI / g
Fig 2.1
[1]
(b) Determination of the maximum temperature change, Tm, for the dissolution of FA 6 in
water
The maximum temperature change, Tm, when FA 6 dissolves completely in water was
determined by measuring the temperature at timed intervals. The mass of FA 6 used in the
experiment was 6.020 g.
The results from this experiment are plotted on the grid in Fig 2.2 on Page 16.
Draw two best–fit lines, the first taking into account the points before the FA 6 was added and
the second taking into account the points after the reaction had finished.
Determine a value for the maximum temperature change, Tm, at t = 4.0 min using the graph.
Tm = ……………………………..C
[2]
(c) (i) Using the graph in (a)(ii), determine the change in temperature due to the dissolution of
potassium iodide in FA 6.
TKI = ………………………C
[1]
(ii) Using your results in (b) and (c)(i), determine the change in temperature due to the
dissolution of lithium chloride in FA 6.
TLiCl= ………………………C
[1]
(iii) Hence, show clearly how the T per gram of LiCl dissolved in water can be determined.
52.0
50.0
48.0
46.0
44.0
42.0
T / C 40.0
38.0
36.0
34.0
32.0
30.0
28.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 t / min
Fig 2.2
(d) Planning
When solid hydrated barium chloride, BaCl2.xH2O, dissolves in water, Ba2+(aq) and Cl–(aq)
ions are formed.
The concentration of dissolved chloride ions in a solution can be determined by titration with
aqueous silver nitrate of known concentration.
Potassium chromate(VI), K2CrO4(aq), can be used as the indicator for the reaction. At the
end–point of the titration, it forms a red precipitate in the presence of excess silver ions.
The solubilities, in mol dm–3, of the various ionic solids at 20 C are given in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2
anion
cation Cl– CrO42– SO42–
Ag+ 1.32 x 10–5 6.63 x 10–5 0.940
Ba2+ 1.72 1.10 x 10–5 1.05 x 10–5
Sulfuric acid must be added to the solution to prevent the Ba 2+(aq) ions from interfering with
the action of the potassium chromate(VI) indicator.
(i) How would Ba2+(aq) ions interfere with the action of this indicator?
…………………………………………………………………………………………….………
……………………………………………………………………………………………...… [1]
(ii) How does the addition of sulfuric acid prevent Ba 2+(aq) ions from interfering with the
action of this indicator?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
……………………………………………………………………………………………...… [1]
(iii) In an initial rough titration, excess silver nitrate solution is added so that the end–point
is exceeded.
Draw a sketch graph to show how the mass of silver chloride varies with the volume of
silver nitrate added.
mass of AgCl
0
volume of AgNO3
[1]
You are provided with the apparatus normally used in a school laboratory and the following
materials:
(iv) Describe how you would prepare a solution of barium chloride that is suitable for use in
your titration. You should give details of any apparatus used.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………...… [2]
(v) A known volume of the barium chloride solution you have prepared in (d)(iv) is
transferred to a conical flask.
In what order should the other three solutions then be added to the flask?
first….……………………………………………………………………………………….……
second……………………………………………………………………………………………
third………………………………………………………………………………………….……
[1]
[Total: 18]
3 (a) Carry out the following tests on FA 7 which contains two cations and one anion from the
following list: NH4+, Mg2+, Al3+, Ca2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, CO32–, NO3–, NO2–,
SO32–, SO42–, Cl–, Br –, I–.
Unless otherwise stated, the volumes given below are approximate and should be estimated
rather than measured. Test and identify any gases evolved.
Table 3.1
test observations
1. Add 1 cm depth of FA 7 to a
test–tube.
2. Add 1 cm depth of FA 7 to a
test–tube.
[3]
Summary
Identify the ions present in FA 7. Use evidence from your observations in Table 3.1 to support
your deductions on the identification of the cations in FA 7.
evidence ……………………………………………………………………………………...………..
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) Perform the tests described in Table 3.2, and record your observations in the table.
Test and identify any gases evolved. If there is no observable change, write no
observable change.
Table 3.2
test observations
1. Add 1 cm depth of FA 8 to a
test–tube.
Leave it to stand.
2. Add 1 cm depth of FA 8 to a
test–tube.
3. Add 1 cm depth of FA 8 to a
test–tube.
[2]
(ii) Explain your observation(s), in test 2 in Table 3.2, in terms of the chemistry involved.
…………………………………………………………...………………………………………
…………………………………………………………...………………………………………
………………………………………………………...…………………………………….. [2]
Table 3.3
electrode reaction Eo / V
Fe3+ + e– ⇌ Fe2+ +0.77
[Fe(CN)6]3– + e– ⇌ [Fe(CN)6]4– +0.36
I2 + 2e– ⇌ 2I– +0.54
(iii) Explain the observation(s), in test 3 in Table 3.2, in terms of the chemistry involved.
…………………………………………………………...………………………………………
…………………………………………………………...………………………………………
………………………………………………………...…………………………………….. [2]
(iv) Consider your observation(s) when aqueous potassium iodide was added to FeCl3
solution in test 3 in Table 3.2. No such colour change was observed when aqueous
potassium iodide was added to a solution containing [Fe(CN)6]3– ions.
Use data from Table 3.3 to explain the observations and comment on the difference in
observations in terms of the stability of the [Fe(CN)6]3– ion and the iron–containing
complex ion in FeCl3.
…………………………………………………………...………………………………………
…………………………………………………………...………………………………………
…………………………………………………………...………………………………………
…………………………………………………………...………………………………………
………………………………………………………...…………………………………….. [2]
(v) State what you would expect to observe when an equal volume of hexane is added to
the mixture you have obtained in test 3 in Table 3.2.
…………………………………………………………...………………………………………
………………………………………………………...…………………………………..… [1]
[Total: 14]
reaction with
cation
NaOH(aq) NH3(aq)
aluminium, white ppt. white ppt.
Al3+(aq) soluble in excess insoluble in excess
ammonium,
ammonia produced on heating –
NH4+(aq)
barium,
no ppt. (if reagents are pure) no ppt.
Ba2+(aq)
calcium,
white ppt. with high [Ca2+(aq)] no ppt.
Ca2+(aq)
grey–green ppt.
chromium(III), grey–green ppt.
soluble in excess
Cr3+(aq) insoluble in excess
giving dark green solution
blue ppt.
copper(II), pale blue ppt.
soluble in excess
Cu2+(aq) insoluble in excess
giving dark blue solution
green ppt. turning brown on contact green ppt. turning brown on contact
iron(II),
with air with air
Fe2+(aq)
insoluble in excess insoluble in excess
iron(III), red–brown ppt. red–brown ppt.
Fe3+(aq) insoluble in excess insoluble in excess
magnesium, white ppt. white ppt.
Mg2+(aq) insoluble in excess insoluble in excess
off–white ppt. rapidly turning brown off–white ppt. rapidly turning brown
manganese(II),
on contact with air on contact with air
Mn2+(aq)
insoluble in excess insoluble in excess
zinc, white ppt. white ppt.
Zn2+(aq) soluble in excess soluble in excess
ion reaction
carbonate,
CO2 liberated by dilute acids
CO32–
chloride,
gives white ppt. with Ag+(aq) (soluble in NH3(aq))
Cl–(aq)
bromide,
gives pale cream ppt. with Ag+(aq) (partially soluble in NH3(aq))
Br–(aq)
iodide,
gives yellow ppt. with Ag+(aq) (insoluble in NH3(aq))
I–(aq)
nitrate,
NH3 liberated on heating with OH–(aq) and Al foil
NO3–(aq)
NH3 liberated on heating with OH–(aq) and Al foil
nitrite,
NO liberated by dilute acids
NO2–(aq)
(colourless NO (pale) brown NO2 in air)
sulfate,
gives white ppt. with Ba2+(aq) (insoluble in excess dilute strong acids)
SO42–(aq)
sulfite, SO2 liberated on warming with dilute acids;
SO32–(aq) gives white ppt. with Ba2+(aq) (soluble in dilute strong acids)