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HYDROGEOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT
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TOPIC: IMPORTANCE OF GROUND
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GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT IN
CITY PLANNING.

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NAME: JAYAJITH.V.K
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ROLL NUMBER: R232221021

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SAP ID: 500096970

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People have gathered at the edge of the water throughout history for the most basic of reasons:
without water, there is no life. Because rivers and lakes determined where people would gather
and dwell, every major city in the world has a body of water or aquifer nearby. Groundwater
accounts for approximately 98 percent of the freshwater resources on our planet (excepting that
captured in the polar ice caps). As a result, it is fundamental to human life and all economic
activity. Groundwater resources in and around developing-world urban centres are particularly
important as a source of relatively low-cost and generally high-quality municipal and domestic
water supply. Simultaneously, the subsurface has come to serve as a receptor for much urban and
industrial wastewater, as well as for solid waste disposal. Excessive exploitation and/or
inadequate pollution control are causing serious or emerging degradations in the quality and
quantity of groundwater. The scale and degree of degradation vary significantly depending on
the susceptibility of local aquifers to exploitation-related deterioration and their vulnerability to
pollution. The complex links that exist between groundwater supplies, urban land use, and
effluent disposal must be recognised and addressed in management strategies. Groundwater
tables have become a hot topic in recent years as water supplies beneath urban areas have
dwindled and deteriorated, threatening the millions of people who live above. When conditions
are favourable, aquifers are replenished on a regular basis by infiltrating rainfall and runoff,
albeit with a significant time lag. However, when the ground above is overbuilt, those favourable
conditions are drastically altered.
 Groundwater management models typically consider a single aquifer serving a specific
group of consumers; however, in real-world situations, a groundwater utility or other resource
manager must typically decide how to manage multiple aquifers at the same time. Even in the
absence of direct physical links between the aquifers under consideration, managing the
resources independently can result in large potential welfare gains being missed. Joint
optimization, for example, may require zero extraction from one or more resources over time,
whereas independent optimization requires monotonic drawdown of each aquifer. The integrated
model's welfare may be much higher because gains from recharge and lower extraction costs are
captured by allowing one of the resources to replenish before the steady state. And the uneven
use of ground water create many problems as follows:

• Subsidence: Subsidence occurs when an excessive amount of water is pumped from

underground, deflating the space beneath the surface and causing the ground to collapse.
The end result may resemble craters on plots of land. This happens because the hydraulic
pressure of groundwater in the pore spaces of the aquifer and aquitard supports some of
the weight of the overlying sediments in its natural equilibrium state. When groundwater
is removed from aquifers through excessive pumping, pore pressures in the aquifer drop,
and the aquifer may compress.

• Groundwater becoming saline due to evaporation: If the surface water source

is also subject to substantial evaporation, a groundwater source may become saline. This
situation can occur naturally under endorheic bodies of water, or artificially
under irrigated farmland. In coastal areas, human use of a groundwater source may cause
the direction of seepage to ocean to reverse which can also cause soil salinization.

• Seawater intrusion: Aquifers near the coast have a freshwater lens near the surface
and denser seawater beneath the freshwater. Seawater, which is denser than freshwater,
penetrates the aquifer by diffusing in from the ocean. The flow or presence of seawater
into coastal aquifers is referred to as saltwater intrusion. It is a natural phenomenon, but it
can be caused or exacerbated by anthropogenic factors such as sea level rise caused by
climate change. Seawater intrusion forms a saline wedge below a transition zone to fresh
groundwater in homogeneous aquifers, flowing seaward on the top.

• Pollution: When pollutants are released into the ground and make their way into
groundwater, this is referred to as groundwater pollution. Water pollution of this type can
also occur naturally as a result of the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent,
contaminant, or impurity in groundwater, in which case it is more likely referred to as
contamination rather than pollution. Groundwater pollution can occur as a result of on-
site sanitation systems, landfill leachate, effluent from wastewater treatment plants,
leaking sewers, petrol filling stations, hydraulic fracturing (fracking), or excessive
fertiliser application in agriculture.
Processes for groundwater governance enable groundwater management, planning, and policy
implementation. It occurs at a variety of scales and geographical levels, including regional and
transboundary scales. Groundwater management is action-oriented, with a focus on day-to-day
operations and practical implementation activities. Because groundwater is frequently perceived
as a private resource (that is, closely linked to land ownership and treated as such in some
jurisdictions), regulation and top-down governance and management are difficult. In light of the
common-good aspects of groundwater, governments must fully assume their role as resource
custodians. Domestic laws and regulations govern access to groundwater as well as human
activities that affect groundwater quality. Legal frameworks must also protect discharge and
recharge zones, as well as the area around water supply wells, as well as sustainable yield norms
and abstraction controls, as well as conjunctive use regulations. Groundwater is regulated
alongside surface water, including rivers, in some jurisdictions.

REFERANCE
• "Non-renewable groundwater resources: a guidebook on socially-sustainable
management for water-policy makers
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater
• https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10668-023-03053-y?
• https://www.gwp.org/en/learn/iwrm-toolbox/Management-
Instruments/Planning_for_IWRM/Groundwater_management_plans