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Chapter 2 - Structural Steel Systems and Building Codes

1. The document discusses common structural steel systems like trusses and frames that are used in buildings. Trusses have top and bottom chords connected by web members, while frames resist loads through moment frames or braced frames. 2. It also outlines the basic elements of structural steel design like members, connections, and introduces design methods like Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) and Allowable Strength Design (ASD). 3. The document concludes by listing the typical load combinations used in the LRFD and ASD design methods, including loads from dead, live, wind, and earthquake loads.

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John Philip Nuñez
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47 views

Chapter 2 - Structural Steel Systems and Building Codes

1. The document discusses common structural steel systems like trusses and frames that are used in buildings. Trusses have top and bottom chords connected by web members, while frames resist loads through moment frames or braced frames. 2. It also outlines the basic elements of structural steel design like members, connections, and introduces design methods like Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) and Allowable Strength Design (ASD). 3. The document concludes by listing the typical load combinations used in the LRFD and ASD design methods, including loads from dead, live, wind, and earthquake loads.

Uploaded by

John Philip Nuñez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2 – Structural Steel Systems and Building Codes

Learning Outcome:
1. Familiarized with the common structural systems that uses structural steel as construction
material.
2. Familiarized with the various elements of a structural steel system.
Discussion:
I. Types of Structural Systems in Steel Buildings
a. Trusses
- The typical truss profile consists of top and bottom chord members. The vertical and
diagonal members are called web members. While the top and bottom chords are
usually continuous members, the web members are connected to the top and bottom
chords using bolted or welded connections.
- Example of steel truss system are roof framing system, steel bridge, etc.
b. Frames
- Frames are structural steel systems used to resist lateral wind or seismic loads in
buildings. The two main types of building frames are moment-resisting frames and
braced frames.
 Moment-Resisting Frames: Moment-resisting frames resist lateral loads through
the bending of the beams/girders and the columns. The connections between the
beams/girders and the columns are designed and detailed as shown in the figure
below to resist moments due to gravity and lateral loads. Note that moment-
resisting frames are more laterally flexible than braced frames or shear walls.
 Braced Frames: Braced frames resist lateral loads through axial compression
and/or tension in the diagonal members. Examples include X-braced frames,
diagonal braced frames, Chevron- or inverted-V braced frames, and knee-braced
frames. These frames are usually more rigid than a typical moment frame and
exhibit smaller lateral deflections.

II. Basic Structural Steel Elements


III. Introduction to Design Methods
- The intent of structural design is to select structural systems, member sizes, and
connections whose strength or capacity is greater than or equal to the effect of the
applied loads (the demand), and whose vertical and lateral deflections, floor vibrations,
and lateral accelerations are within the allowable limits.
- There are two main methods prescribed in the AISC Specification for the design of steel
structures: Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method and Allowable Strength
Design (ASD) method.
 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Method
- The LRFD method is a reliability or probabilistic-based limit state design
approach that takes into account the uncertainties or statistical variations in
the strength of a structural member and the loads acting on the member, and
the type of failure (e.g., ductile versus brittle failure) using different load and
resistance or strength reduction factors.
- In the LRFD method, the safety margin is realized by using load factors (that
are usually greater than 1.0) and resistance or strength reduction factors
(usually less than 1.0).
- As previously stated, the LRFD method uses a limit states design method; a
limit state is the point at which a structure or structural member reaches its
limit of usefulness. The basic LRFD limit state design equation requires that
the design strength, φRn, be greater than or equal to the sum of the factored
loads or load effects (i.e., the demand). Mathematically, this can be written as
∅𝑅 ≥ 𝑄
where
Rn = Theoretical or nominal strength or resistance of the member
determined using the AISC specifications,
Qu = Required strength or sum of the factored loads or load effects (or
the demand) using the LRFD load combinations = Σ Q iγi (e.g., for a
structural member subjected to a floor dead load of D and a floor live
load, L, Qu = 1.2D + 1.6L)
Qi = Service load or load effect,
γi = Load factor (usually greater than 1.0), and
φ = Resistance or strength reduction factor (usually less than 1.0).
 Allowable Strength Design (ASD) Method
- The ASD method is a deterministic design approach that accounts for
uncertainties in the loads and strength, and the type of failure using only one
uniform empirical factor of safety. The factor of safety in the ASD method
does not account for the different statistical variabilities of the different
loadings acting on the structural member.
- In the ASD method, the safety margin for a structural member is realized by
reducing the nominal resistance by a single factor of safety which is
independent of the type of applied loads, but dependent on the mode of
failure of the structural member.
- In the ASD method, a member is selected so that the allowable strength is
greater than or equal to the applied service load or load effect, or the
required strength, Ra. The allowable strength is the nominal or theoretical
strength divided by a safety factor that is only dependent on the limit state
being considered; that is,
𝑅
Ω≥𝑅
where
Rn/Ω = Allowable strength,
Ra = Required allowable strength, or applied service load or load
effect determined using the ASD load combinations, and
Ω = Safety factor
IV. Load Factors and Load Combinations
a. LRFD Load Combinations
The basic load combinations for LRFD (excluding fluid loads F and self-restraining force T,
which will be zero for most building structures) are as follows:
1. 1.4D
2. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or R)
3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W)
4. 1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5 (Lr or R)
5. 0.9D + 1.0W (D always counteracts or opposes W in this load combination)
6. 1.2D + Ev + Eh + f1L
7. (0.9D − Ev) + Eh (D always counteracts or opposes Ev in this load combination)

b. ASD Load Combinations


1. D
2. D + L
3. D + (Lr or S or R)
4. D + 0.75L + 0.75 (Lr or R)
5. D + (0.6W)
6. D + 0.75(0.6W) + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or R)
7. 0.6D + 0.6W (D always counteracts or opposes W in this load combination)
8. D + (0.7Ev) + (0.7Eh)
9. D + (0.525Ev) + (0.525Eh) + 0.75L
10. (0.6D − 0.7Ev) + (0.7Eh) (D always counteracts or opposes Ev in this load
combination)
Where,
f1 = 1 for areas of public assembly with live loads that exceed 4.8 kPa, and parking
garages.
= 0.5 for all other live loads
Eh = ρQE = horizontal component of the earthquake
Ev = 0.2 SDSD = vertical component of the earthquake (affects mostly columns and
foundations)
QE = Horizontal earthquake load effect due to the base shear, V (i.e., forces, reactions,
moments, and shears caused by the horizontal seismic force)
SDS = Design spectral response acceleration at short period
ρ = Redundancy factor

References:
Aghayere, Abi & Vigil, Jason (2020). Structural Steel Design 3rd edition. Mercury Learning and
Information LLC.

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