wih Degnition Ontherwr mal Base + An cnttona teratoma Jung dno “ektbent 4pm ab dad & be onironarmat basis fon H 4 aoe cm pe ee 13 His mosimal tn tra ame trot 4 fn} Jn some entronormmal oub aot & g H Reeeok 5 lar Ho be Hilbert epoca and H = fob sa: Cee does not comtatn onthononmal cots - ~ dae me be a a ole ra me 4 @ onthonenmal st an H - Chim *< 1H contains an onthononmal bari . tre) T-P: Brey ontionommal set in H an be extrded t a ontionormal bais fon H . (Lat S dnote te sot q all ontmonormal act in H | containing, rd ena a | partial onden on S- Gveny totally ondaned Gt S Aan an Utppan bond S 5 namek, tinion of mombent By zorn'e Lrama 2 . Lit, *. > Fore ty ei a raLemma: 22-6 i) ae SS ts Jiu, % be an onthononmal seb 4m an dnnan | preclitee apace 778 orl pol ea eit | a fe 1x, te > #0 G J then E is | “A @ countable set , (say) a eae ' : oe eee a; Cortes YO | (= ds a mA claraimerable, than Ca tnd 3.0 an > fan, { X 2 a Hilbert space then ets Oe hy Oe [|S Gry) & omnogmal te uy | be Cred (= 30) =e | (> Cont lta ae Peek: | tot fu,% be en ertencmensire stig en Seer product apace X and EX. bets Denes poe <4, Ue > #05 | Goes Ey ® 4 countable seb - 5 x20, tars | © Boal bet Oe | ogine , oa f ve? lal £4 [meer |J | osm Auppae chawarls Uy, 7 Opa oe ee | é me telleae |e. lee tat Ej contzins diiatinet ab neti My Scanned with CamScannerfor =), Hod” gi femve, >] fer nee, | | $7 omer. 9 ete =e ge - , a 4 sj [en Oe >| | Acting above | 4 | | 2 2m, 2 [> 6 ecu lion {inte eae peian Pree feo |iHenee , ae o< m™. |] 2 ee) cal Ss 2 [57 ous a By Bowel “s tnequatcty S Jexunr}~ 2 payee | 3) 2 Bene [pea l<~ Cee f=? |= Jase : i Oring @® oO, | a : Ee) jo- 9 <. me loc] = lcm, Bek 7 oye aon mz on & do Un > mS Tine, Ee. conbeins | irae > cbmants . in ta unin gf all Bio 3 Aime asi: | Tras, ppeviey » slatensy Scanned with CamScanner a ee ee ee ee a” ee Oe ee oe ee a ee oe ee i ee “geChain Cate See BoE, ib clenumenalle , Mien 2 Eye ff MUa,... 3 By Bewel « An equalchy . = |< ioi a ees eae Re S11 ca,unsf* < 0 = Cccuien a cues Thus ) Proving , Clim: a. *- () <2 EG) Ceza = So. Cees converges in ee a 2a few 53 at Use tor XX bel a icieeee eee By . Reon 0 Yee aeitibone opaa dnd ios Then Ba | = Converge, in Ox ek casket | Ease I, ands un cowenges in X , (aay) te y. = 9 2 Go en towenga fp y € X rs Scanned with CamScannerCommdan <4 4ed = = <4 Uns Un, KD iS = ES <7u ve > ee = <4) ose i Cae "6 Sera fon cack x. | The | > proving , claim: 3 - | we Menee Lemme provcol ‘ | fn% be an ontonenmal set in a Hilbert |space + Then the gollouring conditions ane eqpivalent, cid fn 3 ia An onthononmmal bare $n pa |i C Fourien expamion )) For cack BAEH , we oe =< meen Un , wham, Us, Uz,--- we an enumenotion + ——— oe C. Panevat fererala ) Fan seers POEu. | we awe tl a | f 4a? <7, Gg ee 1 Scanned with Camecanne: am ao a a a@ a a2 aia ft en a Sle le ee eee anne memee@ewaecgcaue aTe j a civ) Span F v6 4 in cane in H , ainee &, ~ He the Clomes Fs Fens CV) ty me Cie ead. eee Vin then meo- [Bess ee Ge ae tet Fux be 97 ontionowmal basis gor H > fue 3.2% 2 mesial on one aa mee ae Gi, U2,--- be En enimenabin Jat xEH and % feet Suu d>¢oG5- SS Sere cee Tee One = lat us prove thin by fnetiod Ff contrcdichion . By lemma: 22-b, "seu, Un eth ee ee cree 2 (a-g)> L te lat , Ye oe : m-y oping , PR eee) cs leit Then , deny =! Atso, Cx-y) Lo > i ee me onhonormal > {M5 Co fu ds a Largan ak an CA Scanned with CamScannerBet UY oP erteetey Sie OS ock a8) tener e Gs x ae eee ecoy 2 2 airy. ig Stern) ae Bee o Ch) lk 5 Se eee ll | = oe SPS Serene 7 or <= [| Cir) ue iP 4 Cit) => Gis Aasume , Cir) chad eee ap > =| a S <7 ene A ze phoning CH)» .. 0) AT |, Scanned with CamScanner) B } i + & + ¥ ee 7p GH) => ch QA Aroume er every x eH, oon fw S$ Unda, oRere, be CHS Cera, 4, Tn SHS Bog, ve ZS Uva = Te prove + COR aia be KEN > SUES oF fon all x. TP: pelo eMNGR oc ens Ee Spon £o,12 | roy Sines > ka, > Song D> IeI* =o 2) Nat > + 2 SO 2 prorainn ts) Hence , Gv) => Cvy Te_pmve: wv) 3 Gy, ber mEH ond SH, UK > =0 2 fr ol a, fan neo We will prove by Ht metnod 4 Contiodiichion . lot ¢€ Aiea be on onleononmal ack an H containing Scanned with CamScannery (12H foo a countable ontionoreal eas Gi). “Ty aa Lineorb Torneo " ———————E—E———————— oy. — \ BS onayrcae oy fm ot x tran S 4 US wee C by OUKogon aby 4 > yo De - ASO © (Gig eyecare ra uw ~ gt aera F ontrononmal +et- E& + Weal: enue This Be lle = bg Bs eae * jadiction fa Thus . [93 2 sense oe SH - ches Tus 3 an vontiononmal bard Pe Proving “Gib sail MS ev) as | Mere proved . Tomn s a ‘ for Hy be a.cnons eae Flees following condition ant euivalant —_—.., £ -£ 2 = ee eS 2 eR mo had & & aeé& & ao & Oo eae ea eaeleleklcmealUc ll alUe eS CGos) Nese th > Gy ® lat HH Pow a comtoble entionorim ail bee . Che) bok fur, ua,.-. % ep bonis fer Cota Ln terre een Pon 6, Bob Fin = bay = (mus, Sm ua> s+) Fe fury ua, Ba a BA a faite Aut owing mn ob tren OF 0 histor imap Pet ee ae { vu, 9a nage a Bessch'» — snequolity , = | = kn fen each 9 and 3 lel = lal < oH xX & @ Hilbert pace ou = |b) 2 2 ten S kn Un cenvengeo in ee Fae Aungective Hens, dy a Gos Scanned with CamScannerGi) => Civ) some” Dineanks eometiic © IFaak-§ n O71 as oe cae I” ds Aepanable « Fo & Binanbs nematic , 27 4 cto Atpanabla = His Agonab - 2. GY =D Citi) . z = Paes Gime tet = ne aqarae fee) Fos & countable ontiononmal bas je 2 oe " Za,--. 3) cee Bn | bee 2 be Hue fet hon ~ Zeno element among 5 + bn, de eee |. a which dow not as 3 a, Free 22 |e Y pan exes, Gy, Re inductive, dalined get Px, 2 ° ls i CRG. cca Also , 2 26 | fpr fa, 3s Span Wiens 2 | By Mt Ginam —) Shc OFonormalizaton, | we an final an onihonenmal sot ie ")Ua,. | Scanned with CamScanner 4' ® span Jantar 4 = Span $m otay-— 4 => span fun, wane § Sewell ee : Ths 22-7 (iv), Countable onthenommel > Puc Usie Geos H beavis en ee any b> Gy Hen proved * neximocion and _ ephimization . tre subbec® ce emacmcae da sad to be an Best approximation, eamank yee From & sf WS UTI ae ie ceed Uxeyl = dat Geek Such a clement oy in abo enown as an seution tna follouring ¢ Ux-z ll, subject See: krcum as optimal ernon. eprimal Manin ze a) be FCX od approximation fiom & to x 4h ard is convex than + avnest 6b) wt ECK ont but opproximetion quem E fe any “EX- c-) Het F be the +ubspae 4 and x6 X Hen yer 4 a bat approximation $m Fee 4, s-g LF eneleidy en ceaee dist (4B) B Sma BY >* ni Scanned with CamScanner iBree Te EE ow: Amum. tat xeEk- oe Tran cheorly , X tb a book appreninhion aol fem &. Converuels S let YE E be a best sppnoximction Y™ |, ee > Seaeeme= Cre In-o = 2 GE a Na-gjj =e > x-y 20 > a my | 2 nee. proving ca) | Te prove cb) = at & Sx ee fr yy and y, be ta best Bppnonimation hom i Gonvex subset Bg Kee xe x-- We knew by ponctlelegram Laue | aie foie ener ee Ix— I>. OTS ODA rage ye cs fave, be conven . Mi 21 >%- Gi) + 2M a- sal” = I Rowe yay a -y, Tero. i | aile- gi" 2l4-9.y = Hf anny, og Pp, Was s,y~ | | a ‘J 2 Wye Yell = lle-adl elas = Nang, ~ gay — Scanned with CamScannereee & & 6444 e€? WOU UCCCE uO 999999 %dd045 bar, de an (rn, ©) Wa- gt so Ae Im- gs fl Aloo , ain C #8) EE, wt have, Nee (See Seles Ce E & conver 5 OD NY sail eel erm eee ei 0 Sor eon > 2 NS oN ee > ga) = os > Ya =9) ames > Sam Saree TAs shews tnat. thane atmest one best “ppnoximakion from, Smee es a | To prove: ce-> ) | 2 6 & Fe 2S (Gch @rickn , 2466 Fin a subspace es > - C9220) enema zs (m-@) LF > CR TAREE ACG Kia) Arr tgong Pythagoras theorem to Jom-wr, (y-29 | we howe, Im 21) 2) erga Ine aye Vn swe fiy- 2 Scanned with CamScanneran ¢ | = Wm-gii> = fap ay . > New=gi) = Hees) ecm « DS Yer in a beat epenoximaton $17 pe: ‘ Boverseby : : i“ 4 BE 9€F be 4 but apencximatin from Fe ‘ (x5 3a z 26 F esaeee et een ‘ = 4 08 enn : aS A . yam Noon = sree Ua-yy* « gon een = 4 xg, = >=) | | 2 ° tigacy) i 28> eee ee | S (Sx Se Foes A | = YES ¢oterS S * oS See ene) a < Ue = Wa eile i + Sx- eae 2 See Pe 2 Im- oI” €or I<™-s, 25 42, [cena = > om > > [ <~-u. 2>] = @ > Cx-y, ed =0 > (x 9) US a Bs > Crib? Loe @@46@ @g€@€@eeaeagadadgaeadadea@&aggGgaiahaganasaaaa a Scanned with CamScanneroe ee < Ge ome) [o> Comir2J” ove | [ace Co Fo ™ ES 2s Gye BY OLE 7. t \ 1 22-1(0) Shows Mot 4 not clarcell | theca oem no best approximation from ~“9) @) m: 221 Mens a@nnot be aanat dye ne mee = m-yll™: = anu, 4 > I eR ee y ies x-g >) . “ Merce Prod E& ~~: shows, Gat if EB & conver nex: Lilbert space and Lek gun bc taaleat a OS and ot olerote the clone @iietpen © let fui, ur,---- VV FREFRERrF= 3 um be obtained by Bunce ME) 7S pee ep aro ra foo bea Approximabione from Gram - Schmidt onthononmalization Scanned with CamScanner: t oa tee : Then yl bn unig been reece Ore my, un Un Fi, t on meqrtedl oq (Gn) 9 = F< do the unique beat appneximation by F ere Le z Ao, dat (m,P) = IP tent = a [ewsiuexf?] ' Fan yg, an BEY approxinntion FT” = Fix a cove antegen im. Tren 4 fon h 2t,2,---, m, ™ Bn = Suede Gormiclan , <*-Yn sun > = Cx, Uun> — C Ym, Und - = Sor, Gn St Ca Sm 6 > 4 lend. B - $ SGU > cu juny. By = Cn uns. =) Gece <> und. Gry - | S%- Ym, Uni> = 2 ° Ce dite uae Gian Oo normal ag 2 C%*" Ym y lin > = ©, gon Vs t,2, ¢ te sem. > CA= 5 ee [RP C%= 4m YL fey Wasson) Un 8 C%~ Ym ) lf a eee im 3. 4 2 By Gram ~ Schmiclt Orhonernmalization eS | Fin eopon Poe) eg Scanned with CamScanner‘ € , 222°? 92 d0 0.0 MUUCCECCE C8 eecéce &eeee “cee € = ¢»-y,) + Fa ii 2 Ym € Fn We know Wes 2 by Traa Cbd abmeart ee bes, one best approximation : t° to ang x Ex “ And ie from THI BB Cord x bee Si ge Fees ae xX ond » ex then 4 oppreximation a oe x “tt (ney) eee Hens , nu ee : Yeates a Yo te Gn a approximation b Fe a 4 eo unique best approximation f Pete Sine a tilbent Apack- | The Aontes n ye om Ow ieee ce C2 = np Onna Fo ee of! Aree fy Hee 3 > sere and (ae ees BY «ie 7; 23 and. Ce oe unigoe bat approxima eo fe ee scanned with camscanner |weANBIeMED:>> > 1 > Pv dIIUL CC. 7 € o9 “(one Aiiace @) a MI Preaven 28.545 Existence and Uniqueners eto Cost appricsireahin yom NOn- & emp, dosed conver ruspaca eb Hdbet Space * statement - tad € Qe a non- on pl dosed bot space 4 for zach LEX F a Uatque ica Bete pocteuslon ae neu Th vf roinimal PROOE:” = yo uniape approximation Kom ‘ Scanned with camScannerety ee j= Vs Geta sd Um Wall ae 2 |lx-Ynl? + aly Yen r= f2-Cyn+yen) IP S 342s oe eeenae (ey®) ud? -yd* Zo I lya- Yall? 20 >» >I acttellgeag eG) Ws @ auchy equa | losed in H so ueos complete ad © i = im Uomo torsiden lle -yl aim fn =lix-yll =4 Again by 4heovem 23°) @) and G@) , we Aave, from & 42 * | ee ee ee ee a ae eee ee ee ee oe ae ha hl hlUl hu hlhUe he hl lh lhrlUrhlUr lhe ee ee ee y & a Set approximation doima- 3 a Melqpe alemort of minimal vot Ets o i an Anique Mement in & of gointmal germ » (7Pving aim @) ved ; Ht Pha Scanned with CamScannerCee ce ce ee“n“e“w“nm“ <-¢ ce vou 0 ¢ ) ) o)9))? 99?) a & Ri compleen anf evens DB defi nad as sedition and Reise Revusentation *reorenns Ww m pv ics Px pet Q* orthogonal complemed id & ke a auladt ef om” inna qoroducl apace . Tha Ae othogon ak g ers [sexs LS SO) Aue xeby - ct ts a uosed sulmpace &&*. | pre ae ea Oo ( © oO Ona Aactes *he Ae then ieee @® EN ca ={0) ¥ daedire ' > entt -(Oe nd 2 ee ojeckion *- , @:- otbogonsh PE ih cate D pn | dincaveaiaal Ca ‘ 4 ote - Me slosed an othogon qurojedon sueapace eS a J yEex? yee & p(x-4¥ whore fe a a zcpy =F ® ep = F : Roe alr Scanned with CamScannertk: 2 Ve SANS Repeated @) Ww Projection Ah eorem:- \iibort 2pace ahd stokomert:- le 4 Re & Ahr F Be a «hosed aubepace 9% aH El Hs Bites f fs ik al jedior Eqpivalectly , there orthogonat {A0JhO' ee ovte F Meresven F “a prooe: Saimi= A= F* a La nh Re 0 HiDbono Rm Giiaate ale & os a dosed aulepace o& H. Te friove the asin, ies gough eS for every xEH F YER per) pik y danvte the Lat approximation ] fiom F te x } ag F= {oh Ba lf ld F € fob . - Eo wosed subspace eH => F & a Hibert apace. Thar 3 an Orthonormal Srarts (ual for OF By emma 22°67 WET" fUe2=0 For Ovary 267 we Rave z2eP nF =>(220] = a-ge0 => oes F Caince ye i) => (xeF | 2G Seer ma Faom © ad @, FoF Hence forved : De @» tenplomat_aulpace lat W fe a Hilbert 4pace Ho ; H Aa the tomplemented subspace foroparty | ih for vey Moved aubspace eceee th JZ q tloced aubspace (es F+G=H ond Fil = fo} NOTE © Prwjedion Hheorem shows Mal every Wet spore Aas, Comp} emented subspaie {repenty PROD: Thay Deg ®. Scanned with ss So aeoaeeepeeag&aeseséeseeeeé*eseeaoeeeen eae eae @4.6. &6 @: ieGe E> By Bosed aubspace pu a ‘aQled Be orthogonal complemant 0G ie loadin Linean Quniionals:- Lc x Re an inner produ at apace , over k and & Be a Linear functional on x | ~ idk & de wetinuous on Hen & > wadinpow, at =216 ond Slo) =O > y% aome $20 > (gol el whenever XEX ond alle § . ~ & dy Unar , RPe ay bins (IBS ss aoe g wrvondy i ( SGd] Se Meel Ror Age 57° | and a xex then trace) &Cud| = 1 Q¢x-y)I <2 2 db Lniformby tonitugus on X > def @- he act &' BR ald todlinuous Lacan Qudiond on % salled the dud oR Xx - temma 24:27" apace and &EX': a) Uk {Ur Mare d he a orthonormal ret in x shen, Ld x Re on Annee product M Scanned with CamScanner& UG Cuype eo WEN ) Lok {ual Qe ovthonormad seb Aa xX md EQ f the: Q(tta) yp of Wor Be Ja tountatte sel say {Uy Uo1 J. We &g \; J %® denumeradte hen (Cth) > 0 O N= % | PROOF :- 19 lain 1 & | Qlun)|* < Weir. Lat fu, eal Qe an orthonormal Adb én x bn B..4 Ho] » for iene Nrn™ = << then iene lonriden , a aT ee “CE, Be) Un) Alt) ty > = Ki Rundi, Ss nel tte 2 | 2 | % O% ovthonoy mal J “Ulyinl)* = 2 (8 (u,)|? Lak Wal) = fin (204) ——@ ssf. © oR wee be oe eh he ewe eeemlkaelcbehtlc el eee aecl el ail alc aclUcrhVlClUcrh'[lhUwSlhUvVSl le CSI ll connie ein) ee ie, (Un) Un) = LlUn) RU) - S pgtuol™ = Bm => [Rym= Be |] —® C8yO) Abe , | 2lym)l WAM lym Il = pm & VGN SEs py Oot O} = Spm = Wl = pm & IR an S| £(Un) a=) Need Way tating ™ 5 0, ure NOE = (gCua\* £ Nal : - whe Ae not Os danum enable, sroving doin \. Hence Ca) 4% gooved b) aim 2 :- Eg tm a count adste net and 2U,) Op noaeee ae Lak fu.y Re on orth onormnndactnor 7. Scanned with CamScannerUt Eg = furs O(a) 40h Bo e=° Actes Hence Ahove 1 noting de prove lst 40. ot fica] ise “Prose Ej torkarm distinct slements | Go Wan eee ON leit < j12Cusy] See eee => miele < ie ‘oe = mg > PP vere ( % 5 Fok se = miei? <4 1g ee = >|" CIgigo) 1 S (kunt 2 gl ywee — n ee ee eee aac = vw tom | ktqy|* ol Ah conv orqost ries Reds te zene 2 [atu ose , proving () Examngle SS cwodimou, Linsar fundionaly On X* a Fix Yex. Dakine. Rex\= Gyy> » XEX = Kex') , 8y Lina rity ond corkirutly, of innex product jn he 1 vort able By shwoz inequolil y : Vcr © Tell yl > eS. = ig <\yh ry TH y=0, K=O _ tel = 0 - Kyl Ty yo Han Lek at Voll= (Sou ee tea Vaal iyi Lx)= CLY> = Gu (yl) Be = 2b) Suni Vuh = Nype canned wi a(| i i | | | | = Rox) = thy Boer Jes | as uaz Reva entation Theorem LE-Resz ond M Faekot ] eid Sala Statement : - Lt Whee Hite gee ond ZEW! Hen Here tb a Anique Ye H > Lays Googe ie eats gz bh oO non-zero dlemeat e@ H > eZ (Cf) the y= £@)z orthonormal base fx BIg {ies Baap de} Adss 4k {ua Dy | On cS {Uj yUay) i then iam L(un) Un n PROOF: La H de an WQbont apace ond | feu! ain \:- £00) = -2Q) a dosed subspace ae, 450, by prejedion Heorem , H= 204)+ [2p] Hon lt yoo Scanned with CamScanner eneeenepebpoeoeeeeeseeeoe4@eeev0a2gene2e38de),8kseeeee & @we — — ho a | lvese ele s ke 0 = Cx,0> * xeq ut 44° by 20K) FA ; omid®r Q Hon= ZOO dtemot , 2€[2(4)) lat xEH Jhon Ue ZCR) tomiden Cyr ,z > oe On &(z) = BG o> onze i = Guz eee) Caje, £(2) < 1 Os Sx, zh) <2.2> &@) ee we Zh) and Ret!) SCxz>- 4D 2? Qo = zee <2i2> tomsden, cus 2 <4) S2.2> Scanned with CamScanner2 4, i FAS From @ and @),, on ee ee 1805 bixje lef £Or)= Sy> Th pewible fot § = Sys Sane Xen yeu how = Suys> me 9 ~ ¢ ci 4 al a congeC @ & & & & 6 6 C eee © az ,HU QUE ) Diddy? 4 oe {%: Rua) #04 = {uve a ere fog Semmna 24-2 @), Zl&luarl® < EM N =>\|\2 | £Cuny|>< 8) n bee HQbent apace , by Roig Fisher Theorem » Z ¥(Un) Un Conv ig es Input seg’Y - a Hence proved Requrcdier 2 & AY fen £E4 poe unique deme Ye 3 "Nae xeEx (i) &G) = os = Vell ca) yt = AS va then 4 ru a o& wae eeqrerertiation Aheovem | Mee Hilbeet Space shokemet = | a) for gen’, Bek Ys he © napourertor of 4 in Khon by TC; oe sunnfedtive conjug steF, Sineor isom doy, &) For Gard g in WY, debine , Zuo < 1g), 10H) S Then <, >) d on inner peduc on H', | ee | 08 > Hie eects ie ens a nace Hulbext apace . © Fer yet, define jy: WH’ by | Sycqy~ Cy) , Rew! thar jy we o continuous Linear fune on HW’ and the map J rom H te H! debine by Jy) = jy, GeH ib a AUrjedive Linear roma Ce) 1 ib Reflexive” (eae e_prove @s- Lat T Bio H Re given by TER) = Up where 4g 4 o rappunenter of £ tn 4. | Lot €€ 4" imi TWH thy Conjuate Linton Geri) 1449) = T+ TG) (i) WRS)- RTIQ)(i) wader for $98! (Q+9)(x) = Bex) + 40) = Guy, >t Ex, 4q> = C44) G)= Lj Ue + 4g > => YbtYg ty @ nagourcnter f& (+9) = Wats) = Ug tg = 1(4)+ 14) \T(e4g) = 14+ 19) proving (i) (i torriden Sor Ren’ ad REK (REV) = REG) = RCX/Ye> = » xe ~ By D Be remake ot REEH = 1(eg)- Be) Were T: Wow B& a conlugebe roar symmebyy , gorsuing fair | For every yer, Je 2O)~ Coys ¥ Ex Tha y= (4) ne i since Ty = Ys Scanned with CamScannerTo iyi bys NT, ~ IE “Tos an tomedbuc Nace T Aq surjective drometiic , [roving v Alaim 2 Hee Ca) porved Te _qovve ():- aint <,5' 4s an inner jooduct on 1! where '= Mele for EH Fer ag £19 €H! ya Jo hg>! = <1GQ), E> 1 festive _deitoms: comiden, CER>'= <1), 1h> = NTC Q LO Abo CR gro & ITCH =9 <=> [7(g)ll = © =& Uey=0 o 2a. 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