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Remarks
1. Sine of supplementary angles are same.
2. Cosines of supplementary angles are negative of each other.
3. sin(-θ) = -sinθ and cos(-θ) = cosθ
Compound Angles

1. sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB

2. sin(A - B) = sinA cosB - cosA sinB

3. cos(A + B) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB

4. cos(A - B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB

Multiple Angle Formulae
Remark

1. sin 2θ and cos 2θ can be expressed in terms of tanθ as

2. sin(A + B) × sin(A - B) = sin2A - sin2B

cos(A + B) × cos(A - B) = cos2A - sin2B = cos2B - sin2A
List of most commonly used formulae and expressions.
 Expressing in terms of sine only.

a sin θ + b cos θ

Expressing in terms of cosine only.

Transformation Formulae

Transformation of product into sum and difference

2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A - B)

2 cos A sin B = sin(A + B) - sin(A - B)

2 cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A - B)

2 sin A sin B = cos(A - B) - cos(A + B)

Transformation Formulae
Transformation of sum and difference into product
 Result

1. sin(a) + sin(a + d) + sin(a + 2d) +...+ sin(a + (n - 1)d)

2. cos(a) + cos(a + d) + cos(a + 2d) +...+ cos(a +(n - 1)d)

3.
Result

If A + B + C = 𝜋, then :

(a) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC

(b) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = -1 -4 cosA cosB cosC

(d) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC<<

Trigonometric Ratios and Identities
Remark
1. Consider the direction given by an angle θ.
Remark

2. If an angle θ is taken in the clockwise direction, then

we write it as “-θ ”
Negative sign indicates that its sense is clockwise.
For example,
Remark

3.
Trigonometric Ratios
Let’s define cos θ and sin θ
Consider a unit circle centered at the origin.
Draw any angle θ.

X coordinate of P is defined as cos θ.

Y coordinate of P is defined as sin θ.
Observation

1. (a) cos(2nπ) =
(b) cos((2n + 1)π) =
(c) sin(nπ) =

2. (a) cos(-θ) =
(b) sin(-θ) =
Solution

13
12
𝜃
5

X
O
If sec θ + tan θ = 3, where θ lies in the first quadrant, then find
the value of cos θ.
Solution
 Allied Angles

1. θ and nπ ± θ are called allied angles.

2. θ and are called allied angles.

sin(π − θ) = sec(8π + θ) =

sin(π + θ) = sin(360° + θ) =

cos(π − θ) = cos(5 × 180° − θ) =

tan(2π − θ) =
Remark

1. Sine of supplementary angles are same.

2. Cosines of supplementary angles are negative of each
other.
3. sin(-θ) = -sin θ and cos(-θ) = cos θ
Evaluate the following.
(a) sin 120° (b) sin 135° (c) sin 150° (d) sin 180°
(e) cos 120° (f) cos 135° (g) cos 150° (h) cos 180°
(i) sin(-30°) (j) cos(-60°)
Find the value of
cos (20°) + cos (40°) + cos(60°) + … + cos (180°)
Solution

We have
cos(20°) + cos(40°) + cos(60°) + … + cos(180°)
= cos(20°) + cos(160°) + cos(40°) + cos(140°)
+ cos(60°) + cos(120°) + cos(80°)
+ cos(100°) + cos(180°)
= cos (180°) = −1
Table of values for trigonometric functions

θ 120° 135° 150° 180°

θ in
π
radians

sin θ -1

cos θ 0

tan θ -1 0
Observation

Try to observe

1.

2.

3.
Compound Angles and Multiple
Angle Formulae
Compound Angle Formulae

1. sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

2. sin(A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B

3. cos(A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B

4. cos(A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

5.

6.

7.

8.
Special Cases

These two special cases are very important.

Prove that
Solution
A
A cos 53°

B sin 53°

C sin 37°

D sin 143°
A
A cos 53°

B sin 53°

C sin 37°

D sin 143°
Solution
Prove the following results.
(a) tan5A tan4A tanA = tan5A - tan4A - tanA
(b) tan 71° tan 64° = 1 + tan 71° + tan 64°
Prove the following results.
(a) tan5A tan4A tanA = tan5A - tan4A - tanA
Solution
Prove the following results.
(b) tan 71° tan 64° = 1 + tan 71° + tan 64°
Solution
Prove the following results. If A + B + C = π, then prove that
tan A tan B tan C = tan A + tan B + tan C.
Solution
Now, let’s consider double angle formulae
Now, let’s consider double angle formulae

1. sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ

2. cos 2θ = cos2 θ - sin2 θ

3.

Remark

We also have submultiple formulae.

Out of these three formulae cos 2θ is very important so let’s
explore it further.
cos2 θ - sin2 θ

1. cos 2θ 2 cos2 θ - 1

1 - 2sin2 θ

2. 1 + cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ and 1 - cos 2θ = 2 sin2 θ

3.
Remark

1. sin 2θ and cos 2θ can be expressed in terms of tan θ as

Remark

1. sin 2θ and cos 2θ can be expressed in terms of tan θ as

2. sin (A + B) × sin (A - B) = sin2 A - sin2 B

cos(A + B) × cos(A - B) = cos2 A - sin2 B = cos2 B - sin2 A
It is better if you remember the following as results only.

1. (cosθ + sinθ)2 = 1 + sin 2θ

6.
2.
7.
3.
8. cotθ − tanθ = 2 cot 2θ

4. 9.

5. 10.
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.

6.

7.
Evaluate the following statement.
If m tan(θ - 30°) = n tan(θ + 120°), then prove that
Solution
Solution
H.W

Evaluate the following statement

If tan(⍺ + θ) = n tan(⍺ - θ), then show that
Solution
Solution
A
A B C D

Recall
sin (A + B) × sin (A - B) = sin2 A - sin2 B
cos(A + B) × cos(A - B) = cos2 A - sin2 B = cos2 B - sin2 A
A B C D
Solution
Prove that
Solution
If 2 tan ⍺ = 3 tan β, then show that

Recall
Solution
Solution
Result
Answer the following questions.

(a)

(b) Evaluate
Answer the following questions.

(a)
Solution
Answer the following questions.
(b) Evaluate
Solution
Triple Angle Formulae
Solution
Solution
Now, a sin θ + b cos θ is a very important expression in
trigonometry.
Let’s study it.
Observation
Expressing in terms of sine only.

Expressing in terms of cosine only.

Maximum and Minimum Values of
Trigonometric Expressions

Result
Find the maximum and minimum values of the following.
(a) 6 sin 2θ + 8 cos 2θ + 3 (b) |8 cos θ - 15 sin θ| + 6
(c) (3 sin θ + 4 cos θ + 1)2 + 2
(d) cos2θ - 6 sin θ cos θ + 3 sin2θ + 2
Find the maximum and minimum values of the following.
(a) 6 sin 2θ + 8 cos 2θ + 3
Solution
Find the maximum and minimum values of the following.
(b) |8 cos θ - 15 sin θ| + 6
Solution
Find the maximum and minimum values of the following.
(c) (3 sin θ + 4 cos θ + 1)2 + 2
Solution
Find the maximum and minimum values of the following.
(d) cos2θ - 6 sin θ cos θ + 3 sin2θ + 2
Solution
Transformation Formulae
Transformation of sum and difference into product
If cos A + cos sin A + sin then prove that
Solution
If sin θ = n sin(θ + 2⍺), then tan (θ + ⍺) =________.

A
A

D
If sin θ = n sin(θ + 2⍺), then tan (θ + ⍺) =________.

A
A

D
Solution
Transformation Formulae
Transformation of product into sum and difference
Solution
Solution Alternate Solution
 Two trigonometric Series
1.

2.
Solution
 Conditional Identities
There are some identities which hold true only under some conditions.
Result
If A + B + C = π, then
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