Introduction:

printing is another part of wet processing technology. Printing is carried out after pre treatment of fabric or after dyeing
of the fabric. Printing is carried out for producing attractive designs on fabric or other materials. The printing is described
as localized dyeing, dyes or pigment are applied locally or discontinuously to produce the various designs. Printing is
the production of all active designs with well defined boundaries made by the artistic arrangement of a motif is one or
more colors. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It
is often carried out as a large scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing.
Screen printing is a printing technique that uses a woven mesh to support an ink-blocking stencil. The attached stencil
forms open areas of mesh that transfer ink as a sharp-edged image onto a substrate. A roller or squeegee is moved
across the screen stencil, forcing or pumping ink past the threads of the woven mesh in the open areas. Screen printing
is also a stencil method of print making in which a design is imposed on a screen of silk or other fine mesh, with blank
areas coated with an impermeable substance, and ink is forced through the mesh onto the printing surface. The main
objective of printing are the production of attractive designs well defined boundaries made the artistic arrangement of
a motif or motifs in one or more colours. printed fabrics are well protected from friction and washing if dyes or pigments
are applied properly on fiber. A strong bonding is formed between dyes and fiber.

Difference between dyeing and printing:

Dyeing and printing are the two major wet processing techniques for colouration of fabric. In the dyeing process; only
one colour is produced but in the printing process; various types of coulured design are producedon the fabric surface.
Dyeing is done on grey fabric but printing could be done on both pretreated fabricand coloured fabric.
DYEING:
Dyeing is the process of applying color in any one of a variety of methods and techniques using any one or more of
the different dyes and dyestuff. Color application by dyeing involves the impregnation of color into fiber, yarn, fabric
or product by machine or hand.
PRINTING:
Printing is one kind of dyeing. When different types of color used to make a particular design on the textile goods is
called printing. Normally printing is performed on the textile goods in dry condition.
DIFFERENCE OR COMPARISON BETWEEN DYEING AND PRINTING:

There are different types of distinguish between dyeing and printing. They are in below:

Sl.No. Dyeing Printing

1 The process by which a textile product is changed To produce different designs on the fabric with motif
physically or chemically so that it looks mono in one or more colors one kind of localized dyeing
uniform colored is called dyeing. that is pigments or a dye are applied locally or
discontinuously is known as Printing.
2 In dyeing process, dyed in one color uniformly all In printing process, color is applied in one side
over the fabric. according to the design only.
3 It is performed on fabric, yarn in wet condition. It is performed on fabric in dry condition.
4 Half bleaching is enough for fabric preparation. Full-bleaching with optical whitener is essential.
5 Dyeing process used for fiber, yarn and fabric. Printing process used for only fabric.
6 Color is applied in form of solution. Color is applied in form of thick paste.
7 For dyeing there is no design. For printing there is a specific design.
8 Dyes are applied in both side of fabric. Dyes are applied in single side of fabric.
9 For this process only one color is generally used. One or more colors are used in printing process.
10 In dyeing process, color penetrates through the Color is applied only on the surface.
fabric.
 11 A particular temperature is maintained in dyeing There is no particular temperature controlling
process. system in printing.
12 Thickener is not used. Thickener must be used.
13 The density of dye solution is low. The density of dye solution is high.
14 Generally after dyeing, steaming, and curing are After printing, steaming and curing is must for fixing
not required. the dye molecules to the goods.
15 Dyed fabric is respectively soft in feeling. Printed fabric is respectively harsh in feeling.
16 Comparatively low cost from printing. Comparatively high cost from dyeing.
17 There is no localized application. There is localized application.
18 Lot of water is required. Less amount of water is used.
19 Huge time required for dye application. Less time required for printing process.
20 Liquor ratio is high. Liquor ratio is less.

Printing Processes:

There are five main methods of printing a fabric, these being the
block, roller, screen, heat transfer and ink-jet methods. The heat
transfer method differs from the others in that it involves the transfer
of color from the design printed on paper through the vapour phase
into the fibres of the fabric. With the other methods the dye or
pigment is applied to the fabric surface through a print paste
medium. The ink jet printing process however is a comparatively
recent innovation and is referred to as a 'non-impact' method,
because the print paste is fired on to the textile from a jet which is
not actually in contact with the fabric. Textile printing involves the
production of a predetermined coloured pattern on a fabric, usually
with a definite repeat. It can be described as a localised form of
dyeing, applying colorant to selected areas of the fabric to build up
the design. Textile Printing, like Textile dyeing, is a process for
applying color to a substrate. However, instead of coloring the whole substrate (cloth, carpet or yarn) as in dyeing, print
color is applied only to defined areas to obtain the desired pattern. This involves different techniques and different
machinery with respect to dyeing, but the physical and chemical processes that take place between the dye and the
fiber are analogous to dyeing.

Steps in Textile Printing:

• At first, fabrics should be pre treated before printing.

• Printing paste must be prepared by using printing ingredients; printing performance depends on a well printing
paste.
• Then making an impression of the print paste on the fabric by using any of the printing methods which is
required.
• After that drying is carried out on fabric.
• Steaming is carried out on fabric for fixing the printing paste on the fabric.
• At last, printing fabrics are neutralized by the after treatment process.

A Typical Printing Process Involves the Following Steps:

Color paste preparation:

When printing textiles, the dye or pigment is not in an aqueous liquor, instead, it is usually finely dispersed in a printing
paste, in high concentration.

Textile Printing:
The dye or pigment paste is applied to the substrate using different techniques, which are discussed below:

Fixation:
Immediately after printing, the fabric is dried and then the prints are fixed mainly with steam or hot air (for pigments).
Note that intermediate drying is not carried out when printing carpets (too much energy would be needed for removing
the highly viscous liquor)

After-Treatment:
This final operation consists in washing and drying the fabric (it is not necessary when printing with pigments or with
other particular techniques such as transfer printing).
Printing Paste Ingredients and their Functions
Ingredients of Printing:

Printing means localized application of dyes on the fabric according to design. For
printing it is required to produce printing paste. Printing paste is a viscous paste
which is made from pigments, thickeners and many of chemical. A good printing
paste is mainly responsible for good printing effect. So it is very important to make
a printing paste. There are different types of ingredients are used to make printing
paste.

Generally following ingredients are used in printing paste:

1. Dyestuffs or pigment.
2. Wetting agents.
3. Thickener.
4. Solvents dispersing agents.
5. Defoaming agents.
6. Oxidizing and reducing agents.
7. Catalyst and oxygen carrier.
8. Acid and alkali.
9. Career and swelling agent.
10. Miscellaneous agent
Printing Paste Ingredients and their Functions:
1. Dyes/Pigments:
Functions:

• Attraction of dyestuff to the fiber due to presence of auxochrome.

• To achieve color effect on the fabric.
• To produce required shade.

Example: Vat, Azoic, Reactive, Direct dye etc.

2. Wetting agents:
Functions:

• To wet the fabric as well as dyestuff.

• To reduce surface tension of water allowing the dyestuff for easy penetration into fiber.
• To obtain smooth paste.
• To dissolve the dyestuff in the paste.
Example: Olive oil, T.R oil, Caster oil, Lissapol N, Animal oil, Glycerine.
3. Solvents/Dispersing agents/Solution acids:
Functions:

• To get bright design,

• To assist dye penetration,
• To spread dye molecules evenly in the paste,
• Assist dye fixation,
• To prevent aggregation of dye molecules in the highly concentrated of the dye.
• To prevent precipitation.
• To increase solubility of the dyes.
• To make proper printing shade.

Example: Urea, Glycerine, Desirable, Alcohol, Acetone, Diethylene glycol, Thio diethylene glycol.
4. Thickener:
Functions:

• To give required viscosity to the printing paste

• To prevent premature reactions between the chemicals contained in the print paste.
• To hold the ingredients of the print paste on the fabric.

Example: Na-alginate, Fine gum, British gum, CMC.

5. Defoaming agents:

Functions:
 • To prevent the foam generation during printing.

Example: Silicone, Defoamers, Sulphated oil, Perminol KB, Emulsified pine oil.
6. Oxidizing agents:
Functions:

• To develop the final color during steaming or in the subsequent after treatment.
• Assists to dye fixation.
Example: Sodium chlorate, Potassium chlorate, Sodium nitrate, Resist salt, Ammonium chlorite, Ludigol, Na or K
dichromate.

7. Reducing agents:
Functions:

• Used for reduction of different dyes.

• Used for mainly in discharge printing.
• To destroy color from the ground of fabric.
• To make the insoluble dyes to soluble.
Example: Sodium hydrosulphite, Stanus chloride etc. Rongolite-C.
8. Catalyst and oxygen carrier:
Functions:

• To prevent fiber damage during steaming.

• Accelerate the final color development by oxidation.
• Reduce the risk of oxidation.
Example: Copper sulphide, Ammonium vanadate, Potassium ferrocyanide.
9. Acids/Alkalis:
Functions:

• To maintain pH.
• To develop the color or printed fabric.
• To fix dye on the fabric permanently.
Example: Organic acid, Alkali KOH, NaOH, Na2CO3, Pottasium carbonate, Sodium bicarbonate, Sodium acetate.
10. Swelling agents:
Functions:

• To create the big size holes of the fibers.

• Helps to swell the fiber structure.
• To reduce crystallinity.
• Help the easy penetration of dye molecule inside the fiber polymer.
Example: Polyethylene glycol, Phenols, DEGDA (Di-ethylene glycol diacetate)

11. Carrier:
Functions:

• Used for fixing disperse dyes on polyester or polyester wool blends at temperature below 105oC.
Example: Diphenol, Ortho-phenol, Tri-chloro benzene

12. Miscellaneous agent:

Functions:

• Assist fixation of dyes.

• Absorb moisture from air.
• Facilitates subsequent washing off.
Example: Urea, Glycerine etc.

13. Mild oxidizing agent:

During steaming of ago color, the partial color can be destroyed by the effect of reducing. To secure of this
condition, mild agent is used.

Example: Ludigol, Resist salt.

PRINTING (PASTE APPLICATION)

After preparation, the paste is applied to specific areas of the textile using one of the following techniques:

▪ Direct printing (which also includes digital and transfer printing)

▪ Discharge printing
▪ Resist printing.
In the case of direct printing the dye is applied to specific areas of a pretreated textile substrate, which can be white or
pre-dyed (in light colours).

PRINTING STYLE
A process for producing a pattern on yarns, warp, fabric, or carpet by any of a large number of printing methods. The
color or other treating material, usually in the form of a paste, is deposited onto the fabric which is then usually treated
with steam, heat, or chemicals for fixation.

Printing Style
DIFFERENT STYLES OF PRINTING

There are three basic approaches to printing a color on a fabric

1. DIRECT PRINTING
2. RESIST PRINTING : White Resist and Colour resist
3. DISCHARGE PRINTING : White Discharge and Colour Discharge
4. HEAT -TRANSFER PRINTING
5. Mordant printing
DIRECT PRINTING
• In this type of printing dye is applied onto the fabric by carved block, stencil, screen, engraved roller etc.
• The dye is imprinted on the fabric in paste form and any desired pattern
may be produced
• Example:-Block Printing, Roller Printing, Screen Printing etc.
• It is the most common approach to apply a colour pattern on fabric.
• It can be done on white or a coloured fabric.
• If done on coloured fabric, it is known as overprinting.
• The desired pattern is produced by imprinting dye on the fabric in a
paste form.
• To prepare the print paste, a thickening agent is added to a limited
amount of water and dye is dissolved in it.
• Earlier corn starch was preferred as a thickening agent for cotton
printing. Nowadays gums or alginates derived from seaweed are preferred because they are easier to wash
out, do not themselves absorb any colour and allow better penetration of colour.
• Most pigment printing is done without thickeners as the mixing up of resins, solvents and water itself produces
thickening.
RESIST PRINTING

With the old method of physical resist printing, (hydrophobic) products or printing
pastes were applied to the fabric to avoid contact and penetration when the fabric
was subsequently immersed in the dyeing liquor(Batik).
The resisting agents employed, then as now, function either mechanically or
chemically or, sometimes, in both ways. The mechanical resisting agents include
waxes, fats, resins, thickeners and pigments, such as china clay, the oxides of zinc
and titanium, and sulphates of lead and barium. Such mechanical resisting agents
simply form a physical barrier between the fabric and the colorant. They are mainly
used for the older, coarser and, perhaps, more decorative styles in which breadth of effect and variety of tone in the
resisted areas are of more importance than sharp definition of the pattern.
 Chemical-resisting agents include a wide variety of chemical compounds, such as acids, alkalis, various salts,
and oxidising and reducing agents. They prevent fixation or development of the ground color by chemically reacting
with the dye or with the reagents necessary for its fixation or formation. Resist print pastes that contain a high proportion
of insoluble mechanical-resisting agents impose certain restrictions during the printing process. In copper-roller printing,
such print pastes are apt to ‘stick-in’ in the engraving, especially in very fine patterns, and to ensure good results a
brush furnisher is indispensable in keeping the engraving clean. In screen printing it is important to ensure that the solid
particles are not coarse enough to block the screen mesh. It is, therefore, customary in this case to strain the print
paste through a sieve which has a finer mesh than that of the actual printing
screen.
• In this technique, a resist paste is imprinted on the fabric and then it is
dyed.
• The dye affects only those parts that are not covered by the resist paste.
• After dyeing, the resist paste is removed leaving a pattern on a dark
background.
DISCHARGE PRINTING

• In this approach, the fabric is dyed in piece and then it is printed

with a chemical that destroys the colour in the designed areas.
• Sometimes, the base colour is removed and another colour is
printed in its place.
• The printed fabric is steamed and then thoroughly washed.
• This approach is on decline these days.

HEAT -TRANSFER PRINTING

• The design on a paper is transferred to a fabric by

vaporization.
• There are two main processes for this- Dry Heat
Transfer Printing and Wet Heat Transfer Printing.
• In Conventional Heat Transfer Printing, an electrically heated
cylinder is used that presses a fabric against a printed paper
placed on a heat resistant blanket.

MORDANT PRINTING

• A mordant is a substance used to set dyes on

fabrics or tissue sections by forming a
coordination complex with the dye which then
attaches to the fabric or tissue.
• It may be used for dyeing fabrics, or for
intensifying stains in cell or tissue preparations.

METHODS OF PRINTING
Block printing:

Block printing is the oldest form of printing where-in a wooden block with a
raised pattern on the surface is dipped into the printing colorant and then
pressed down on to fabric to achieve design on the fabric. In Block printing,
the pattern is generated by repeating the process of block application on the fabric. For a design of four colours, four
separate blocks are developed. Due to manual process, this printing is time consuming and provide flexibility the
changing the pattern placement.

Advantages:

• Due simple printing method this style of printing does not require
expensive equipments.
• Provide flexibility in repeat sizing.
• Print produce have greater decorative value and stamp of craftsmanship.

Disadvantages:
• Slow production process as manual operation involves in it.

ROLLER PRINTING
STENCIL PRINTING

SCREEN PRINTING

Rotary screen
 Screen Printing by Hand

Screen Printing by Machine

TRANSFER PRINTING

DIGITAL PRINTING

FOIL PRINTING
Printing Of Textile Material
Tie And Dye Of Cotton Fabric With Direct Dyes ( Resist Print)
Objective :
Tie and Dye of Cotton fabric with Direct Dyes ( Resist Print)

Material / Chemical Required :

Bleached Cotton Fabrics, Direct Dyes, Water, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Sulphate.

Preparation Of Stock Solution

• Weight accurately 2 gram of dye stuff.
• Paste it thoroughly with the help water.
• Add small amount of hot water to the paste and dissolve it completely.
• If necessary solution can be heated till it becomes clear.
• Dilute the solution to 100 ml with cold water.
• This solution is called 2 % stock solution.
• Use this solution for Tie & Dye of fabric
Procedure :
• Take desized, scoured and bleached cotton yarn or fabric of 20cm X 20cm size.
• Tie the fabric by any one of the method taught in the classs (Folding, Pleating, Spiraling, Twisting, Coiling,
Marbling, Simple Tying or Tritik).
• Immerse it in water bath for 10 minutes.
• Prepare stock solution separately.
• Take the calculated amount of stock solution.
• Add it into water bath. x Maintain the material to liquor ratio 1:30.
• Slowly raise the temperature of water bath up to 90°C.
• Stir the dye liquor continuously for 20 minutes.
• Add calculated amount of sodium chloride to the dye bath.
• Increase the temperature up to boil.
• Continue dyeing for 20 more minutes.
• Add another calculated amount of sodium chloride solution to the dye bath.
• At the end of dyeing take the fabric out and squeeze and rinse it in running water.
• Repeat the entire procedure for getting the another color.
• For getting the various effects students may explore the time of exposure and position of the dipping, in the
dye bath.
• Soak the fabric or yarn in presence of 3gram/liters soap solution and 2gram/liters soda ash to avoid the
bleeding problems.
• Rinse the fabric in cold water and open the fabrics to see the effects of dyeing and keep it for drying.
• When drying is over, Iron the fabric and mount it on the sample layout sheet.

Result :

The Cotton fabric is Tie and Dyed in various patterns.

PRINTING ON THE POLYESTER FABRICS BY PIGMENT DYES.

Objective
Printing on the Polyester fabrics by Pigment Dyes.
Material / Chemical Required :
Bleached Polyester Fabric, Binder, Low Viscosity CMC, Urea, Water, Kerosene Pigment & Di Ammonium Phosphate.
Preparation of the Thickener
• Take 75 ml of kerosene.
• Add 6 gram of low viscosity CMC.
• Add 2 gram of urea.
• Add 7 ml of water.
• Add 10 gram of binder.
• Mix all this chemicals with high speed stirring.
• Preparation of Printing Paste .
• Take 90 gram of thickener.
• Add 4 gram of pigment.
• Add 3 gram of Di Ammonium Phosphate.
• Add 3 ml water. x Stir well for uniform mixing.

Printing:
• Print the fabric with the paste.
• Dry the printed fabric.
• Fix the print by the application of dry heat treatment at 140°C for 5 minutes by ironing or by dryer.
• When drying is over, Iron the fabric and mount it on the sample layout sheet.

Result
The Polyester fabric is printed with Pigments.
PRINTING ON COTTON FABRIC WITH NATURAL DYES
Objective:

• Printing on cotton fabric with Natural Dyes Printing with Natural Dyes involve following steps
 Fabric Preparation
 Application of Mordant on cotton fabric
 Dyeing with Natural Dyes
Material / Chemical Required
Bleached Cotton Fabric, Water, Alum , Ferrous Sulphate, Copper Sulphate, Herda Powder, Natural Dyes , Tamarind
Seed Powder.

Fabric Preparation
• Take 20 gram of Herda Powder
• Put it into 200 ml of water
• Put 20 X 20 cm Cloth into it for half an hour
• Dry the fabric in the shade
• Remove all the dusting of the Herda powder from the fabric Preparation of Mordant Paste
• Take 50 Gram of the Tamarind Seed Powder.
• Pour 40 ml of water with continuous stirring
• Add 20 Gram of Mordants ( Alum or Copper Sulphate or Ferrous Sulphate any one)
• Continue stirring the paste till it is mixed uniformly.
• Adjust the viscosity of the paste by adding the small amount of water
• Print the fabric with this paste and keep it for drying. x Wash the fabric in the running water and remove all
the paste.
Dyeing

• Take 50 gram of the any natural dye (Turmeric powder or Madder Root powder)
• Put it into the water and boil it
• Enter the printed cloth in this bath and continue boiling for one hour.
• Take the fabric out of the bath and rinse it with water.
• Put the fabric for drying
• When drying is over, Iron the fabric and mount it on the sample layout sheet.

PRINTING OF COTTON FABRIC WITH REACTIVE DYES

Name of the experiment: Printing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes (Block & Flat bed screen printing ).
Introduction:

By the term textile printing we mean the localized application of dyes or pigment and chemical by any method, which
can produce particular effect of color on the fabric according to the design. In this practical we print cotton fabric with
cold brand reactive dyes in block and screen-printing methods in combination method. Block printing method is the
oldest printing method. It is used mostly in sarees, handkerchiefs etc. in this printing method we use blocks of different
designs. In screen printing a very little screen made by glass fibre is used. There are types of screen printing, but we
have done in our experiment was hand screen-printing. Hand screen-printing is mostly used for sarees to 14-16 colors
in on pattern can be produced at a time.
Style of printing:
Direct style.
Method of printing:
Block and screen-printing method.
Sample:
One piece of square size bleached, scoured cotton fabric (small) and one piece of square size bleached, scoured
cotton fabric (bigger)
Recipe:
Dyes = 4gm
Urea = 10gm
Thickener = 50gm
Resist salt=1gm
Soda ash=6gm
Additional water = as required.

Preparation of thickener:
1) 16 gm of starch and 200cc water are taken in bowl.
2) Heat is applied and solution is stirred continuously until a thick viscose solution is obtained.
3) By continuous stirring and boiling a specific viscosity is obtained.
4) The heat application is stopped otherwise viscosity falls down. So temperature is maintained strictly.

Preparation of printing paste:

1) At first we take required amount of dyestuffs in a bath.
2) Then little amount of water is added into the bath for mixing these dyes. And start stirring for mixing the three types
of dye.
3) Then required amount of urea is added into the dye bath.
4) After then required amount of thickener is added
5) Then continuous stirring is done for few minutes for mixing all the ingredients of print paste.
6) After mixing finally required amount of alkali is added to the dye bath and mix them with the help of stirring.

Printing process:
Block printing method:
1) The fabric which will be printed is placed on the printing table.
2) The printing paste is put on the tray box.
3) The block is selected and it is touched with print paste.
4) Then block is pressed upon the sample fabric.
5) After pressing the block on the sample fabric the block is put off from the fabric.
6) Finally we get the printed fabric of required dyes.

Screen-printing method:
1) The fabric is placed on the printing table of flat screen-printing machine. The table is made of soft by laying on it.
2) Then the screen is placed on the sample fabric.
3) The printing paste is taken on the screen perforation.
4) Thus we can find the printed fabric with a smooth wooden strike the paste is spread over the screen with slight
pressure.
5) So that the dye particles can penetrate through the screen perforation.
6) Thus we get printed fabric.

After treatment:
The printed fabric is steamed for 5-10 minutes in a cottages steamer and washed with cold water for removing
unfixed dye and exhausted thickener and then dried.

Conclusion:
Printing of cotton fabric with reactive dyes has excellent build up property and maximum fixation. Shade is also bright.
By this experiment we have acquire knowledge about process of printing cotton fibres with co ld brand reactive dyes
in combination shade. The shade of printed fabric is moderately good, as we required. Special thanks to our teacher
and his assistants for grate cooperation.