TEXTILE

FINISHING

V Semester (Textile Design)

KIIT School of fashion Technology
By Soumya Gupta
Course Outline-Theory
Unit Topics Contents

1 Introduction to Textile Finishing • Aim and scope of textile finishing

• Classification of finishes
• Concept of permanent and temporary finishes
• Various finishes in industrial practices such as raising, shearing, drying,
calendaring etc.
• Calendaring-its types, construction and various calendaring machines
2 General/routine finishes • Mechanism of shrinking and pre-shrunk fabric
• Sanforizing-method and mechanism
• Brief concept of wool finishing: Crabbing, decatising, milling, shrink
finishing etc.
• General chemical finishes like softening, stiffening, delustering of rayon,
polyester, organdy finish, silky finish of polyester
• Weighting of silk
3 Introduction and preliminary • Such as Durable press finish, Anti-crease finish, Water repellent finish,
concepts of specialty finishes Water proof finish, Flame-proof and flame retardant finish etc.
4 Introduction and preliminary • Such as Soil and oil repellent finish, Anti-static finish, Anti-microbial
concepts of specialty finishes finish
5 Introduction to enzymes and • Denim finishing: Stone wash, enzyme wash etc. and some other
their applications in finishing of specialty finishes
textiles and garments
6 Garment finishing • Brief introduction to garment finishing machines
 Books to refer

Book Title Author Publisher

An Introduction to Textile Finishing JT Marsh Chapman and Hall
Textile Finishing Shenai V A and Saraf N M Sevak Publications
Textile Science Gohl E P G and Vilensky LD CBS Publishers

Note: Highlighted in yellow is the reference book and others are text books
INTRODUCTION
TO TEXTILE
FINISHING
Chapter 1
Introduction
● Finishes are “all the processes through which fabric is passed after
bleaching, dyeing, or printing in preparation for market and use…”
(Source - Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology).

● Most finishes are applied to fabrics; they can also be applied to

fibers, yarns, and products.

● Finishes are categorized based on:

o Durability - permanent, durable, semi-durable, non-durable
o Application method - thermal, chemical, mechanical
o Purpose – routine, aesthetic, functional
Introduction
● The following are the durability categories for finishes:

o A permanent finish lasts for the life of the fabric.

o A durable finish lasts for the expected life of the product;

finish effectiveness gradually diminishes after repeated
laundering or cleaning.

o A semi-durable finish loses effectiveness after repeated

laundering and use and must be reapplied.

o A non-durable finish such as starch is partially or completely

removed after one laundering or cleaning.
Introduction
● In the textile manufacturing process, finishes are classified
according to application method:

o Thermal finish - Heat is applied to thermoplastic materials to

produce a desired effect.
− Example: permanent pleats in thermoplastic materials

o Chemical finishes - Fabric is chemically reacted with the finish

to produce a desired effect. Application may result in changes in
other properties (tear or tensile strength); chemical finishes are
applied under very controlled conditions.
− Example: durable press finish

o Mechanical finishes - Fabric is subjected to mechanical action

to produce a desired effect; mechanical and chemical finishes
are combined for some applications.
− Example: napping of flannel fabric
 Finishes

Routine Finishes Aesthetic Finishes Functional Finishes

Sizing Calendared finishes Moisture management

Desizing Embossing
Temperature Regulation

Scouring Moiré
Repellent & Release

Bleaching Glazing & Ciré

Wrinkle Resistant &
Durable Press
Schreinering
Singeing
Antimicrobial
Tentering Abrasive Finishes

Shrinkage Control
Calendering Napping & Brushing

Flame Retardant
Sanding & Sueding
Mercerization

Fulling Flocking

Burn-out
Beetling

Weighting Denim Finishing

Plissé
Shearing

Pleating & Crinkling

Stiffening
Routine Finishes
• Routine finishes are typically required to prepare woven and knitted
fabrics for dyeing and printing
1. Desizing – removal of protective starch coating

2. Scouring – cleaning

3. Bleaching – whitening

4. Singeing and shearing- removal of protruding fibers

5. Tentering – alignment of yarns in a fabric

6. Drying - for removing water

7. Calendering – pressing

8. Mercerization – caustic soda treatment of cotton

9. Fulling – shrinkage treatment of wool

Classification of textile finishes
according to Fabric

Cotton Polyester, Rayon Silk Wool

Mercerization De-lustering Weighting Crabbing

Parchmentization Silky finish Decatising Decatising

Wrinkle-free Heat setting Milling

Aesthetic Finishes
● Aesthetic finishes change the appearance and/or hand of fabric.

● Fiber content and yarn and fabric characteristics determine the

suitability of a finish for the fabric.

● The following aesthetic finishes are included:

o Calendered finishes – embossing, moiré, glazing, ciré, schrien
o Abrasive finishes – napping, brushing, sanding,
sueding,shearing
o Flocking
o Burn-out
o Plissé
o Pleating
o Denim finishing (will be discussed in Chapter No. 5)
Classification of Aesthetic
Finishes
Luster Drape Texture

Changes fabrics light

reflectance, improving Changes the way a Alters the hand of the
fabric hangs or falls fabric
fabric luster
Glaze Starching/Stiffening Napping/Raising
Moire Weighting Brushing,
Cire Parchmentization Sueding/Sanding,
Schrein Burn-out Plisse
Emboss Shearing
Calendering
■ Calendering is a finishing process used on cloth, paper or plastic
film. A calendar is employed usually to smoothen, coat or thin a
material.

■ Objectives of Calndering:
1. To upgrade the fabric hand and to impart a smooth silky
touch to the fabric
2. To improve opacity of fabric
3. To compress the fabric and reduce its thickness.
4. To impart the different degree of luster to the fabric.
5. To reduce yarn slippage

1. Calendering is usually carried out on Cotton, Polyester and PC

blend fabrics, among which Polyester has the highest durability
Calendering Process
Calendering - Embossing
● Embossing creates texture by giving the
fabric a raised 3D effect produced by passing
the fabric between an etched roller and a soft
surface roller. The design from the engraved
roller is imprinted on the fabric.
o Embossed fabrics made with
thermoplastic fibers are heat set
permanently.
o Embossed fabrics made of cellulosic
fibers are treated with resin to make the
finish durable.

● Cheaper fabrics resembling plissé are

produced by embossing cotton and cotton
blends. Embossing in place of plissé reduces
cost, but the embossed design is often not as
durable.
 Calendering - Moiré
● Moiré is produced by passing two layers of a
rib weave (e.g., taffeta) fabric between
rollers to flatten the ribs. Flattening the rib in
certain areas alters the way light reflects off
the fabric. Terms such as watermark and
wood grain describe the appearance of moiré
fabric.

● Heat applied during calendering produces a

durable finish on synthetic fiber fabrics with
thermoplastic properties (e.g., acetate,
polyester).

● Moiré and imitation moiré print finishes are used for drapery,
upholstered furniture, accent cushions, and formal dresses.

● Less expensive plain weave fabrics are printed with a moiré pattern to
reduce cost.
Calendering - Glazed and Ciré
Glazing is produced by applying starch, wax, or resin prior to passing
the fabric through very smooth rollers moving at high speed. The
rollers add luster by flattening the fabric surface. The finish is
temporary with starch or wax, and durable with resin.
o Glazed finishes are used for woven cotton fabrics. The level of
gloss or shine varies.
o Examples: glazed chintz and polished cotton
Calendering - Glazed and Ciré
● Ciré finishes are used for fabrics woven with thermoplastic fibers
(silk, rayon, nylon etc). Wax is applied on the fabric and then it is
passed through high-speed, heated rollers that soften and polish
the surface, creating a “glossy appearance.”
o Ciré means "wax" in French.
o Ciré is used for items such as backpacks, sleeping bags, and
outerwear.

face

back
Calendering-Schreining
■ One of the steel cylinders of the
calendar is engraved with fine
diagonal lines ()
■ This produces smooth fabrics with
soft luster
■ Threads become flat when pressed
and little lines in them which cause
fabric to reflect the light.
■ Fabric has the high lustre
■ Schreiner mercerized cotton fabrics
give the nearest resemblance to silk
Abrasive Finishes - Napping
● Napping is a mechanical finish where wire hooks are used to pull fibers
from low twist yarns to produce a raised fabric surface.
o Fabric can be napped on one or both sides of the fabric.
o Napped fabrics can be produced only with spun yarns as fiber ends
cannot be pulled from filament yarns.

Magnified view
Abrasive Finishes - Napping
● Worsted flannel, used for suits and coats, is made by napping fabrics
woven with worsted wool.

face back
Abrasive Finishes - Napping
● Outing flannel is a soft, cotton plain or twill weave fabric napped on
both sides for sleepwear, children’s clothes, and men’s cold weather
shirts.

face back
Abrasive Finishes - Napping
● Flannelette is a soft, cotton plain weave fabric napped on one side
for pajamas, sheets, and diapers.

face back
 Abrasive Finishes - Napping
● Fleece is produced by napping weft knit fabrics such as French terry.

not napped napped

Abrasive Finishes - Brushing
● Brushing is a mechanical process that gently raises the fibers
from the surface. It is also part of pile manufacturing, used to
remove short fibers from the surface of the fabric.
Abrasive Finishes–Sanding & Sueding
● Sanding and sueding are mechanical finishes that alter the fabric
surface. For both, the fabric passes between rubber pressure rollers
and over an abrasive cylinder(s). Particles loosened from the fabric
surface are removed with a brush.
o Sand papers are also used as the abrasive surface
o Sanding, sueding is also known as emerizing

cylinder with an abrasive surface

Flocking
● Flocking is a raised fiber finish or design where short fibers, or
flock, are attached with an adhesive applied to the fabric surface.

● Fabric, adhesive, adhesive application method, flock characteristics

and flock application method are major factors that affect the
performance and cost of flocked fabrics. The end use of the flocked
fabric determines the appropriate materials and application
techniques.

● To create flocked designs, an engraved roller or rotary screen is used

to print the fabric with an adhesive to which the flock fibers are glued
to create a design.

● For a velvet-like effect, the entire fabric surface is coated with an

adhesive and flock fibers.
o Short, random-cut fibers are used for decorative and packaging
materials.
o Precision-cut fibers are used for apparel, blankets, and upholstery
fabrics.
Burn-out
● Burn-out design is produced by dissolving one type of fiber in a
fabric that is manufactured with two fibers.

● Burn-out finish can be used only for combination yarns or fabrics

where one fiber is easily dissolved by a solvent or an acid, and the
other is resistant to that chemical.
o Acetone is commonly used to dissolve acetate fibers from
combination yarns and fabrics, and sulfuric acid is employed to
dissolve cellulosic fibers such as rayon.
o Polyester and silk are often used as fibers that are resistant to
solvents and acids.

● The appearance of burn-out finishes depends on fabric

construction:
o In flat fabrics, burn-out is characterized by a sheer area with
fringe around the edge of the sections where the chemical was
applied.
o In velvets, the design is created by dissolving the pile in certain
areas; thus, the base fabric is visible. The raised design may
resemble that of flocked fabrics.
Plissé
● Plissé fabric is produced by
applying a chemical in vertical
stripes that shrinks those areas of
the material.

● Shrinkage creates a puckered look

similar to that of seersucker fabric,
but in a much less expensive
manner than the slack tension
weaving used in making
seersucker.

● Sodium hydroxide or caustic soda

paste is used to shrink cotton
fabrics. Phenol is used to shrink
nylon fabrics.
Pleating
● Pleating is a mechanical finish combined
with a thermal or chemical process to make
the finish permanent.

● The size and shape of pleats range from

simple knife or box pleats to novelty
scalloped pleats to random pleated designs.

● The method for pleating depends on factors

such as fabric, desired look and fiber
content.
o Thermoplastic fibers can be heat set to
produce permanent pleats. Acetate, a
thermoplastic fiber, cannot be heat set.
o Resin is used for cotton and cotton
blends.
Crinkling
● Crinkling is one method of producing
fabrics with crinkled or crushed
appearance.
o Fabrics as well as finished
products are crinkled.
● Different methods are used to
mechanically distort the fabric to
create the crinkled or crushed fabric
appearance.
● Based on the fiber content, the fabric
is typically either heat set or treated
with resin and cured.
Stiffening Finishes
● Stiffening finishes include non-durable finishes such as starch
and durable finishes such as acrylic emulsions.
o Stiffening finishes are used for crinoline so it retains its stiffness
after laundering.
o Parchmentization of cellulosic fibers stiffens the fabric. Organdy
is produced by parchmentization of lightweight, cotton fabric.
Shearing
■ It is the process of trimming off surface fibers or pile to
control the length of the nap
■ It creates a smooth fabric with uniform surface
■ Process is carried out by a machine similar to a lawn mower
 Functional Finishes
● These finishes enhance fabric performance in a specific area and
can be categorized as follows:

Safety Fire-resistant/
flame retardant finish
related

Sanforization/
Anti-microbial Biological Zero finish/
finish control Stabilization Shrinkage control

Wash n wear/
Water repellent/water proof Drip dry finish
Shape &
Hydrophilic finish Comfort appearance Stain and soil resistant
Softening related finish
Anti static finish retention Non-slip finish
Fragrance finish Anti-pilling finish
 Mechanism of
shrinking and pre-
shrunk fabrics
Concept of finishing
UNIT 2 of wool, rayon,
polyester, organdy
and silk fabrics
General chemical
finishes
Sanforization/Shrinkage
control finish
■ To avoid fabric shrinkage later, shrinking of gray fabrics is carried out

■ Sanforizing is a process where fabric is first moistened with steam, run

through a short tenter frame to straighten and smoothen out wrinkles,
through the compressive shrinkage head where it is feed between a roller
and a rubber blanket, in such a way the rubber blanket compresses the
weft threads and imparts compressive shrinkage, and then through a
drying unit to set the fabric

■ This process can also be termed sanforized/shrink-proof/ anti-shrunk and

these fabrics do not shrink on washing/dry-cleaning
Crease resistance finish/Wrinkle
free finish/ Wash n wear finish
■ Used for Cotton/linen/rayon as they wrinkle easily
■ How is it done:
– Through resin treatment. Resins cross link the cellulose molecules
(between the hydrogen bonds) and help the fabric shed the wrinkles
and retain a fresh look.
■ Trademark on treated fabrics: Tebilized
■ Tensile strength and abrasion resistance are reduced as a side effect of
this finish
Trademark on treated fabrics
Crease retentive finish
• Suitable for -Cotton/Rayon/Linen fabrics
• Resin is a solid or liquid synthetic organic polymer used as the basis of plastics, adhesives, or other
products.
• Resin like Dimethylol Dihydroxy Ethylene Urea (DMDHEU) – Modifed glyoxal based Poly Carboxylic Acid
derived is generally used (does not produce yellowing on finished fabric)
• Curing is the process of permanently setting the previously pressed creases in certain permanent press,
durable press etc.
• Used in Shirts, draperies, curtains, bed sheets, pants to make center crease etc.
• Durable finish , Lasts for 40-50 laundering
• Problems:
• Frosting-localized color change takes place at creases, cuffs, collars and elbows area.
• Repairs or Alterations is difficult in durable press Garments, When seams are opened, It creases
are impossible to remove.
• Tensile strength and abrasion resistance are reduced as a side effect of this finish

Durable press finish

Padding
(Fabric is treated Drying Curing
with Resin)

At room temperature At 100-110 C temperature At 150 C for 3 minutes

pH-4-5
 Soil-resistant finish
■ Prevents soil and stains from being attracted to fabrics
■ Soil release finish reduces the degree of soiling by
– repelling the soil
– preventing of bond formation between soil and the fabric.
– improves the wettability of the fabric during laundering to
facilitate easy removal of soils by action of detergents/agitation
■ Suitable for P/C or P/V or resin treated fabrics
■ Following chemicals are used to form a protective coating on the
fabric in order to make it soil resistant:
Silicone Durable
Pyridinium Durable
Fluoro Carbon Durable
Fluoro Carbon, Pyrinidium Durable
Wax and metallic salt Semi-durable

■ Used in Carpets, Upholstery items etc.

Anti-pilling finish

Anti-slip finish Anti-pilling finish

Applied to a yarn to make it Applied through chemical
resistant to slipping and treatments which suppress
sliding when in contact with the ability of fibres to loosen
another yarn and also reduces the
The fabrics are treated with mechanical resistance of
resins, stretched and dried synthetic fibers
under tension
Water proof finish

■ Water proof
– a permanent finish
– fabric is coated or laminated with a film of natural or
synthetic rubber or plastic such as Vinyl (PVC) or
Polyurethane (PU).
– Allows no water to penetrate, but is uncomfortable as it
traps moisture next to the body
– provides protection from all condition of wet weathers.
– Used in Waterproof tents, bags, raincoats etc.
Water repellent finish
Water repellent finishes resist absorption and penetration of water for a
given period of time depending upon the time and force of the water
After some time, water may pass through even a water repellent fabric
Porous and breathable fabrics
made of extremely thin laminate (0.001 inch) of Teflon (Poly tetra
fluoroethylene)
Used in Heavy duty, foul weather clothing’s, special military protective
clothing, rain wear, ski wear, golf suits, sports footwear linings, hospital
drapes, mattress, tarpaulins, tents and sleeping bag covers, umbrella,
shower curtain

Resistance to Resistance to
Chemicals used
washing dry-cleaning
Non-durable finishes Paraffin wax- Aluminium acetate emulsion No No

Semi-durable finishes Wax and salt solutions No Yes

Durable finishes Fluorocarbon and silicone compounds Yes Yes
Anti bacterial/microbial finish
■ Inherent property of textile fibres like humidity and
warmth encourages the growth of micro-organisms
■ Anti-microbial finish makes the fabric resistant to
bacterial growth, odor causing germs, prevent decay
and damage from perspiration. It also control the
spread of disease and reduces the risk of infection
following injury.
■ Anti-microbial agents can be applied to textile by
exhaust, spray, pad-dry-cure, or coating techniques Other terms associated:
• sterilization
■ Chemicals used are • disinfectant
– Quaternary ammonium compounds • antiseptic
• fungistat
– Melamine resins with zinc nitrate • mildew-resistant
• rot proof
■ Most commonly used in healthcare sector in surgical
gowns, nurse’s uniforms, infant wear, sports wear,
intimate apparel, shoe linings, carpets etc.
■ Semi-durable finish and lasts for ~15-20 launderings
Moth proof finish
■ Prevent growth/attack of moths on wool fabric as the Keratin present in
them are consumed by moths.
■ Finish is toxic to moths/beetles that attack wool, but not toxic to humans.
■ Applied at the scouring or dyeing stage.
■ Chemicals/substances used

• Sunlight
• Naphthalene balls, para dichloro benzene
• Fluorine containing substances such as
1. Sodium fluoride
2. Aluminium fluoride
3. Potassium fluoride
4. Sodium antimony fluoride.
• Using soluble solvents such as
1. Dichloro Beneze
2. Sulphomethylamid
3. Dichloro Trichloro ethane

■ Suitable for fabrics made from animal derived materials like wool/wool
blends, fur, silk, feathers and leather
■ Semi durable finish
MOTH-
PROOF
FINISH
Anti-mildew finish

■ In suitable conditions of humidity

and heat, cellulose can be
permanently damaged by mildew.
■ This damage can be prevented by
the use of antiseptics , bacteria
controlling products containing
quaternary ammonium salts and
phenol derivatives
 Flame retardant (FR) finish
■ Classification of fabrics depending upon
flammability
1. Flammable
2. Flame resistant
3. Flame proof

■ Factors affecting the flammability of fabrics

• Fibre content/structure • Yarn count

• Fabric Weight/GSM • SPI
• Yarn twist • Fabric surface

■ Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) test

– Used to measure flame resistance of a
material.
– It is the amount of oxygen needed in the
atmosphere to support combustion.
Fibres with LOI>251 are said to be flame
resistant.

1 There must be 25% oxygen present in the atmosphere to burn the fibre.
Areas where Fire Retardant fabrics are used

Used as apparel
Flame retardant (FR) finish
■ Fabrics cannot be made absolutely fire proof but they can be treated to
retard flammability. They do not propagate the flame and are self
extinguishing
■ How is it done?
1. Use of Inorganic materials (Asbestos, Glass etc.)
2. Through chemical treatment with FR chemicals (containing
phosphorous or chlorinated hydrocarbons) Through modification of the
polymer
■ THPC (Tetra Hydroxymethyl Phosphonium Chloride). THPC could be
applied to cotton, paper, plastic, paint, furniture, and other building
materials. The chemical inhibit or suppress the combustion process
 Process of application

Padding Drying Curing

• Finish is • Excess water • Padded fabric is

impregnated with present in the exposed to gaseous
treatment liquor of liquor is removed ammonia
foam by the help of • Curing is followed
squeeze rollers by washing the
• Wet on wet treated fabric in
padding: fabrics to dilute hydrogen
be padded is pre peroxide solution
wet for adjusting the pH
• Wet on dry padding: and removing
fabric to be padded unreacted
is in dry state chemicals
 Anti-static finish
■ What is it?
– Helps to prevent the static charge build up specially on synthetic fibres
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■ Why is it done?
1. Garments tend to cling
2. Chances of electric shock are there
■ How it is done?
1. By increasing the surface conductivity of fabric by addition of hydrophilic
compounds to the surface
2. By generating charge opposite to the one present in the fabric
■ Application method
– Pad-Dry-Cure
■ Eg. Antistat Poly Propelene (5-10 g/l concentration) is used for Polyester

Grams per litre

UV Protection
Finish

■ Deflects the harmful

UV rays from sun
and protects the skin
from damage
■ This protection is
expressed as SPF
(Sun Protection
Factor). Higher the
SPF, better the
protection from UV
radiation
Optical whitening
■ How it is done?
1. Bleaching: destructing the colouring matter through chemical
process
2. Bluing: Addition of some complementry colour to mask
yellowness
3. Fluorescent brightening agent (FBA): These agents absorb UV
rays and re-emit visible light in the blue region
■ Laundry blues
1. Ultramarine blue Mostly used

2. Prussian blue
3. Aniline blue
Optical brightening: Mechanism of Bluing
Optical brightening: FBA’s
■ FBA is a colorless compound which does not absorb light in the visible
region and hence reflects all the visible radiation incident on it.
■ However, it absorbs some UV rays from sunlight and emit these. This
emitted light has a majority of blue light and hence adds on to the
reflected light, which was deficient in blue light, thus restoring the balance
of different colors and producing a brilliant white color/effect.

Yellowed
Fabric/ Perfectly
FBA’s
Off-white white fabric
fabric

• Violet/Indigo/Blue • Blue light from the • Deficiency of blue

getting absorbed UV rays is getting gets replenished
reflected
• More of yellow light • Add on white light is
getting reflected • All visible light falling getting reflected now
on it is getting
reflected
 Clothes having optical
brightening treatment glows
in night and therefore are
banned in military usage

Optical brightening

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Figures show wavelength in nano metre (nm)

Stiffening
■ Why it is done?
1. To impart crispiness and fresh look to
some apparel and household linen
2. To keep the clothes clean for a longer
time
3. To facilitate stain and soil removal

Type of fabric Stiffening agent to be used

Nets & laces Gum/glue/synthetic stiffener
Cotton Starch
Silk Gum Arabic or gelatin
Wool and wool blends Gum arabic
Rayon Light starch solution
Nylon, Polyester, Acrylic Light starch solution/synthetic stiffener
Stiffening: Classification of
stiffening agents
Corn, Wheat, Rice, Sago, Potato
Starch etc.
Arabic, Locust beans, Guar, Agar
Natural Gum

Glue Gelatin, Casein

Pregelatinized, acid modified,

Soluble starch oxidized
Cellulose Carboxymethyly Cellolose (CMC),
Stiffening agents Modified derivative Hydroxyethyle Cellulose
natural Meyprogum, Indalca
Gum

Glue Soyabean

Polyvinyl alcohols, Polyvinyl

Vinyl ethers
Synthetic
Acrylic Polyacrylic acid and its
derivatives, Polyacrylamides
 Softening
■ Why is it required?
– Fabrics become harsh after constant laundering
■ What it does?
– Softener coating on the fabrics make them feel
softer & fluffier
– Make fabric more pliable, hence wear life of the
garment in increased
– Reduces static built up on the fabric

Important characteristics of a softener

Easily dispersible in water
Should have anti static properties
Shouldn’t reduce important fabric properties like absorbency, Fire retardancy
Should not cause yellowing of the fabric

• How is it done?
The softening agents gets absorbed on the fibres from the final rinse
Few softeners are: Cationic compounds like quaternary ammonium salts, alkyloamides,
imidazolium salts etc.
Assignment 01
To be submitted and presented on Wednesday Presentation format

■ Choose any one functional fabric finish and discuss following:

1. Brief introduction and history
2. Recent developments in the finishing technique
3. Global and Indian companies manufacturing those
finished fabrics
4. End-usages of the finished fabric
5. Price range of such finished fabric
 THANKYOU
Please refer text books and reference books for
further reading