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3single Effect Evaporator

Single batch evaporators use heat from condensing steam to evaporate water from a weak solution. The overall material balance equates the feed, vapor, and thick liquor flows. The material balance of solute relates the solute in the feed and thick liquor. Energy balances equate the heat of the steam to the enthalpy changes of the feed, vapor, and thick liquor. The heat transfer rate equations relate the steam heat to temperature changes and latent heats. The boiling point of the solution depends on the steam pressure and boiling point elevation.

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88 views

3single Effect Evaporator

Single batch evaporators use heat from condensing steam to evaporate water from a weak solution. The overall material balance equates the feed, vapor, and thick liquor flows. The material balance of solute relates the solute in the feed and thick liquor. Energy balances equate the heat of the steam to the enthalpy changes of the feed, vapor, and thick liquor. The heat transfer rate equations relate the steam heat to temperature changes and latent heats. The boiling point of the solution depends on the steam pressure and boiling point elevation.

Uploaded by

ananth2012
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5

Single Batch Evaporators


Material & Energy Balance

1
Single Effect Evaporator
Consider that the evaporator is fed with mf kg/h of weak solution
containing w1 % solute and thick liquor is withdrawn at m’ kg/h
containing w2 % solids by weight. Let mv be the kg/h of water
evaporated.

It is assumed that the top vapor product is water vapor alone (unless it
is specified in the problem as mixture of water vapor & solute) and the
bottom concentrated liquor is at its saturated state i.e. it is a saturated
liquid. 2
Single Effect Evaporator
Overall material balance:
mf = mv + m’

Material balance of solute:


Solute in feed = Solute in thick liquor
(w1 * mf) / 100 = (w2 * m’) / 100
( 1 * mf) = (w
(w ( 2 * m’)
’)

Knowing three out of five quantities, we can find the values of other two
with
ith the
th help
h l off above
b two
t equations
ti

3
Single Effect Evaporator
Let Tf, T and Ts be the temperatures, of feed entering the evaporator,
solutions in the evaporators and condensing steam respectively.

Let ‘λs’ be the latent heat of condensation of steam at saturation


temperatures and assume that only latent heat of condensation is used.
Then, rate of heat transfer through heating surface from steam is:
Qs = ms λs

Where ms is mass flow rate of steam to the evaporator


p in kg/h.
g

Assuming heat losses to be negligible, the enthalpy balance over


evaporator is:

4
Single Effect Evaporator
Assuming heat losses to be negligible, the enthalpy balance over
evaporator is:

Heatt associated
H i t d with
ith feed
f d + Latent
L t t heat
h t associated
i t d with
ith steam
t = Heat
H t
associated with vapor leaving + Heat associated with thick liquor
mf Hf + ms λs = mv Hv + m’ H’
mf Hf + ms λs = (mf – m’) Hv + m’ H’
where Hv, Hf and H’ are enthalpy of vapor, feed solution and thick
liquor respectively.

Rearranging, we get:
ms λs = (mf – m’) Hv + m’ H’ – mf Hf

5
Single Effect Evaporator
Heat transfer rate on steam side = Heat transfer rate on liquor side.
Enthalpy balance can be written in terms of specific heats and
temperatures of solutions,
solutions in case of solutions having negligible heats
of dilution

Heat transferred to solution in evaporator


p by
y condensing g steam ((in
absence of heat losses) utilized to heat the feed solution from Tf to T
and for vaporization of water from solution.
Qs = Q
= mf CPf (T – Tf) + (mf –m’) λv
ms λs= mf CPf ( T – Tf) + (mf –m’)
m ) λv Æ (1)
Where CPf = specific heat of feed solution
λv = latent heat of evaporation
p from thick liquor
q

6
Single Effect Evaporator
For negligible boiling point rise λv = λ
Where λ = latent heat of vaporization of water at pressure in the vapor
space and can be read from steam tables.
tables
Above equation (1) becomes:
ms λs = mf CPf ( T – Tf) + (mf –m’)
m)λ
ms λs = mf CPf ( T – Tf) + mv λ

Boiling point of solution (T) at pressure in the vapor space can be


obtained by knowing boiling point elevation and boiling point of pure
water at that pressure, e.g. if T’ is the boiling point of water at certain
pressure of operation and P is the boiling point elevation, then:
T = T’ + P

7
Single Effect Evaporator
Area of heat transfer of an evaporator is calculated with the help of
following equation:
Q = U A ∆T
Q = ms λs = U A ∆T
Where U = overall heat transfer coefficient
A = area of heat transfer
And ∆T = the temperature difference
∆T = Ts – T
∆T = Condensing steam temperature – boiling point of a solution
λs = Specific enthalpy of saturated steam – Specific enthalpy of
saturated water (i.e. of condensate)

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