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Familiarization to lab equipment and

Packet tracer software, and Construct
TITLE : network cable.
[CLO-1, PLO-4]

Lab Number : 01

NAME : ___________________

REG NO : ___________________

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LAB PERFORMANCE & REPORT EVALUATION RUBRIC

LAB 01 [CLO-1, PLO-4]

Psychomotor Skill Level: P1

Category Excellent (90-100) Good (70-90) Satisfactory (50- Unsatisfactory

% % 70) % (0-50) %

Simulation All tasks correctly Some tasks Inaccuracies in Most tasks

Results performed. incorrect. many tasks. performed
(0) incorrectly.

Lab Report Professionally Report with Report with some Unprofessionally

(10) Written report with some greater report with
accurate results and inaccuracies in inaccuracies in incorrect results
conclusions. All result and result and and conclusions.
tasks included conclusion. conclusions. Many Most tasks
Some tasks tasks missing. missing.
missing.

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Objective:
Learn and design networking cable (Ethernet cable) in different style.

Equipment:
Crimping Tool.
RJ 45 Connector.
Cutter.
Networking Cable.

Theory:
To connect two or more computers or networking devices in a network, network cables
are used. There are three types of network cables; coaxial, twisted-pair, and fiber-optic.
But in this lab, we focus on twisted pair cable which are used commonly in networking.
Coaxial cable:
This cable contains a conductor, insulator, braiding, and sheath. The sheath covers the
braiding, braiding covers the insulation, and the insulation covers the conductor.

Specifications of coaxial cables:

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Type Ohms AWG Conductor Description

RG-6 75 18 Solid copper Used in cable network to provide cable Internet service and
cable TV over long distances.
RG-8 50 10 Solid copper Used in the earliest computer networks. This cable was
used as the backbone-cable in the bus topology. In
Ethernet standards, this cable is documented as the
10base5 Thicknet cable.
RG-58 50 24 Several thin This cable is thinner, easier to handle and install than the
strands of RG-8 cable. This cable was used to connect a system with
copper the backbone-cable. In Ethernet standards, this cable is
documented as the 10base2 Thinnet cable.
RG-59 75 20 - Solid copper Used in cable networks to provide short-distance service.
22
Twisted-pair cables:
The twisted-pair cable was primarily developed for computer networks. This cable is
also known as Ethernet cable. Almost all modern LAN computer networks use this
cable.
This cable consists of color-coded pairs of insulated copper wires. Every two wires are
twisted around each other to form pair. Usually, there are four pairs. Each pair has one
solid color and one stripped color wire. Solid colors are blue, brown, green and orange.
In stripped color, the solid color is mixed with the white color.
Based on how pairs are stripped in the plastic sheath, there are two types of twisted-
pair cable; UTP and STP.
 In the UTP (Unshielded twisted-pair) cable, all pairs are wrapped in a single
plastic sheath.
 In the STP (Shielded twisted-pair) cable, each pair is wrapped with an
additional metal shield, then all pairs are wrapped in a single outer plastic
sheath.

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Category Max Bandwidth/support Ethernet Description

supported signals rate standard
speed
Cat 1 1Mbps 1MHz Not used for This cable contains only two pairs (4 wires).
data This cable was used in the telephone
network for voice transmission.
Cat 2 4Mbps 10MHz Token Ring This cable and all further cables have a
minimum of 8 wires (4 pairs). This cable was
used in the token-ring network.
Cat 3 10Mbps 16MHz 10BASE-T This is the first Ethernet cable that was used
Ethernet in LAN networks.
Cat 4 20Mbps 20MHz Token Ring This cable was used in advanced Token-ring
networks.
Cat 5 100Mbps 100MHz 100BASE-T This cable was used in advanced (fast) LAN
Ethernet networks.
Cat 5e 1000Mbps 100MHz 1000BASE-T This cable/category is the minimum
Ethernet requirement for all modern LAN networks.
Cat 6 10Gbps 250MHz 10GBASE-T This cable uses a plastic core to prevent
Ethernet cross-talk between twisted-pair. It also uses
a fire-resistant plastic sheath.
Cat 6a 10Gbps 500MHz 10GBASE-T This cable reduces attenuation and cross-
Ethernet talk. This cable also potentially removes the
length limit. This is the recommended cable
for all modern Ethernet LAN networks.
Cat 7 10Gbps 600MHz Not drafted This cable sets a base for further
yet development. This cable uses multiple
twisted-pairs and shields each pair by its
own plastic sheath.

Fiber optic cable:

This cable consists of core, cladding, buffer, and jacket. The core is made from the thin
strands of glass or plastic that can carry data over the long distance. The core is wrapped
in the cladding; the cladding is wrapped in the buffer, and the buffer is wrapped in the
jacket.

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RJ-45 Connector:
To make a cable we need some kind of connector at its ends to properly plug in to
devices. So, connector used to construct twisted pair cable or ethernet cable is called as
RJ-45 connector.

Ethernet cable/Twisted-pair cables:

In the mid-1980s, the TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) and the EIA
(Electronic Industries Association) began developing methods for cabling buildings,
with the intent of developing a uniform wiring system that would support multivendor
products and environments. In 1991, the TIA/EIA released the TIA/EIA 568
Commercial Building Telecommunication Cabling standard. And firstly introduced
568 cable designing.
What is 568?
In the world of structured cabling systems, the cryptic number 568 refers to the order
in which the individual wires inside a CAT 5 cable are terminated.
The 568 standards were actually developed by the TIA (Telecommunications Industry
Association) and the EIA (Electronics Industry Association) in America to reduce
confusion in their industry. These were then adopted by other standards organizations
around the world.

The AT&T "Standard" (Founded in 1885 as American Telephone and Telegraph

Corporation)

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Before the TIA/EIA standard was created in 1985 AT&T the giant telecommunications
company had been developing at its research labs newer and faster computer networks.
These networks were designed to run over existing telecommunications infrastructure,
this used USOC as its termination method. To provide backward compatibility for a
single line phone AT&T created its own way of terminating cables for UTP networks;
this specification was named 258A. 258A started to become well known and widely
used (especially in the USA) and UTP networks became more and more popular.
In 1991 TIA/EIA produced new standard which was named EIA/TIA-568. Although
similar to the existing AT&T method of terminating twisted pair cables the new
standard provided backward compatibility for phones that used two pairs instead of just
one. In 1994, the existing standard was revised and renamed TIA/EIA 568A, the
existing AT&T standard 258A was included and referred to as TIA/EIA-568B. As both
these standards were popular and widely used, they were both adopted into the
International Standards of structure cabling system.

The configuration T568B was used most commonly due to its distributed wiring
sequence.
T-568A Straight-Through Ethernet Cable

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Color coding is as like for pins 1- 8 is as;

1- Green and white dotted
2- Green
3- Orange and white dotted
4- Blue
5- Blue and white dotted
6- Orange
7- Brown and white dotted
8- Brown
T-568B Straight-Through Ethernet Cable

Color coding is as like for pins 1- 8 is as;

1- Orange and white dotted
2- Orange
3- Green and white dotted
4- Blue
5- Blue and white dotted
6- Green
7- Brown and white dotted
8- Brown

RJ-45 Crossover Ethernet Cable

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Color coding is as like for pins 1- 8 is as;

1- Green and white dotted -------------------- Orange and white dotted

2- Green -------------------- Orange

3- Orange and white dotted -------------------- Green and white dotted
4- Blue -------------------- Blue
5- Blue and white dotted -------------------- Blue and white dotted
6- Orange -------------------- Green
7- Brown and white dotted -------------------- Brown and white dotted
8- Brown -------------------- Brown.

Or

Orange and white dotted (pin 1)

Orange (pin 2)
Green and white dotted (pin 3)
Blue (pin 4)

Blue and white dotted (pin 5)

Green (pin 6)
Brown and white dotted (pin 7)
Brown (pin 8)

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Difference between Straight-Through and Crossover Ethernet Cable:

Straight through is used in communication between two different devices while cross
over is used in same devices level.
For Switch to router, Switch to PC or server, Hub to PC or server, and
For Switch to switch, Switch to hub, Hub to hub, Router to router, Router Ethernet
port to PC NIC, PC to PC etc.

Task 1:
Build a straight through and Cross over twisted pair cable for networking use.

Task 2:
Differentiate between Straight through and cross over configurations and make
comment why T568B standard is most commonly used and effective.

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