ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 4 (Q4)

LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

I. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

➢ Analysis of man’s written or spoken knowledge of the world.
➢ Examine representations, determine connections of the research with what people already know, and interpret the information
or merge the thinking with the author’s ideas (direct and indirect expressions). (Wallman, 2014)

Purpose of Review of Related Literature

1. To obtain background knowledge of the research.
2. To relate the study to the current condition or situation of the world.
3. To show the capacity of the research work to introduce new knowledge.
4. To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of previous research studies.
5. To increase the understanding of the underlying theories, principles, or concepts of the research.
6. To explain technical terms involved
7. To highlight the significance of the work with the kind of evidence it gathered to support the conclusion of the research.
8. To avoid repeating previous research studies
9. To recommend the necessity of further research on a certain topic
one central question for qualitative and expound
Approaches of Review of Related Literature

Comparison and Contrast of Traditional and Systematic Review of Literature

CONSIDERATIONS TRADITIONAL REVIEW qualitative SYSTEMATIC REVIEW quantitative
Purpose To have thorough and clear understanding of the To meet a certain object based on specific
field research questions
Scope Comprehensive, wide picture Restricted focus alignment to be observed
Review Design Indefinite plan, permits creative and exploratory Viewable and paper trail
plan formality is observed freedom to choose as l alignment to be observed
as long as it is applicable to
Choice of Studies Purposeful selection by the reviewer your study Prepared standards for studies selection
Nature of Studies Inquiry – based techniques involving several studies Wide and thorough search for all studies
Quality Appraisal Reviewer’s view freedom and creativity Assessment checklists align every literature
Summary Narrative use of words Graphical and short summary answer
Structure Essay - series of united sentences presents the RRL Based on the research question
results.

Types of Traditional Review of Related Literature concept that are already proven commonly used
1. Conceptual Review analyses of concepts/ ideas to give meaning to some national/ world issues. ideas that require scientific proving
2. Critical Review focuses on theories/ hypotheses and examines meanings and results of their application to situations.
3. State-of-the-Art Review deals with the latest research studies on the subject. experts or professional
4. Expert Review encourages a well-known expert because of the influences of a certain ideology, paradigm, or belief on him/her.
5. Scoping Review prepares a situation for a future research work in the form of project making about community development,
government policies, and health services, among others.

Procedure in Writing Review of Related Literature

1. The important role of literature review as an integral part of research cannot be overemphasized. It helps in the identification of
the research problem area and literature reviewed is subsequently used in corroborating the findings; thus, only literature
especially past studies that have been diligently reviewed can be used to corroborate a finding.
findings from diff literature to explain the data we have gathered

2. There is no need for either an Introduction or a Conclusion. indirectly discuss the literature that we have gathered

3. Divisions of topics must be according to the variables of the study and presented in their corresponding sequence (thematic
approach) as reflected in the Research Paradigm/Statement of the Problem.

4. Provide a synopsis of current literature on the topic in terms of content and methodologies used.
summary of the study, not long paragraph as long as we answer the first 2 questions
5. Include reviews for the past 10 years for books/monographs and 5 years for studies, except theories and landmark studies.
inputs may change

6. Rule of thumb: The volume of literature (number of references) reviewed reflects the scholarliness of the study. While no specific
numbers are prescribed, the amount of literature review should provide a sufficiently comprehensive discussion of the topics
both in content and methodologies, including those that provide varied, even opposing, concepts, and results.
the more ideas the better explanation of the data gathered or the concept
what is the study all about?
what is the methodology used in the study?
what is the finding from the study?

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 ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 4 (Q4)
7. Start with global and then local studies; foreign authors followed by local authors; readings and/or monographs are usually
followed by studies.

Other Organizational Structure

a. Topical Order – organized by main topics.
b. Chronological Order – time sequence
c. Problem-cause-solution order – organized from problem to solution.
d. General-to-specific – broad-based research to specific topic
e. Known-to-unknown – identify problem and state what is still unknown.
f. Comparison-contrast – similarity and difference
g. Specific-to-general make sense out of specific then draw up a conclusion.

8. Point out gaps in the literature regarding content and methodologies and explain how the study will try to fill the gap.
gap analysis is where the researcher compare and contrast the finding and identify the lacking of the study and therefore, what will be the action the researcher to fill the
gap.
9. Use past tense to describe the literature and studies.

10. 10. Document your study throughout the text by citing the author(s) and date of the works you used. This style of citation briefly
identifies the source for readers and enables them to locate the source in the Reference List. Proper documentation of in-text
references should be done using the format as prescribed by the American Psychological Association, as per its 6th edition, in
particular; page number(s) should be included for direct quotations.

11. A material downloaded from the internet must be documented in-text by indicating the protocol, host name, and path to
document. make sure to include the URL at the end
Ex. http:///www.apa.org/monitor/oct00/)
Protocol Host name Path to document

Pointers on Effective Writing of Literature Review

1. It must be written in a formal style, which is in third person.
2. Avoid highly descriptive writing style, not appropriate for a scholarly research.
3. Use active voice for direct impact and easy understanding.

Analyze, argue, assess, assert, assume, claim, compare, contrast, conclude, criticize, debate, defend, define, demonstrate,
discuss, distinguish, differentiate, evaluate, examine, emphasize, expand, explain, exhibit, identify, illustrate, imply, indicate,
judge, justify, narrate, outline, persuade, propose, question, relate to reports, review, suggest, summarize.

4. Avoid the use of jargons, use familiar terms in place of terminologies. use a common term
5. Language should be gender neutral.
6. Make the conclusions and contradictions fund in the literature clear in your report.
7. Use short sentences, avoid elongated and run-on expressions.
8. Use proper grammar and proofread your work.
9. Never plagiarize, give credit to the original author or ideas.
10. Pay attention to the structure and form of published articles, which are good examples of how literature reviews can be written.

II. STANDARD STYLE IN CITING IDEAS

Ways of Appreciation
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - The beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have contributed something to
produce the paper. where we are writing the people who have helped us in the research
2. REFERENCES - A complete list of all reading materials, including books, journals, periodicals, etc. from where the borrowed
ideas came from. material that you have cited in the study
3. CITATION/ IN-TEXT CITATION – The process of quoting statements or evidence to support the topic being discussed.
quoting ideas from the book that we are reading that will help us to explain the data.
Purposes of Citation
• To give importance and respect to other people for what they know about the field.
• To give authority, validity, and credibility, to other people’s claims, conclusions, and arguments.
• To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic and relevant materials about your topic.
• To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas easily.
• To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work.
• To save yourself from plagiarism. put credits of the original owner

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 ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 4 (Q4)
Styles and Patterns of Citation (APA Format)
1. Integral Citation the owner of the idea is more important than the quotation
- It is also known as Author-focused Citation. the owner of the idea has established with credibility
- It expresses the author’s mental position, attitude, stand, or opinion in relation to the information.
- It uses Active verbs. name of the author then idea
- The name of the author appears in the sentence itself. the name of the author is outside the parenthesis the active
verb then end with page number
Examples:
One study by Manalo (2015) reveals..(p.145)
The latest work by Lee (2015) asserts…(pp. 9 – 11)
According to Abad et al. (2015) context is…(para. 11)
the idea is more important than the author inwhich the author has not
2. Non-integral Citation
yet established his personality
- It is also known as Idea-focused Citation.
- It downplays strength of the writer’s personal characteristics.
- The stress is given to the pieces of information rather that to the owner of the ideas.
- The author’s name appears in the parenthesis after the sentence.

Examples:
The Code of Ethics for Intercultural Competence give four ways by which people from different cultural background can
harmoniously relate themselves with one another. (De la Cruz, 2015) all elements are inside the parenthesis

Knowledge is one competent of not only Systematic Functional Grammar, but Intercultural competence as well. It is driving
force beyond any successful collaborative activities to develop interpersonal relationships and communicative competence.
(Smith, 2015)

The other components of Intercultural Competence which are also present in SFG are: context (Harold, 2015),
appropriateness (Villa et al., 2016; Santos & Daez, 2016), and emotions (Flores, 2016).

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLE GUIDE: 7th EDITION

1. Capitalization and Italics/Underlining (TITLE)
A. Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones. specific name of person
intext citation B. If you refer to the title of a source within the paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of
a source: Permanence and Change. need to count the number of words in which if 4 or more need to capitalize the first letter
C. Exceptions apply to short words that are nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is
Nothing Left to Lose. if it is less than 4 letters but it is noun, pronoun and etc or part of the exception capitalize the word after
D. When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs. the hypen
E. Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: “Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock’s Vertigo.”
F. In Reference List, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media. rule A and E are applicable
G. If the title of the work is italicized in your reference list, italicize it and use title case capitalization in the text: The closing of
the American mind (reference list); The Closing of The American Mind (in-text citation) big titles, italicize them
H. If the title of the work is not italicized in your reference list, use double quotation marks and title case capitalization (even
though the reference list uses sentence case): The one where chandler can’t cry (reference list); “The One Where Chandler
Can’t Cry” (in-text citation) short titles are title within the book, chapter titles,

2. Short Quotations
- Indicate the author, year, and page number [printed sources (“p.” for a single page and “pp.” for a span of multiple pages,
separated by en dash)].
- Use quotation marks.
- Less than 40 words.

Example:
Integral Citation: According to Jones (1998), “students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time”
(p. 143).

Non-integral Citation: He highlighted that “students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time”
(Jones, 1998, p. 143)

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 ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 4 (Q4)
3. Long Quotations
- It is used for quotes with 40 words or more.
- Place in a text block. Begin in a new line, must be 0.5 inch indented from the left margin.

Example:
Integral Citation:

Reyes (2016) highlighted the following:

The choice of a research topic is one of the crucial decisions of a researcher. One has to consider several aspects such as
one’s personal interests and curiosities, one’s skills in conducting research, access to research sites and possible research
participants, and practical considerations such as time and resources. (p.143)

Non-integral Citation:

In his article, he highlighted the following:

The choice of a research topic is one of the crucial decisions of a researcher. One has to consider several aspects such
as one’s personal interests and curiosities, one’s skills in conducting research, access to research sites and possible
research participants, and practical considerations such as time and resources. (Reyes, 2016, p.143)

4. Quotations from Sources without Pages

- Pick a substitute for page number (logical identifying element), such as: a paragraph (“para.” for a single paragraph and
“paras.” for span of multiple paragraphs), a chapter number (Chapter), a section number (Section), a table number (Table),
something else. ideas coming from the internet

EXAMPLE:
Integral Citation

Jones (1998) found variety of causes for student dissatisfaction with prevailing citation practices (paras. 4 – 5)
the idea came form paragraph 4-5
Non-integral Citation

Variety of causes is found for student dissatisfaction with prevailing citation practices (Jones, 1998, paras. 4 – 5)

5. Summary or Paraphrase simplifying a word from a complicated idea

- If paraphrasing an idea from another work, make reference to the author and year of publication in the in-text reference
and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or
paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer work. you may or you may not include the page number

EXAMPLE:
Integral Citation

According to Jones (1998), APA style is difficult citation format for first-time learners.

Non-integral Citation

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

Additional Rules in APA Citation and Reference List (7th Edition)

Author/
In-Text Citation Reference List
Source
One Author Example 1: General Guide:
if you first Reyes (2016) highlighted… Author, A.A. (Year of publication). Title of work. Publisher.
borrow the
idea put the
complete
name and for
Example 2: Example:
succeding put …rigorous procedure (Reyes, Reyes, J.O. (2016). Qualitative research; A beginner’s guide. ABC Publishing.
only the initials
2016).
Two Authors Example 1: General Guide:
Reyes and Santos (2016) Author, A.A., & Author, B.B. (Year of publication). Title of work. Publisher.
the same as one
author and the highlighted…
only difference Example:
is the use of and
and ampersand Example 2: Reyes, J.O., & Santos, M.I. (2016). Qualitative research; A beginner’s guide.
… rigorous procedure (Reyes & ABC Publishing.
Santos, 2016). ampersand

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 ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 4 (Q4)
Three to 20 Example 1: General Guide:
Authors Reyes e al. (2016) proposed… Author, A.A., Author, B.B., Author, C.C., Author, D.D., Author, E.E., & Author,
first author and F.F. (Year of publication). Title of work. Publisher.
then put et al. Example 2:
… rigorous procedure (Reyes, et Example:
al., 2016). Reyes, J.O., Santos, M.I. Tan, L.I., Abez, Y.A., Cruz, J.L., & Chavez, H.F.
(2016). Qualitative research; A beginner’s guide. ABC Publishing.
Note: “et al.” means “and include all them in reference list
more/others” the first author has the most contribution in the book and last author has the least contribution

More than 20 Example 1: General Guide:

Authors Reyes e al. (2016) proposed… Author, A.A., Author, B.B., Author, C.C., Author, D.D., Author, E.E., Author,
F.F., Author, G.G., Author, H.H., Author, I.I., Author, J.J., Author, K.K.,
Example 2: Author, L.L., Author, M.M., Author, N.N., Author, O.O., Author, P.P.,
… rigorous procedure (Reyes, et Author, Q.Q., Author, R.R., Author, S.S., … Author, Z.Z. (Year of
al., 2016). publication). Title of work. Publisher.

Example:
Reyes, J.O., Santos, M.I. Tan, L.I., Abez, Y.A., Cruz, J.L., Chavez, H.F., Miller,
J.O., Brown, M.I. Wilson, L.I., Evans, Y.A., Kelly, J.L., Turner, H.F.,
Lewis, J.O., Lee, M.I. Cox, L.I., Harris, Y.A., Martin, J.L., Gonzales,
H.F., Hughes, W.J., …Nelson, T.P. (2016). Qualitative research; A
beginner’s guide. ABC Publishing.

Note: Include the first 19 authors, put an ellipsis (…) then write the last the
author.

Unknown Example 1: Use the title of the General Guide: Using the title
Authors work Short version of the title. (Year of publication). Title of work. Publisher.
…rigorous procedure (Practical
Research 1, 2016). Example:
Research Guide. (2016). Qualitative research; A beginner’s guide. ABC
Example 2: Anonymous author Publishing.
…rigorous procedure (Anonymous,
2016). General Guide: For anonymous author
title of the book or anonymous Anonymous (Year of publication). Title of work. Publisher.

Example:
Anonymous (2016). Qualitative research; A beginner’s guide. ABC Publishing.

Organization Example 1: Use the title of the General Guide:

work Name of the Organization. (Year of publication). Title of work. Publisher.
…of the population (Philippine we write the orgnization as the publisher because they are the one also to publish their work

Statistics Authority [PSA], 2016). Example:

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2016). Highlights of the Philippine population
In succeeding citations: 2015 census of population. Philippine Statistics Authority.
…population (PSA, 2016).
Two Works Example: Include both authors in the reference lists in alphabetical order.
…rigorous procedure (Reyes,
2016; Tan, 2011). Author, A.A. (Year of publication). Title of work. Publisher.
combining idea from two different authors
and from two diff books Author, B.B. (Year of publication). Title of work. Publisher.
do the reference separately
arrange them alphabetically and use of
semi colon Example:
Reyes, J.O. (2016). Qualitative research; A beginner’s guide. ABC Publishing.

Tan, L.I. (2011). Basics of research: Qualitative research. XYZ Publishing.

Journal Note: Follow previous in-text General Guide:

article, citation examples depending on the Author, A.A. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal or newspaper
newspaper, number of authors. or magazine, volume number (issue number), pages.

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 ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 4 (Q4)
or magazine Example:
(print) Reyes, J.O. (2016). Qualitative methods in education. Journal on research
methods, 65 (5), 1

Encyclopedi Example: General Guide:

a, … social science (Webster’s Institution or organization name. (Year of publication). Title of
Thesaurus, Collegiate Dictionary, 2015). encyclopedia/thesaurus/dictionary entry. Encyclopedia Name.
or Dictionary (edition, pages). Publisher.

Example:
Meriam-Webster, Incorporated. (2015). Social Science. In Webster’s collegiate
dictionary. (10th ed., pp. 499 - 500). Meriam-Webster, Incorporated.

Note: “ed.” refers to edition.

Unpublished Note: Follow previous in-text General Guide:

dissertation citation examples depending on the Author, A.A. (Year of publication). Title of dissertation/ master’s thesis
or master’s number of authors. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation/ master’s thesis). Name of
thesis Institution.

Example:
Reyes, J.O. (2016). Socio-political traditions in pre-Hispanic Philippines
(Unpublished doctoral dissertations). ABC University.

Conference Note: Follow previous in-text General Guide:

proceedings citation examples depending on the Author, A.A., & Author, B.B. (Eds.). (Year of publication). Proceedings from
number of authors. Conference Abbreviation: Name of Conference. Publisher. URL (if
available)

Example:
Reyes, J.O. & Santos, M.I. (Eds.). (2016). Proceedings from YC: Youth
Conference. ABC Publishing.

Note: “Ed.” refers to editor. “Eds.” refers to editors.

Non-print Note: Follow previous in-text General Guide:

Materials or citation examples depending on the Author, A.A. (Year of publication/ Year, Month Date). Title page. Site Name.
Electronic number of authors. URL
Sources
Example:
Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium.
https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-
3af27e312d01

Online Note: Follow previous in-text General Guide with DOI: use to distinguish a certain person and organization
Journal citation examples depending on the Author, A.A. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, volume
number of authors. number, page range. https://doi.org/0000000

DOI are constant

URL has the tendency to change
Example:
Reyes, J.O. (2016). Qualitative methods in education. Journal on research
DOI has two parts prefix and suffix
prefix are the combination of numbers
methods, 65, 6 – 8. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
and these are the codes for references prefix suffix
in organization
suffix combination of word and letter and General Guide without DOI:
represent the author Author, A.A. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, volume
number, page range.URL

Example:
Reyes, J.O. (2016). Qualitative methods in education. Journal on research
methods, 65, 6 – 8. https://www.website.org.

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 ST. JOSEPH’S INSTITUTE, INC. PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Candon City, Ilocos Sur GRADE 11
School Year 2021 – 2022 HANDOUT # 4 (Q4)
Electronic Note: Follow previous in-text General Guide without DOI:
book citation examples depending on the Author, A.A. (Year of publication). Title of e-book. Publisher. URL
number of authors.
Example:
Reyes, J.O. (2016). Qualitative research: A beginner’s guide. ABC Publishing.
https://www.website.org.

Online Note: Follow previous in-text General guide:

Periodical citation examples depending on the Author, A.A. (Year of publication). Title of article. Time of online periodical,
number of authors. volume number (issue number), pages. URL

Example:
Reyes, J.O. (2016). Qualitative methods in education. Newspaper on research
methods, 65 (12), 22-23. https://www.webstie.com

Personal Example: Note: No reference format for personal communication.

Communicati E. Robins has stated… (personal for interview
on communication, January 14, 2001)

…(E. Robins, personal

communication, January 14, 2001)
OTHER Purdue University. (2020). In-text citations: The basics. Purdue online writing lab.
FORMS OF https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/aap_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citatio
SOURCES ns_the_basics.html

General Note:
1. If the year of publication is not available, use “n.d.” (no date) for both citation and reference list.
2. In doing your reference list, every entry should be in hanging indent (CTRL+T).

REFERENCES
Baraceros, E. L. (2018). Review of related literature. Practical research 1. Rex Book Store, Inc.

Baraceros, E. L. (2019). Review of related literature. Practical research 2. Rex Book Store, Inc.

Clamor-Torneo, H. S. & Torneo, A. R. (2017). Learning from existing literature. .An introduction to qualitative research: Practical research
1. Sibs Publishing House, Inc.

Henson, R. M. & Soriano, R. F. (2016). Conducting the literature review. Practical research 1: Qualitative research. Mutya Publishing
House, Inc.

Purdue University. (2020). In-text citations: The basics. Purdue online writing lab.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/aap_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_the_basics.htm
l

Saint Louis College. (2019). Manual in Thesis and Dissertation Writing (2019 ed.)

exam H3 AND H4
type
multiple choice 7 items
analysis 4 items 8 pts
application 2 items 15 pts

my brother leon brought home a wife (rule d because articles A are under adjectives)
campus journalism in a global perspective
dr.strange in the multiverse of madness