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Earth and Life Science Notes

The document discusses several topics related to astronomy and cosmology. It describes the Milky Way galaxy, including that it is a disk-shaped collection of gases and dust containing approximately 250 billion stars. It also discusses the stages of star formation, from giant gas clouds to planetary nebulae. Additionally, it mentions that the Big Bang Theory is the most widely accepted explanation for the origin and expansion of the universe from an initial extremely dense and hot state approximately 13.8 billion years ago.

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Raiza Ann Oporto
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49 views

Earth and Life Science Notes

The document discusses several topics related to astronomy and cosmology. It describes the Milky Way galaxy, including that it is a disk-shaped collection of gases and dust containing approximately 250 billion stars. It also discusses the stages of star formation, from giant gas clouds to planetary nebulae. Additionally, it mentions that the Big Bang Theory is the most widely accepted explanation for the origin and expansion of the universe from an initial extremely dense and hot state approximately 13.8 billion years ago.

Uploaded by

Raiza Ann Oporto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 A Galaxy is a disk shaped collection of gases and dusts called interstellar clouds.

One example of a galaxy is Milky Way. The Milky Way has an outer arm which
is called Orion Arm or Orion Spur. Our Sun lies near a small, partial arm
called the Orion Arm, or Orion Spur, located between the Sagittarius and Perseus
arms. The Milky Way Galaxy is estimated to contain roughly 250 billion stars. \
The Milky Way is part of the Local Group galaxy group (which contains more
than 54 galaxies), which in turn is part of the Virgo Supercluster.One of the
nearest galaxy in our Milky Way is the Canis Major Dwarf which is
approximately at 236,000,000,000,000,000 km (25,000 light years) from the Sun.
The nearest galaxy to our Milky Way is the Andromeda Galaxy.

 Georges Lemaitre was a belgian priest in 1927 who discovered the redshift in a
distant nebula.

 Black holes are regions of space where gravity is so strong that nothing can
escape them, not even light. It is an exceptional dense body of gravitational field
that attracts anything near it.

 The Sun is a star which planets in our solar system revolve. The Proxima
Centauri it the closest star to our own, lying just over 4.5 light-years away. The
newly discovered planet, named Proxima d, orbits Proxima Centauri at a
distance of about four million kilometers, less than a tenth of Mercury's distance
from the Sun. Our Sun is just one of the approximately 400 billion stars in the
milky way galaxy and is situated at about 28,000 light years from the center of
the Milky Way.

 Seven Main Stages of a Star


First Stage: Giant Gas Cloud
Second Stage: Protostar
Third Stage: T-Tauri Phase
Fourth Stage: Main Sequence
Fifth Stage: Red Giant
Sixth Stage: The Fusion of Heavier Elements
Last Stage: Supernovae and Planetary Nebulae
 Our universe began with an explosion of space itself - the Big Bang. Starting
from extremely high density and temperature, space expanded, the universe
cooled, and the simplest elements formed. Gravity gradually drew matter
together to form the first stars and the first galaxies. The Big Bang Theory is
the currently most acceptable scientific explanation on how the universe was
created. The term big-bang was coined by Fred Hoyle, an english astronomer
who, ironically, did not support the big bang theory.

 Brane is the 3d dimensional while Bulk is the 4-dimensional space.

 The "Solar Nebular Disk Model" (SNDM) is the most widely accepted model
explaining the formation and evolution of our sun and solar system. This model
is now being applied to star and planet formation across the universe

 The Standard Model is the theory used to describe the interactions between
fundamental particles and fundamental forces. It is remarkably successful at
predicting the outcome of particle physics experiments.

 The nebular hypothesis is the idea that a spinning cloud of dust made of mostly
light elements, called a nebula, flattened into a protoplanetary disk, and became
a solar system consisting of a star with orbiting planets.

 George Leamaitre is a belgian priest in 1927 who discovered the redshift in a


distant nebula.
 Edwin Hubble, an American astronomer who confirmed the existence of the
red shift and reported that the galaxies are travelling away from the earth in
1929.
 Andrei Linde, a Russian physicist, proposed during the late 80’s that inflation
can be a never ending process.
 Willy Fowler, an American nuclear physicist an astrophysicist, was awarded the
Nobel Prize for physics in 1983 through his work in nucleosynthesis, or how the
chemical elements, from carbon atoms to uranium atoms where formed in the
core of the starts.
 Pierre Simon Laplace, a French physicist and astronomer who explained the
nebular hypothesis in a more detailed way.
 Victor Sergeevich Safronov, a Russian astronomer who predicted the
formation of a nebular disk.
 Robert Julius Trumpler is a Swiss American astronomer that discovered the
interstellar cloud.
 Clyde Tombaugh, an American astronomer discovered in 1930 the 9th planet in
the solar system.
 Jennifer Chen, Carroll’s graduate student, expanded the concept of multiverse
by proving the mechanism for the process of inflation.
 Neil Turok, a South African physicist, in 1999, addressed the gaps in the big
bang theory.
 Paul Steinhardt, an American Physicist and cosmologist who expanded the
string theory.
 John Wheleer, an american physicist, to refer to the black hole as dense objects
with powerful gravitational fields
 Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher who presented Nebular hypothesis in
1796.

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