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Introduction To Chemical Analysis

Chemical analysis involves characterizing samples through techniques like wet chemical methods, titrations, and instrumental methods like spectrometry and chromatography. The goals are quantification, detection, identification, and separation of substances in samples. Analytical chemistry asks what is in a sample, how much is present, and uses qualitative and quantitative methods both classical and modern. Typical quantitative analysis involves selecting a method, acquiring and processing samples, eliminating interferences, calibration, measurements, and calculations.

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39 views

Introduction To Chemical Analysis

Chemical analysis involves characterizing samples through techniques like wet chemical methods, titrations, and instrumental methods like spectrometry and chromatography. The goals are quantification, detection, identification, and separation of substances in samples. Analytical chemistry asks what is in a sample, how much is present, and uses qualitative and quantitative methods both classical and modern. Typical quantitative analysis involves selecting a method, acquiring and processing samples, eliminating interferences, calibration, measurements, and calculations.

Uploaded by

Saba Aslam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Chemical

Analysis
Chemical analysis includes any aspect of the chemical characterization of a sample
material.

1.) ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: The Science of Chemical Measurements.

3.) Techniques used in Analytical Chemistry:


a.) Wet Chemical Methods: titrations, colour-forming reactions,
precipitations, etc.
b.) Instrumental Methods: spectrometry, chromatography, etc.
• Areas of Chemical Analysis and Questions They Answer
• Quantitation:
• How much of substance X is in the sample?
• Detection:
• Does the sample contain substance X?
• Identification:
• What is the identity of the substance in the sample?
• Separation:
• How can the species of interest be separated from the sample
matrix for better quantitation and identification?
Types of Questions Asked in Analytical Chemistry

a.) What is in the sample? (qualitative analysis)

b.) How much is in the sample? (quantitative analysis)


Melting point

Colour
Qualitative
Odor

Classical Solubility

Gravimetric
Quantitative
Volumetric
Analytical methods
Chromatography

Qualitative Electrophoresis

Physical properties
Modern
Spectroscopy
Quantitative
Mass spectroscopy
Typical quantitative analysis
Select your method

Sometimes needs experience and intuition


Some points should be taken into Acquire sample
consideration:
1. Level of accuracy required
Sample processing
2. Number of samples will be analysed

Eliminate
Choosing a method can be influenced by two interferences
factors:
1. Complexity of the sample Calibration and conc.
measurements
2. Number of components in the sample
Calculations and
results reporting
Typical quantitative analysis
Select your method

Sampling is the process of collecting a small


mass of material whose composition Acquire sample
accurately represents the bulk of material
being sampled.
Sample processing

Two main factors that affect sampling:


Eliminate
1. Heterogeneity interferences
2. Collecting biological samples
Calibration and conc.
measurements

Calculations and
results reporting
Typical quantitative analysis
1. Preparing a laboratory sample Select your method
Solids:
Liquids:
a. Grounding
a. Covering
b. Mixing b. Keeping inside evacuated container Acquire sample
c. Storing
d. Drying
2. Sample replications
Sample processing
It improves the quality of the results and provides a measure of their
reliability

Eliminate
3. Preparing liquid samples interferences
It requires choosing a suitable solvent(√)
Materials like silicates, high molecular mass polymers, samples of Calibration and conc.
animal tissues (X) measurements
they require extraordinary conditions to prepare a suitable form for
measurement (time-consuming and expensive)
Calculations and
results reporting
Typical quantitative analysis
Select your method

Interferences Other compounds in the sample matrix that


interfere with the measurement of the analyte Acquire sample

It is advisable to remove the impurities before starting


measurements. Sample processing

Eliminate
interferences

Calibration and conc.


measurements

Calculations and
results reporting
Typical quantitative analysis
Select your method

Interferences Other compounds in the sample matrix that


interfere with the measurement of the analyte Acquire sample

It is advisable to remove the impurities before starting


measurements. Sample processing

Calibration is the process of determining the proportionality


between analyte conc. And a measured quantity Eliminate
interferences

Calibration and conc.


measurements

Calculations and
results reporting
Typical quantitative analysis
Select your method

Interferences: Other compounds in the sample matrix that


interfere with the measurement of the analyte Acquire sample

It is advisable to remove all the impurities before


starting measurements. Sample processing

Calibration: The process of determining the proportionality Eliminate


between analyte conc. And a measured quantity interferences

Calculations: The final event in the analytical process is to


Calibration and conc.
perform the calculations and present the results in an acceptable measurements
manner.

Calculations and
results reporting

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