Group 3 PRESENTATION

Arnul John Rey Jerald John Enrico Neil Geralph Mon Edcyl
Cabrera Lumbao Tablada Araojo
Vargas

"The sun will “The mind is not “Just because "In life, you will
“The sun is someone stumbles be faced with a
rise and we will shining and the a vessel to be
and loses their series of God-
try again." water is 70 filled but a fire ordained
to be ignited.” path, doesn’t
degrees opportunities
mean they’re lost
perenhayt.” brilliantly
forever.” disguised as
problems and
challenges.” 2
Structural Engineering

- It is a sub-discipline of civil
engineering in which structural
engineers are trained to design the
'bones and muscles' that create the form
and shape of man-made
structures. Structural engineers also
must understand and calculate
the stability, strength, rigidity and
earthquake-susceptibility of built
structures for buildings and nonbuilding
structures.
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▪ Structural engineering theory is based upon applied physical
laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of
different materials and geometries.
▪ Structural engineering design uses a number of relatively simple
structural concepts to build complex structural systems.
▪ Structural engineers are responsible for making creative and
efficient use of funds, structural elements and materials to
achieve these goals.

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Basics of Structural Design and Analysis

Structural design is the process of creating a safe and

functional structure under any load that it may experience. During
this process, the structural engineer will determine the structure's
stability, strength, and stiffness (rigidity). The basic objective in
structural design and analysis is to produce a structure capable of
resisting all applied loads without failure during its intended life.

-
1. Modelling

The most used structural elements which can be included in the structural model are:

• Beams • Slabs
• Columns • Shear walls;
• Struts and ties • Membranes. 6
2. Load Analysis
In real life, different loads act
simultaneously with the structure.
The combination of the various loads
should be evaluated. For instance, a
simultaneous action between dead
load (weight of the structure) and live
load (use of the building by people)
can be a load combination. But also,
dead loads and wind loads can be a
combination. Finding which is the
worst load combination for your
structure is a part of the loads
analysis process.
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3. Structural Analysis
The results of the analysis include the internal
forces diagrams (shear, bending moment, normal,
torsion and stresses), reactions, deformations/
deflections produced by the different load
combinations. For simple structures, like a single
beam or column, this analysis can be done by hand.
However, for 2D or 3D structures, the analysis
requires many detailed computations, mostly in
matrices, in which errors are quickly made in case of
hand calculations. Computer Structural Design Software
has now replaced manual computation.

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4. Structural Design
The result of the structural design represents
the dimensions of each element in the model,
complying with the design requirements, together
with material related details, such as the required
area of reinforcement to be provided for concrete
elements.

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5. Detailing

Once the global analysis and design are finished,

the structural engineer can start detailing. Structural
detailing consists of 2 parts:

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 1. Where should the details be placed and where
should structural connections and overlaps be made?
For example, beam or column splices. For other
details like beam-column or column base connections,
the placement cannot be discussed.
2. The specifications of reinforcement, bolts,
and welds, that is the number of reinforcement bars,
bolt grade, number of bolts, weld throat thickness,
end plates etc.

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Stress Analysis

▪ The study
of stresses and strains in
materials and structures
as force is applied against
them. It is a topic
in engineering. It may
cause deformation or fractures
in materials. Stress analysis is
about finding out how much
stress causes deformation in a
given material.
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▪ Stress analysis is an important
task
for civil, mechanical and aerosp
ace engineers. They work on
the design of structures of all
sizes, such
as bridges and dams, machines,
and
even plastic cutlery and staples.
Stress analysis is also used in
the maintenance of such
structures, and to investigate the
causes of structural failures.
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Structure Stability
▪ A fundamental property of a dynamical system which means
that the qualitative behavior of the trajectories is unaffected by
small perturbations.

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Seismic Proof and Reinforcement

▪ Seismic proof designed to ▪ Seismic reinforcement is an

withstand the shattering application of earthquake
effect of an earthquake an engineering that modifies
earthquake-proof building. internal and external
structures of buildings using
specific methods. The aim is
to develop an architecture
that offers greater resistance
in the event of geological
disasters
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Seismic Proof
• Fixed based -a permanent place for the
purpose of performing professional
services or other activities of an
independent nature.
• Base isolation units consist of Linear-
motion bearings, that allow the building
to move, oil dampers that absorb the
forces generated by the movement of
the building, and laminated rubber
bearings that allow the building to return
to its original position when the
earthquake has ended. It Reduced the
damages caused during an earthquake.

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Seismic Reinforcement

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https://www.buildsoft.eu/en/blog/basics-structural-design-and-analysis

https://tomorrow.city/a/seismic-reinforcement-how-it-works-and-why-it-
is-so
important#:~:text=What%20is%20seismic%20reinforcement,the%20event%20of%2
0geological%20disasters

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_ stability

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_ analysis#:~:text=Stress%20analy
sis%20is%20the%20study,deformation%20or%20fractures%20in%20materials

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