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Groundsubsidence-Natural Hazard.

Land subsidence occurs when the ground surface sinks due to removal or displacement of underground materials. It is commonly caused by excessive groundwater pumping from aquifers, which causes compaction. Other causes include mining, sinkholes in karst regions, and loading from structures. Subsidence damages infrastructure and increases flooding risk. It has occurred in many cities like Venice, San Joaquin Valley, and Jakarta, where rates reach 1-10 cm per year. Subsidence can be mapped using GPS and inspected for effects like sinkholes. Minimizing pumping and injecting water back into aquifers can reduce subsidence hazards.

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Aria Jonathan
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45 views27 pages

Groundsubsidence-Natural Hazard.

Land subsidence occurs when the ground surface sinks due to removal or displacement of underground materials. It is commonly caused by excessive groundwater pumping from aquifers, which causes compaction. Other causes include mining, sinkholes in karst regions, and loading from structures. Subsidence damages infrastructure and increases flooding risk. It has occurred in many cities like Venice, San Joaquin Valley, and Jakarta, where rates reach 1-10 cm per year. Subsidence can be mapped using GPS and inspected for effects like sinkholes. Minimizing pumping and injecting water back into aquifers can reduce subsidence hazards.

Uploaded by

Aria Jonathan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CV0000 : Disaster and Infrastructure Failures

Module 3 : Ground Subsidence

Dr. Arlyn Aristo


Learning Objectives
• Understand the causes and effects of land subsidence.
• Know the geographic region at risk for subsidence and
volume changes in the soil.
• Understand the hazards associated with karst regions.
• Know what can be done to minimize the hazard from
subsidence and volume changes in the soil.

2
Land subsidence in Venice, Italy
Land subsidence in Venice, Italy
Land subsidence in San Joaquin valley, CA
Land subsidence in Jakarta basin (1974-2010)

Photo source: Geodesy, ITB


Land subsidence in Jakarta basin (1974-2010)

Photo source: Geodesy, ITB


What is Land subsidence?
Land subsidence is a gradual settling or sudden sinking of the
Earth's surface due to removal or displacement of subsurface
earth materials.
The principal causes include:
• aquifer-system compaction associated with groundwater
withdrawals
• Loading effects of overlying structures
• underground mining/boring
• Collapse of mines or caves created by dissolution (e.g karst)
• natural compaction or collapse, such as with sinkholes or
thawing permafrost
• Liquefaction (the phenomenon that cause saturated sand to
liquefy due to earthquake.
What is Aquifer?
An aquifer is a geologic unit that can store and transmit
groundwater at rates fast enough to supply reasonable
amounts to well
Land-subsidence caused by excessive
groundwater withdrawal
Various ways to mapping Land-subsidence
Various ways to mapping Land-subsidence
Various ways to mapping Land-subsidence

Global positioning system (GPS)


method.
Various ways to measure Land-subsidence
GPS is a robust method in determining the land-subsidence
with 3 features (Abidin et al, 2008):
• Provides three dimensional displacement vector; two
horizontal components and one vertical component.
• Provides the displacement vectors in a well-defined
coordinate reference system, which makes it possible to
effectively monitor land subsidence over large areas
Installation of injection wells.
• GPS can yield displacement vectors with a precision of
several millimeters in the temporal and spatial domain.
• GPS is available continuously, day and night, and
independent of weather conditions.
Effects of Land-subsidence

Sinkhole Formation
Effects of Land-subsidence
A sinkhole is a sudden depression in the ground that has no
natural external surface drainage.
Two kinds of sinkhole; solutional sinkhole and collapse sinkhole

Sinkholes are most common in what geologists call, “karst terrain. Dissolution of
the rock, or other soluble material caused the cavity.
Effects of Land-subsidence

A sinkhole is a sudden depression in the ground that has no


natural external surface drainage.
Effects of Land-subsidence

Fukuoka sinkhole : fixed in 7 days (Happened in November 8 2016, retrofitted and


available to public in November 15).
Case Study (Jakarta Land-subsidence)

Jakarta, with about 12 millions population and


about 625 km2 is sinking!!!
Rate of subsidence range from 1-10 cm/year
Case Study (Jakarta Land-subsidence)
Jakarta is expected to have four different types
of subsidence:
- Subsidence due to groundwater
- Subsidence due load of construction
- Natural consolidation of alluvial soil
- Tectonic subsidence
Case Study (Jakarta Land-subsidence)
Jakarta is a lowland area with five main
landforms:
- Alluvial landforms
- Landforms of marine-origin (northern part)
- Beach ridge landforms
- Swamp and mangrove
- Former channels
Case Study (Jakarta Land-subsidence)
Case Study (Jakarta Land-subsidence)
Case Study (Jakarta Land-subsidence)
Case Study (Jakarta Land-subsidence)
How to minimize the land subsidence?
From geologic understanding, minimizing the hazard
caused by the land-subsidence are following:
• Minimizing/reducing the groundwater pumping.
• Installation of injection wells. For oil mining, the
extracted oil can be replaced by injecting water to
replace the oil mass.
• Regulating the mining/underground activity.
• Limit irrigation, especially for areas with collapsible
soils.
• Avoiding to construct building above limestone or
soil which is easy to dissolute.
Thank you

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