GRAMMAR-VOCABULARY-WRITING.

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Lengua Extranjera Para Maestros: Inglés

1º Grado en Educación Primaria

Facultad de Magisterio
Universitat de València

Reservados todos los derechos.

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
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2022
LENGUA EXTRANJERA PARA MAESTROS
ENGLISH EXAM

Reservados todos los derechos.

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
 PRESENT SIMPLE

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I Verb Don’t + verb Do I + verb? USES
YOU Verb Don’t + verb Do you + verb?
HE Verb + s Doesn’t + verb Does he + verb? • HABITS/ROUTINES → We watch TV every day.
SHE Verb + s Doesn’t + verb Does she + verb? • LONG-TERM SITUATIONS → My brother lives in
IT Verbs +s Doesn’t + verb Does it + verb? Montreal.
WE Verb Don’t + verb Do we + verb? • GENERAL TRUTH → Water boils at 100 degrees
YOU Verb Don’t + verb Do you + verb?
• STATEMENT VERBS → I have a brother
THEY Verb Don’t + verb Do they + verb?

Reservados todos los derechos.

ENDINGS OF VERBS ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
-sh, -ch, -s, -ss, -x, -z, -o - Consonante + y Todos los demás
-es Se remplaza “y” por -ies s Never Sometimes Often Usually Normally Always

Watches Studies Plays Subject + Adverb + Verb → I always drink coffee.

TIME EXPRESSIONS: EXAMPLES

- Every day (week/night) - When do you want to meet me?
- Once a month - Don’t you ever clean your room?
- Twice a year - My friends don’t usually leave so early.
- On Monday/Thursday… - Jim doesn’t work on Fridays.
- In July/August… - The sun sets in the west every day.

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 PRESENT CONTINOUS

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I Am + Verb (-ing) Am not + verb (+ing) Am I + verb (+ing)?
YOU Are + Verb (-ing) Aren’t + verb (+ing) Are you + verb (+ing)?
HE Is + Verb (-ing) Isn’t + verb (+ing) Is he + verb (+ing)?
SHE Is + Verb (-ing) Isn’t + verb (+ing) Is he + verb (+ing)?
IT Is + Verb (-ing) Isn’t + verb (+ing) Is he + verb (+ing)?
WE Are + Verb (-ing) Aren’t + verb (+ing) Are you + verb (+ing)?
YOU Are + Verb (-ing) Aren’t + verb (+ing) Are you + verb (+ing)?
Aren’t + verb (+ing)

Reservados todos los derechos.

THEY Are + Verb (-ing) Are you + verb (+ing)?

USES
• AN ONGOING SITUATION → I am writing an essay now.
• A TEMPORARY ACTIVITY → He is living with is uncle in London now.
• AN ACTION IN PROGRESS → The world population is increasing
• FUTURE PLAN → What are you doing on Sunday?
• REPEATED ACTION THAT ANNOW THE SPEAKER → He is never listening to a word I’m saying!

TIME EXPRESSIONS:
- I am playing football. - He isn’t study
- Right now - Now
- Are you visiting your aunt? - The baby is crying.
- At the moment

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 PRESENT PERFECT

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I Have + Past participle Haven’t + Past participle Have + I + Past participle + ?
YOU Have + Past participle Haven’t + Past participle Have + You + Past participle + ?
HE Has + Past participle Hasn’t + Past participle Has + he + Pat participle + ?
SHE Has + Past participle Hasn’t + Past participle Has + she + Pat participle + ?
IT Has + Past participle Hasn’t + Past participle Has + it + Pat participle + ?
WE Have + Past participle Haven’t + Past participle Have + we + Past participle + ?
YOU Have + Past participle Haven’t + Past participle Have + you + Past participle + ?

Reservados todos los derechos.

THEY Have + Past participle Haven’t + Past participle Have + they + Past participle + ?

USES
• ACTIONS THAT BEGAN IN THE PAST BUT CONTINUE UNTIL THE PRESENT/CONSEQUENCES IN THE
PRESENT→ They have been a couple for 20 years / We have built a house.
• AN ACTION THAT TOOKK PLACE AT AN UNDETERMINED TIME IN THE PAST BUT IS CONNECTED
TO THE PRESENT → Jane has recently read that novel.
• DESCRIBE EXPERIENCIES → I have never flown in a plane.
• CHANGE IN TIME → He has learned to be more patient.
• SUCCESSES AND ACHIEVEMENTS → Dan has finished writing his first novel.

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 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
RECENTLY FINISHED ACTIONS
• JUST, ALREADY, RECENTLY, LATELY – S+HAVE/HAS+ADVERB+PP → I have recently been in London.
• YET – NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE – S+HAVE/HAS+PP+YET → Has it stopped raining yet? / I haven’t
sent the letter yet.

Reservados todos los derechos.

UNFINISHED ACTIONS
EVER, NEVER, TODAY, FOR, SINCE – S+HAVE/HAS+ADVERB+PP → I have never been in China.
THIS MORNING – When this period od time is not finished at the time of speaking
SINCE FOR BEEN GONE
Specific moments Period of time Go and return. Go (No return)
Jill has recently been to John is on holiday. He
I haven’t seen him since I haven’t seen him for
China. She’s back now in has gone to Italy.
2008. three years.
London. (He hasn’t come back).

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 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I Have + Verb (-ing) Haven’t + Verb (-ing) Have + I + Verb (-ing) + ?
YOU Have + Verb (-ing) Haven’t + Verb (-ing) Have + You + Verb (-ing) + ?
HE Has + Verb (-ing) Hasn’t + Verb (-ing) Has + he + Verb (-ing) + ?
SHE Has + Verb (-ing) Hasn’t + Verb (-ing) Has + she + Verb (-ing) + ?
IT Has + Verb (-ing) Hasn’t + Verb (-ing) Has + it + Verb (-ing) + ?
WE Have + Verb (-ing) Haven’t + Verb (-ing) Have + we + Verb (-ing)+ ?
YOU Have + Verb (-ing) Haven’t + Verb (-ing) Have + you + Verb (-ing)+ ?

Reservados todos los derechos.

THEY Have + Verb (-ing) Haven’t + Verb (-ing) Have + they + Verb (-ing)+ ?

USES
• AN ACTION THAT STARTED IN THE PAST AND STILL CONTINOUS IN THE PRESENT→ How long have
you been waiting.
• AN ACTION WHOSE RESULTS ARE STILL APPARENT → I’m tired. I have been training all morning.
• LLEVAR + GERUNDIO + EXPRESIÓN DE TIEMPO WITH FOR AND SINCE → I’ve been studyng English
since I was six.

TIME EXPRESSIONS
For a year, since 2012, how long…? all night/morning/day/week.

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 PAST SIMPLE
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
I Verb + ed Didn’t + verb Did I + verb?
YOU Verb + ed Didn’t + verb Did you + verb?
HE Verb + ed Didn’t + verb Did he + verb?
SHE Verb + ed Didn’t + verb Did she + verb?
IT Verb + ed Didn’t + verb Did it + verb?
WE Verb + ed Didn’t + verb Did we + verb?
YOU Verb + ed Didn’t + verb Did you + verb?
THEY Verb + ed Didn’t + verb Did they + verb?

Reservados todos los derechos.

TIME EXPRESSIONS
USES
Yesterday
• PAST ACTIONS WHICH ARE DEFINITELY FINISHED → Yesterday I had a
meeting at work. Last year/month/week
• TO PRESENT A SEQUENCE OF SHORT PAST ACTIONS → My brother
came in, said hello and sat down.
A week/a month/ a year ago
• TO NARRATE (TO PRESENT THE EVENTS IN A STORY) → She was In the past
painting the room when she fell and broke.
In 1998

Did you have dinner last night? She washed her car.
IRREGULAR
Last year, I travelled to Japan. I didn’t travel to Korea. VERBS

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 PAST CONTINOUS

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I Was + Verb (-ing) Wasn’t + verb (+ing) Was I + verb (+ing)?
YOU Were + Verb (-ing) Weren’t + verb (+ing) Were you + verb (+ing)?
HE Was + Verb (-ing) Wasn’t + verb (+ing) Was he + verb (+ing)?
SHE Was + Verb (-ing) Wasn’t + verb (+ing) Was he + verb (+ing)?
IT Was + Verb (-ing) Wasn’t + verb (+ing) Was he + verb (+ing)?
WE Were + Verb (-ing) weren’t + verb (+ing) Were you + verb (+ing)?
YOU Were + Verb (-ing) weren’t + verb (+ing) Were you + verb (+ing)?
weren’t + verb (+ing)

Reservados todos los derechos.

THEY Were + Verb (-ing) Were you + verb (+ing)?

USES
• TO DESCRIBE THE CONTEXT OF A STORY (IT USED TO EXPRESS LONGER ACTIONS) → I was reading a book when
my friends called me.
• PARTICULAR MOMENT IN THE PAST → I was working at 10 pm last night.

EXAMPLES
- I was listening a podcast at 6pm last morning.
- She was cooking at 8 am.
- We were talking about when we left class.

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 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
PAST CONTINOUS AND SIMPLE
A longer past action in full progress (expressed PAST CONTINOUS
by past continuous) is interrupted by a
shorter action (expressed by past simple).

Reservados todos los derechos.

WHEN PAST SIMPLE EXAMPLES
- He phoned while I was reading a book.
WHILE PAST CONTINOUS
- While I was reading a book, he phoned.
- When he phoned, I was reading a book.

PAST CONTINOUS + PAST CONTINOUS

PAST CONTINOUS
To express two past actions which occur at the
same time, but do not interrupt each other. PAST CONTINOUS

EXAMPLES
- My father was watching TV while my mother was cooking dinner.
- I was cooking while my friends were swimming in the swimming pool.

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 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
PAST PERFECT
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I Had + Past participle Hadn’t + Past participle Had + I + Past participle + ?
YOU Had + Past participle Hadn’t + Past participle Had + You + Past participle + ?
HE Had + Past participle Hadn’t + Past participle Had + he + Pat participle + ?
SHE Had + Past participle Hadn’t + Past participle Had + she + Pat participle + ?
IT Had + Past participle Hadn’t + Past participle Had + it + Past participle + ?

Reservados todos los derechos.

WE Had + Past participle Hadn’t + Past participle Had + we + Past participle + ?
YOU Had + Past participle Hadn’t + Past participle Had + you + Past participle + ?
THEY Had + Past participle Hadn’t + Past participle Had + they + Past participle + ?

USES
• IT IS USED FOR ACTIONS THAT OCCURRED BEFORE A SPECIFIC TIME IN THE PAST → I had already woken up
when the alarm clock rang at 7 am.
• ACTION OR EVENT THAT BEGAN IN THE PAST AND PRECEDES ANOTHER ACTION ALSO IN THE PAST→ Had you
ever flown before the trip to France?

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 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
PRESENT
PAST
PERFECT
PERFECT

Reservados todos los derechos.

PAST PRESENT
SIMPLE

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 FUTURE SIMPLE

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I Will + verb Won’t + verb Will + I + Verb +?
YOU Will + verb Won’t + verb Will + You + Verb +?
HE Will + verb Won’t + verb Will + he + Verb +?
SHE Will + verb Won’t + verb Will + she + Verb +?
IT Will + verb Won’t + verb Will + it + Verb +?

Reservados todos los derechos.

WE Will + verb Won’t + verb Will + we + Verb +?
YOU Will + verb Won’t + verb Will + you + Verb +?
THEY Will + verb Won’t + verb Will + they + Verb +?

USES
• PREDICTIONS BASED ON OPINIONS→ I think they will get married soon.
• PROMISES → When I am president, I will lower taxes.
• VOLUNTARY ACTIONS → Will you help me move?
• INSTANT DECISIONS → I’m cold. I’ll get my coat.

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 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
BE GOING TO
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I Am + going to + verb Am not + going to+ verb Am + I + going to + verb +?
YOU Are + going to+ verb Aren’t + going to+ verb Are + You + going to + verb +?
HE Is + going to + verb Isn’t + going to + verb Is + he + going to + verb +?

Reservados todos los derechos.

SHE Is + going to + verb Isn’t + going to + verb Is + she + going to + verb +?
IT Is + going to + verb Isn’t + going to + verb Is + it + going to + verb +?
WE Are + going to+ verb Aren’t + going to+ verb Are + we + going to + verb +?
YOU Are + going to+ verb Aren’t + going to+ verb Are + you + going to + verb +?
THEY Are + going to+ verb Aren’t + going to+ verb Are + they + going to + verb +?

USES
• FUTURE PLANS AND INTENTIONS → Richard is going to take an English class.
• EVIDENCES → It’s cloudy, it is going to rain.

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 FUTURE CONTINOUS

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I Will + be + verb (ing) Won’t + be + verb (ing) Will + I + be + verb (ing) +?
YOU Will + be + verb (ing) Won’t + be + verb (ing) Will + You + verb (ing) +?
HE Will + be + verb (ing) Won’t + be + verb (ing) Will + he + verb (ing) +?
SHE Will + be + verb (ing) Won’t + be + verb (ing) Will + she + verb (ing) +?
IT Will + be + verb (ing) Won’t + be + verb (ing) Will + it + verb (ing) +?
Won’t + be + verb (ing)

Reservados todos los derechos.

WE Will + be + verb (ing) Will + we + verb (ing) +?
YOU Will + be + verb (ing) Won’t + be + verb (ing) Will + you + verb (ing) +?
THEY Will + be + verb (ing) Won’t + be + verb (ing) Will + they + verb (ing) +?

USES
• AN ACTION IN PROGRESS AT A SPECIFIC TIME IN THE FUTIRE → This time tomorrow I’ll be flying
to Barbados.
• AN ACTION WE SEE AS NEW OR TEMPORARY → I’ll be working for my Dad until I find a job.

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 FUTURE PERFECT

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I Will + have +PP Won’t + have +PP Will + I + have +PP +?
YOU Will + have +PP Won’t + have +PP Will + You + have +PP +?
HE Will + have +PP Won’t + have +PP Will + he + have +PP +?
SHE Will + have +PP Won’t + have +PP Will + she + have +PP +?
IT Will + have +PP Won’t + have +PP Will + it + have +PP +?
WE Will + have +PP Won’t + have +PP Will + we + have +PP +?

Reservados todos los derechos.

YOU Will + have +PP Won’t + have +PP Will + you + have +PP +?
THEY Will + have +PP Won’t + have +PP Will + they + have +PP +?

USES
• ACTIONS THAT WILL HAVE ALREADY BEEN COMPLETED BEFORE ANOTHER ACTION IN THE
FUTURE→ I’ll have finished my studies before I start my new job.
• SHOW THAT SOMETHING WILL CONTINUE UNTIL ANOTHER ACTION IN THE FUTURE→ Next
week, I’ll have lived in Germany for 1 year

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 PASSIVE VOICE

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MODAL VERBS
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

Reservados todos los derechos.

REPORTED SPEECH
QUANTIFIERS
RELATIVE CLAUSES
QUESTIONS TAGS
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 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
PASSIVE VOICE
WE USE PASSIVE VOICE WHEN WE WANT TO INSIST ON THE RESULT OF THE ACTION
RATHER THAN ON ITS AUTHOR
• Passive Voice is used more frequently in English than in Spanish
• We often translate impersonal structures from Spanish by passive structures in English.

Reservados todos los derechos.

(Present continuous)

ACTIVE S THE MAID VB IS CLEANING O THE ROOM

ACTIVE S THE ROOM VB IS BEING CLEANED AGENT BY THE MAID

(BE - Present continuous) + past participle

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 THE PASSIVE OF AN ACTIVE TENSE IS FORMED BY PUTTING THE VERB TO BE INTO THE SAME

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TENSE AS THE ACTIVE VERB AND ADDING THE PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE ACTIVE VERB

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

Present Simple He delivers the letters. The letters are delivered.
Past Simple He delivered the letters. The letters were delivered.
Future Simple He will deliver the letters. The letters will be delivered.
Present Continuous He is delivering the letters. The letters are being delivered.
Past Continuous He was delivering the letters. The letters were being delivered.

Reservados todos los derechos.

Going to He is going to deliver the letters. The letters are going to be delivered.
Present Perfect He has delivered the letters. The letters have been delivered.
Past Perfect He had delivered the letters. The letters had been delivered.
Infinitive He has to deliver the letters. The letters have to be delivered.
Modals He must deliver the letters. The letters must be delivered.

WHEN THE AGENT IS NOT RELEVANT (E.G., SOME VERBS CAN HAVE TWO OBJECTS: A DIRECT
SOMEBODY, SOMEONE, PEOPLE, THEY), IT IS ONE AND AN INDIRECT ONE. IN THIS CASE IT IS
OMITTED. POSSIBLE TO MAKE TWO PASSIVE SENTENCES:
They gave Diana (IO) a camera (DO)
Active: Somebody has cleaned the windows. Diana was given a camera.
Passive: The windows have been cleaned. A camera was given to Diana.

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 MODAL VERBS

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
• They are invariable (They do not take -s in the 3rd persona sg) → He might take his dog for walk In this park.
• Most of them have only one form, used for present or to refer to the future. → He can have a pet / I might have to work
tomorrow.
• They do not need auxiliaries to form questions or negatives → He can’t be a criminal / Could I phone you when I get home?
• Most of them are followed by short infinitive (infinitive with to) → He must be good at tennis because he practises every day.

MAY– MIGHT – COULD CAN’T

SOMETHIG IS POSSIBLY TRUE YOU ARE SURE SOMETHING IS IMPOSSIBLE/NOT TRUE

Reservados todos los derechos.

- I don’t know where Kate is. She might be at work or at - Nigel can’t earn much money in his job because he’s still
the gym. living with his parent.
- Jack may come to eat with us.
- It’s a strange story, but it could be true. MUST
YOU ARE SURE THAT COMETHING IS TRUE
¡¡¡Could!!! → not usually used to talk about possibility. - The neighbours must be out because there aren’t any
lights on in their house.
MODAL + VERB + VB (-ING)
FOR SOMETHIG THAT IS HAPPENING RIGHT NOW OR IN A
SPECIFICAL MOMENT IT ISN’T TRUE IT IS TRUE
- The music is very loud. They must be having a party. CAN’T MUST
- Don’t phone at 8.30. I might be watching the film on TV.
MAY/MIGHT/COULD

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 CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
INTRODUCED BY:
THEY ARE USED TO EXPRESS THE FACT THAT THE ACTION IN
IF (MOST FREQUENTLY) ON CONDITION THAT
THE MAIN CLAUSE (WITHOUT IF) CAN ONLY TAKE PLACE IF A
UNLESS
CERTAIN CONDITION (IN THE CLAUSE WITH IF) IS FULFILLED. PROVIDED (THAT) SO LONG AS/AS LONG AS

ZERO GENERAL TRUTH AND GENERAL HABITS

Reservados todos los derechos.

IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT SIMPLE
CONDITIONAL
If you add two and two, you get four

POSSIBLE OR LIKELY THING IN THE FUTURE

IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL + INFINITIVE FIRST
If it rains later, we’ll stay at home. CONDITIONAL
I will go to Paris, if I save enough money.

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 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
IMPOSSIBLE THINGS IN THE PRESENT/UNLIKELY THINGS IN
SECOND THE FUTURE
IF + PAST SIMPLE, WOULD + INFINITIVE
CONDITIONAL If I won the lottery, I would have passed the exam.
I would go to Paris if I had enough money.

Reservados todos los derechos.

THINGS THAT DIND’T HAPPEN IN THE PAST AND THEIR
IMGINARY RESULTS/ TO EXPRESS THE FACT THAT IT IS
IMPOSSBLE THAT THE CONDITION WILL BE FULFILLED THIRD
IF + PAST PERFECT, WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE CONDITIONAL
If I had studied harder, I would pass the exam.
I would have gone to Paris, if I Had had enough money
I would go to Paris if I had enough money.
IN SUBORDINATE IF CLAUSES TYPE THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE (INTRODUCED BY IF) CAN BE AT UNLESS = IF NOT
2 THE VERB BE HAS THE FORM THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE, BUT IN THIS CASE A Unless we leave now, we’ll be late = If
WERE IN ALL THE PERSONS. COMMA MUST SEPARATE THE TWO CLAUSES we don’t leave now, we’ll be late
If I were you, I would tell him the truth. If I had saved enough money, I would have gone to Paris.

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 CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
GERUND → (VERB -ING) INFINITIVE → TO + VERB
• AFTER PREPOSITIONS AND PHRASAL VERB • AFTER ADJECTIVES
- I’m not very good at remembering names. - My flat is very easy to find.
- Katie’s given up something.
• TO EXPRESS A REASON OR A PURPOSE
• AS THE SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE (cuando hay un verbo detrás to + infinitivo)
- Katie’s given up smoking. - Liam is saving money to buy a new car.

• AFTER LIKE/PREFRENCES • AFTER: ASK, TELL, WANT, WOULD LIKE → VERB + PERSON + TO + INF

Reservados todos los derechos.

- I like listening to music. - Can you ask the manager to come?
- I want to do this know.
• WOULD LIKE/WOULD LOVE + INFINITIVE - We’d like you to come.
- I would like to meet your brother. - She told him no to worry.

ADMIT FEEL LIKE AVOID FINISH DECIDE EXPECT HELP WANT

DENY KEEP ENJOY MIND AGREE HOPE LEARN NEED
GIVE UP MISS GO ON PRACTISE OFFER PLAN PRETEND PROMISE
FEEL LIKE RECOMMEND SPEND TIME SUGGEST REFUSE SEEM CAN’T (AFFORD)

I don’t mind getting up early My sister has never learned to drive.

SHORT INFINITIVE → WITHOUT TO

• AFTER MOST MODAL AND AUXILIARY VERBS
- We must hurry

• AFTER MAKE AND LET

- She always makes me laugh
- My parents didn’t let me go out last night.

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 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
VERB + GERUND +INFINITIVE

HACER UN EXPERIMENTO HACER UN ESFUERZO

TRY
Try doing yoga. Try to be on time.

REMEMBER, RECORDAR HABER HECHO ALGO (QUE HA PASADO) RECORDAR HACER ALGO

Reservados todos los derechos.

FORGET I remember meeting him years ago. Remember to phone him

PARAR DE HACER ALGO PARAR PARA HACER ALGO

STOP
She stopped working at the age of 72. She stopped to have a cup of tea.

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 REPORTED SPEECH

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DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Mike said: I’ve never been abroad Mike said that he had never been abroad
Reported speech is used to tell somebody what Mike said.
Several changes appear in reported speech, depending on the type of sentence: statement/question.

Reservados todos los derechos.

WHEN TENSES DON’T CHANGE
• When you report what someone said very soon after they said it → DS: Adam: I can’t come tonight. RS: I’ve just
spoken to Adam and he said that he can’t come tonight.

• When the reporting verb is in the present→ DS: Ruth: ‘I go jogging every day.’ RS: Ruth says that she goes jogging
every day.

• When you report something and the situation hasn’t changed. DS: John: ‘Water boils at 100 degrees. ’RS: John said
that water boils at 100 degrees.

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 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
TRANSFOMATIONS IN REPORTED STATEMENTS

• REPORTING VERBS (VERBS USED TO INTRODUCE REPORTED SPEECH)

o SAY/TELL/EXPLAIN/DECLARE/ANNOUNCE + (THAT)

Reservados todos los derechos.

o SAY + (TO + INDIRECT OBJECT) + THAT → He said (to me) that he was hungry.

o TELL + INDIRECT OBJECT + THAT → He told me that he was hungry.

• THERE IS A CHANGE OF PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.

DS: I need to go shopping”, Jane said. → RS: Jane said that she needed to go shopping.

I/you He/she
We/You They
Me/you Him/her
Us/you Them
My/your His/her
Our/Your Their
Mine/Yours Theirs

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 • VERB TENSE.

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
PRESENT → ‘My parents are well.’ PAST → She said that her parents were well.
PAST → ‘Paul left the room suddenly.’ PAST PERFECT → He told me that Paul had left the room
suddenly.
PRESENT PERFECT → ‘I haven’t finished my homework yet.’ PAST PERFECT → Jenny said that she hadn’t finished her
homework yet.
WILL → ‘I will go to school.’ WOULD → He said that he would go to school.
CAN → ‘I can paint the house.’ COULD → He told me that he could paint the house
MAY → ‘I may finish the work.’ MIGHT → “He said that he might finish the work.”
MUST/HAVE TO → ‘You must do your homework every day.’ HAD TO → My mother said that I had to do my homework

Reservados todos los derechos.

every day.

• ADVERBS AND DEMONSTRTATIVE ADJECTIVES/PRONOUNS

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

NOW THEN
TODAY THAT DAY
TONIGHT THAT NIGHT
YESTERDAY THE PREVIOUS DAY/THE DAY BEFORE
LAST WEEK THE PREVIOUS WEEK/THE WEEK BEFORE
A MONTH AGO, THE PREVIOUS MONTH/THE MONTH BEFORE
TOMORROW THE FOLLOWING DAY/THE NEXT DAY/THE DAY AFTER
NEXT WEEK THE FOLLOWING WEEK/THE WEEK AFTER/
HERE THERE
THIS THAT
THESE THOSE

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 REPORTED QUESTIONS

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
INTERROGATIVE WORD WHO, WHEN, WHERE, HOW… (WH-QUESTIONS)
‘Who came with you?’
She wanted to know who had come with me.
ASK /
WANT TO
KNOW /

Reservados todos los derechos.

WONDER + IF /WHETHER (YES/NO QUESTIONS)
‘Are you a teacher?’
He wanted to know if I was a teacher.

• TRANSFOMATIONS: as in the statement reported speech, we should change: the person, the verb tense, adverbs and
demonstrative, adjectives and pronouns.

• PAY ATTENTION:

o Word order: S + VB. D.S.: ‘Who are you?’, he asked. R.S.: He asked who I was.

o Auxiliary verbs disappear in reported questions. DS: ‘Do you speak English?’, he wanted to know. RS: He wanted to know if
I spoke English.

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 QUANTIFIERS

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LARGE QUANTITIES
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
A LOT OF/LOTS OF A LOT OF/LOTS OF A LOT OF/LOTS OF
I have a lot/lots of friends. I don’t have a lot of/lots of Do you have a lot of/lots of
friends. friends?
MANY
COUNTABLE NOUNS
I have many friends. MANY MANY
(PLURAL)
I don’t have many friends.

Reservados todos los derechos.

Do you have many friends?
PLENTY OF
There are plenty of apples for
the cake.
A LOT OF/LOTS OF A LOT OF/LOTS OF A LOT OF/LOTS OF
I have a lot/lots of money. I don’t have a lot/lots of Do you have a lot/lots of
money. money?
UNCOUNTABLE
PLENTY OF
NOUNS
We have plenty of time. MUCH MUCH
I don’t have much money. How much money do you
have?
OBSERVATIONS
1. A LOT OF + NOUN 2. PLENTY OF = more than enough.
I read a lot of books.
A lot is used when there is no noun.
I like this book a lot

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 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
SMALL QUANTITIES
A FEW
COUNTABLE NOUNS (PLURAL)
There are a few cinemas in this town
A LITTLE
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
There’s a little sugar left

ZERO QUANTITY

Reservados todos los derechos.

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
NO + NOUN ANY + NOUN
There is no room in this car There isn’t any room in this car.

NONE (without noun)

I have many friends, but none of them speaks ANY (without noun)
English Are there any bananas left? No, there aren’t
* Is used in short answers: How many eggs do you any.
have? None. I’ve used them all.

MORE OR LESS WHAT YOU WANT OR NEED

ADJECTIVES TOO + ADJECTIVE NEGATIVE
This shirt is too small for me. This shirt is not big enough for me.
UNCOUNTABLE TOO MUCH+ UNCOUNT. NOUN ENOUGH + NOUN
NOUNS There’s too much noise in this
town. There isn’t enough room to stay here.
COUNTABLE TOO MANY + COUNT. NOUN There aren’t enough parks in this city.
NOUNS (PLURAL) There are too many cars here.

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 RELATIVE CLAUSES

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
A relative clause gives us information about a person or a thing (called precedent) form the
main clause. (The woman who lives next door is a doctor)
RELATIVE USED TO: EXAMPLES
WHO Refers to people We know a lot of people who live in the country
WHICH Refers to things I don’t like stories which have unhappy endings.
THAT Refers to people and things The woman that lives next door is a teacher.

Reservados todos los derechos.

I don’t like stories that have unhappy endings.

WHOSE Refers to possession (it is always The man whose dog bit me didn’t apologies.
followed by a noun)

WHERE Refers to places The restaurant where we had dinner was near the airport.
WHEN Refers to times That is the date when we first met.

WHO/WHICH/THAT CAN BE OMITTED WHEN THEY ARE NOT THE SUBJECT OF THE RELATIVE CLAUSE.
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
The woman who I wanted to see was on holiday.
The woman I wanted to see was on holiday.

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 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
DEFINING NON-DEFINING
Give essential information about the precedent. Give extra information about the precedent
We cannot understand the sentence if we omit the We can understand the sentence if we omit the relative
relative clause clause.
Are not separated by commas Are separated by commas.

Reservados todos los derechos.

The woman who lives next door is a doctor. My brother Rob, who lives in Australia, is a doctor
* They cannot be introduced by that
John, who (not that) speaks French and Italian, works as a
tourist guide.

* Who/which can’t be omitted

We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours had
recommended.

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 QUESTIONS TAGS

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
Question tags are used to check something you already think it is true (Your name is Maria,
isn’t it?).
MAIN VERB QUESTION TAG AUXILIARY VERB
Affirmative Negative
It’s your birthday. It’s your birthday, isn’t it?
Negative Affirmative
It isn’t your birthday. It isn’t your birthday, is it?

Reservados todos los derechos.

• To be • Would
o It’s cold today, isn’t it? o You’d go on holiday with me, wouldn’t you?
o She isn’t here today, is she? o She wouldn’t quit her job, would she?
• Present simple • Past continuous
o They live in Ankara, don’t they? o He was cleaning his room yesterday at seven
o They don’t smoke, do they? o’clock, wasn’t he?
• Present continuous o This time last year your sister wasn’t working
o They are working very hard, aren’t they? in the UK, was she?
o He isn’t studying now, is he? • Present perfect
• Past simple o We’ve met before, haven’t we?
o Your sister worked in the USA, didn’t she? o Mike hasn’t been to Rome before, has he?
o You didn’t like the film, did you? • «Will» future
o You’ll be OK, won’t you?
o You won’t tell anyone, will you?

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a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-5731554
VOCABULARY

Reservados todos los derechos.

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
VOCABULARY CINEMA
AN ACTION FILM PELÍCULA DE A WAR FILM PELÍCULA DE EXTRA EXTRA
ACCIÓN GUERRA
AN ANIMATION UNA PELÍCULA DE IS BASED ON BASADA EN SPECIAL EFFECTS EFECTOS
FILM ANIMACIÓN ESPECIALES
A HORROR FILM PELÍCULA DE IS SET IN GRABADO EN TRAILER TRAILER
TERROR

Reservados todos los derechos.

A ROM-COM COMEDIA IS DIRECTED BY DIRIGIDA POR SCRIPT GUIÓN
ROMÁNTICA
A HISTORICAL FILM PELÍCULA PLAY THE PART OF HACE EL PAPEL DE CRITIC CRÍTICA/O
HISTORICA
A SCIENCE FICTION UNA PELÍCULA DE IS DUBBED (TO DOBLADA SEQUEL CONTINUACIÓN
FILM CIENCIA FICCIÓN DUB)
A MUSICAL MUSICAL WAS SHOT (OR FUE FILMADA EN LA AUDIENCE AUDIENCIA
FILMED) ON LOCALIDAD
LOCATION:
A COMEDY COMEDIA CAST REPARTO SET ESCENARIO
A DRAMA DRAMA REVIEW CRÍTICA/RESEÑA SCENE ESCENA
A WESTERN PELÍCULA DEL OESTE SUBTITLES SUBTITULOS PLOT TRAMA
SOUNDTRACK BANDA SONORA STAR ESTRELLA

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 VOCABULARY EDUCATION

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
UK SCHOOL SYSTEM SOME WORDS USA SCHOOL SYSTEM
NOT BE
NURSERY GUARDERÍA/INFANTIL NO ESTÁ PERMITIDO KINDERGARTEN GUARDERÍA
ALLOWED
INFANTIL /
PRIMARY PRIMARIA BE EXPELLED SER EXPULSADO ELEMENTARY
PRIMARIA
COLEGIO (12-
SECONDARY SECUNDARIA BE PUNISH SER CASTIGADO MIDDLE SCHOOL
13)

Reservados todos los derechos.

TÍTULO COPIAR/ENGAÑAR/HACER
DEGREE CHEAT HIGH INSTITUTO
UNIVERSITARIO TRAMPA
HEAD DIRECTOR LET DAR PERMISO COLLEGE UNIVERSIDAD
STATE COLEGIO PÚBLICO MAKE HACER GRADES CURSOS
PRIVATE COLEGIO PRIVADO MISBEHAVE PORTARSE MAL SEMESTER SEMESTRE
BOARDING INTERNADO FAIL SUSPENDER TWELFTH GRADE ÚLTIMO AÑO
PUPILS ALUMNOS PRIMARIA RESULT RESULTADO
ESTUDIANTES UNI Y
STUDENTS
ESO
TERMS TRIMESTRES

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 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
VOCABULARY HOUSES

ATTIC BUHARDILLA TERRACE TERRAZA CITY CIUDAD

BALCONY BALCÓN PATIO PATIO TOWN PUEBLO
BASEMENT SÓTANO TOP FLOOR ÚTIMO PISO VILLAGE ALDEA

Reservados todos los derechos.

CHIMENY CHIMENEA WALL PARED/MURO CEILINGS TECHOS

GATE VERJA THE SECOND FLOOR SEGUNDA PLANTA COSY ACOGEDOR

GROUND
PLANTA BAJA THE EAST COAST LA ZONA ESTE PREPOSITION
FLOOR
UN LUGAR
PATH CAMINO THE OUTSKIRTS LAS AFUERAS ON
ABIERTO
DENTRO DE
ROOF TEJADO A SUBURB SUBURBIO IN
UN SITIO
STEPS ESCALERA LIGHT LUMINOSO

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 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
VOCABULARY WORK
MONTAR UN CONSEGUIR TO MAKE A SOBRAS EN LA
SET UP GET THE JOBS
NEGOCIO / ORG TRABAJOS REDUNDANT EMPRESA
TURNOS DE
DO VERY WELL VA MUY BIEN GET PROMOTE SER ASCENDIDO WORK SHIFTS
TRABAJO

Reservados todos los derechos.

TRABAJO
UNEMPLOY DESEMPLEADOS DO OVERTIME HACER HORAS EXTRAS TEMPORARY
TEMPORAL
LOOK FOR A BUSCAR UN
RESIGN RENUNCIAR IN CHARGE OF A CARGO DE
JOB TRABAJO
TO SACK DESPEDIR RETIRE JUBILARSE LOANS PRÉSTAMO
TO WORK FOR TRABAJAR PARA TO RUN DIRIGIR PART-TIME TIEMPO PARCIAL
AUTONOMO (PARA
APPLY FOR SOLICITAR FREELANCE HER/HIS BOSS SU JEFE
OTRA COMPAÑÍA)
SELF-
GOOD SALARY BUEN SALARIO AUTONOMO
EMPLOYED

VOCABULARY CRIME
DETECTIVES DETECTIVE MURDERER ASESINO
MURDER ASESINATO WITNESSES TESTIGO
PROVE PRUEBAS SUSPECTS SOSPECHOSO
VICTIMS VÍCTIMA SOLVE RESOLVER
EVIDENCE EVIDENCIA

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 VOCABULARY SHOPPING

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
BASKET CESTA DEPARTMENT TEINDAS BY YOURSELF OR SOLO O
STORE (el corteinglés) WITH SOMEBODY CON
ALGUIEN
TROLLEY CARRITO LIBRARY BIBLIOTECA DO YOU HATE ¿ODIAS
BUYING? COMPRAR?
CREDIT CARD TARJETA DE CRÉDITO BOOKSHOP TIENDA DE LIBROS DO YOU ENJOY ¿TE GUSTA

Reservados todos los derechos.

BUYING? COMPRAR?
DEBIT CARD TARJETA DE DÉBITO PUT ON A SHIRT PONER UNA FOOD COMIDA
CAMISETA
RECEIPT RECIBO TRY ON A SHIRT PROBARSE UNA PRESENTS REGALOS
CAMISETA
REFUND REEMBOLSO IT FITS YOU TE VIENE BIEN DE BOOKS AND MUSICA Y
TALLA MUSIC LIBROS
DISCOUNT DESCUENTO IT SUITS YOU TE QUEDA BIEN SHOES ZAPATOS
BARGAIN CHOLLO/GANGA STREET MERCADILLOS CLOTHES ROPA
MARKET
CHAIN STORE CADENA DE TIENDAS SUPERMARKETS SUPERMERCADO ONLINE ONLINE
AT THE BEGINNING OF THE AL PRINCIPIO DE TEMPORADA IN THE SALES EN LAS REBAJAS
SEASON

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 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
VOCABULARY DEVICES

ADAPTOR ADAPTADOR SPEAKER ALTAVOZ SET IT CONFIGURAR

TURN IT BAJAR
CHARGER CARGADOR SWITCH INTERRUPTOR
DOWN (VOLUMEN)
KEYBOARD TECLADO USB CABLE CABLE USB PLUGG IT IN ENCHUFAR
SWITCH IT
MEMORYSTICK PENDRIVE APAGAR DELET IT BORRAR
OFF

Reservados todos los derechos.

ENCHUFE SWITCH IT UNPLUGGED
PLUG ENCENDER DESENCHUFAR
CARGADOR ON IT
ENCHUFE
PRINTER IMPRESORA UPDATE IT ACTUALIZAR SOCKET
PARED
REMOTE TURNED IT SUBIR
MANDO INSTALLED IT INSTALAR
CONTROL UP (VOLUMEN)
ROUTER ROUTER

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a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-5731554
WRITINGS

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Reservados todos los derechos.

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
 No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
INFORMAL EMAIL

From: Carmen [[email protected]]

To: Cristina [[email protected]]
Subject: Tema

Reservados todos los derechos.

Greeting (followed by coma) Hello Cristina
Opening (reason for writing,
Thanks for your email. It was great to hear from you. I’m writing to tell you about… Sorry for not
apologizing for not writing writing for so long
sooner etc.)
Body
That’s all for now. I hope to hear from you soon. Looking forward to hearing from you. Give my
Closing sentence regards/my love to…
Ending Love, /Lots of love, Bye, See you soon, Best wishes, Best regards,
Signature

In informal emails you should use:

• Contractions e.g. I’m
• Short, simple sentences
• Informal language
• Simple linkers: and, but, because, so, later, then
• Paragraphs

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 FOR AND AGAINST

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A for and against essay is usually about a controversial issue. It presents both sides of the issue and then
concludes by supporting one of the sides.

OPENING Introduction to the issue. The writer talks about the topic in general without giving his/her opinion.
Paragraph 1: Arguments for one side of the issue, with supporting details and examples.
BODY
Paragraph 2: Arguments for the other side of the issue, with supporting details and examples.
CLOSING Summary of issue and writer’s opinion.

Reservados todos los derechos.

TECNHIQUES FOR BEGINNING YOUR ESSAY
• Ask rhetorical questions (Is it true that a dog is a man’s best friend?)
• Write about the social/historical context related to the topic (In the last few decades organic food
has become very popular).

CONTRASTING On the one hand…. On the other I believe that, in my opinion, in

hand, … It is true that…
EXPRESSING OPINION my view, as far as I’m concerned
IDEAS
ORDERING
Firstly/Secondly/Thirdly EXPRESSING CONTRAST However … , Nevertheless… ,
ARGUMENTS
Due to… Owing to… Because of…
GIVING EXAMPLES For example… For instance… EXPRESSING CAUSE Because… Since… As…
EXPRESING RESULT As a result… Consequently… ADDING INFORMATION In addition… Furthermore…
CONLUDING In conclusion… To sum up…

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 FILM REVIEW

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PARAGRAPGH 1 Information about the film: name, director, stars, prizes it won etc.
PARAGRAPGH 2 Where and when it is set and where it was filmed
PARAGRAPGH 3 Summary of the plot
Why you recommend the film to other teachers
PARAGRAPGH 4 • What is its didactic value?
• Has it got a useful message to teach children

Reservados todos los derechos.

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