Republic of the Philippines

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY

Angadanan Campus

MODULE 2: MATTER
SUBTOPICS: A. Particulate Nature of Matter; B. States of Matter; C. States of Matter; D. Changes in
Matter, E. Classification of Matter

LEARNING TARGETS:
At the end of this module, you will be able to say I can:

1. define matter
2. give examples and non-examples of matter;
3. identify the properties of matter
4. classify changes in matter

PRE-TEST
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided before the number.
1. Which of the following best describes matter?
a. It has weight. c. It is a form of energy.
b. It occupies space. d. It has a definite shape.
2. Which is a non-example of matter?
a. fire b. clay c. light d. human heart
3. Which statement is TRUE regarding pure substances?
a. Pure substances maybe homogeneous or heterogeneous.
b. Pure substances have definite boiling and melting points.
c. Pure substances are physical combinations of two or more elements.
d. Pure substances can be further broken down into simpler substances.
4. At sea level, an odorless and colorless Liquid A boils at 100°C and melts at 0°C. What inference can be
drawn from this observation?
a. Liquid A is a metal. c. Liquid A is a nonmetal.
b. Liquid A is a mixture. d. Liquid A is a pure substance.
5. Which of the following are pure substances?
1. tin 2. brass 3. fog 4. Lime
a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 1 and 4 d. 2 and 3
6. Which of the following statements is true for both elements and compounds?
a. They are homogeneous.
b. They are the simplest form of matter.
c. They are commonly found free in nature.
d. They can be broken down into simpler substances.
7. Copper, aluminum and gold are metals. Which incorrectly describes a metal?
a. Metals are ductile. c. Metals are good insulators.
b. Metals are malleable. d. Metals are good conductors of heat.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY MODULE 2 1

8. Sulfur, carbon and the noble gases are nonmetals. Which of the following best distinguishes a nonmetal from
a metal?
a. Its homogeneity. b. Its boiling point. c. Its brittleness. d. Its ductility.
9. Which of the following materials will not change the blue litmus paper into red?
a. vinegar c. Sprite or Seven-up
b. kalamansi juice d. detergent solution
10. Your chemistry teacher asked you to test Substance Y using a litmus paper. You have noted that the red
litmus paper turned to blue. What does this observation indicate about the substance?
a. metallic c. acidic
b. neutral d. basic

A. PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

Perform Activity 1 in your Worksheet 1 and answer the questions provided. Good luck! 

Have you done Activity 1.1? If yes, then let us analyze your observations.

MASS – the amount of matter in an object

In Procedure 6, did you notice that the water level rose when 2 small stones were added? Why? The
water level rose because just like water, the stones occupied space. And since the space being occupied by water
cannot be occupied by the two stones at the same time, the water level had to rise.

To explain this further, let us use an analogy. If you are seated in a bus with two of your friends, can
another friend of yours seat on where you are seated? Of course not! For your friend to sit on that same spot
where you are seated you have to stand and let your friend occupy the space. In the same way, the water level
rose to give way to the stones that were placed in the glass. The amount of water displaced was the space
occupied by the two small stones. Thus, water and stones occupy space. In science, space occupied is referred to
as volume.

 VOLUME - a measure of the amount of space occupied by the sample.

Is radio an example of matter? How about the sound coming out of the radio, is it matter? Let us see!
Does sound occupy space? No, it doesn’t! Is sound heavy or light? No, it isn’t! Therefore, is sound an example
of matter? No, it is not. Sound, as you have learned in Science 7, is a form of energy!

Self-Test 1.1
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer in the box.
1. Which of the following are non-examples of matter? Encircle the letter of your answers.
a. air d. fire
b. water e. heat
c. light
GENERAL CHEMISTRY MODULE 2 2
What is matter?
 Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. The term mass refers to the amount of
matter present in a sample.
 Matter includes all naturally occurring things—both living and nonliving—that can be seen
(such as plants, soil, and rocks), as well as things that cannot be seen (such as air and bacteria).
 Matter also includes materials that do not occur naturally, that is, synthetic materials that are
produced in a laboratory or industrial setting using, directly or indirectly, naturally-occurring
starting materials.
 Various forms of energy such as heat, light, and electricity are not considered to be matter.

B. STATES OF MATTER

C. PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1. Physical property - a characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the basic
identity of the substance
 Common physical properties include color, physical state (solid, liquid, or
gas), melting point, boiling point, and hardness.
 During the process of determining a physical property, the physical
appearance of a substance may change, but the substance’s identity does
not.
 For example, it is impossible to measure the
melting point of a solid without changing the solid
into a liquid.
2. Chemical property - a characteristic of a substance that describes the way the
substance undergoes or resists change to form a new
substance.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY MODULE 2 3
  For example, copper objects turn green when exposed to moist air for
long periods of time (Figure 1.3); this is a chemical property of copper.
 On the other hand, gold objects resist change when exposed to air for long
periods of time. The lack of reactivity of gold with air is a chemical
property of gold.

Practice Exercise 1.1 : Classifying Properties as Physical or Chemical

Directions: Classify each of the following properties of selected metals as a physical property or a
chemical property. Write your answer on the space provided before each number.
__________1. Iron metal rusts in an atmosphere of moist air.
__________2. Mercury metal is a liquid at room temperature.
__________3. Nickel metal dissolves in acid to produce a light green solution.
__________4. Potassium metal has a melting point of 63°C.

D. CHANGES IN MATTER
1. Physical change - a process in which a substance changes its physical appearance but not its chemical
composition.
 A new substance is never formed as a result of a physical
change. A change in physical state is the most common
type of physical change.
 Melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation are all
changes of state. In any of these processes, the
composition of the substance undergoing change remains
the same even though its physical state and appearance
change.
 Similarly, the steam produced from boiling water is still
water.

2. Chemical change - a process in which a substance undergoes a

change in chemical composition
 Consider, for example, the rusting of iron objects left
exposed to moist air (Figure 1.4). The reddish-brown
substance (the rust) that forms is a new substance with
chemical properties that are obviously different from
those of the original iron.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY MODULE 2 4

Practice Exercise 1.2 : Correct Use of the Terms Physical and Chemical in Describing Changes
Directions: Complete each of the following statements about changes in matter by placing the word physical
or chemical in the space provided before the number.
____________1. The fashioning of a piece of wood into a round table leg involves a change.
____________2. The vigorous reaction of potassium metal with water to produce hydrogen gas is a change.
____________3. Straightening a bent piece of iron with a hammer is an example of a change.
____________4. The ignition and burning of a match involve a change.

World of Wonders in Web

For additional information, you may visit the following links and enjoy the resources related to our lessons.

 States of Matter
o http://www.livescience.com/46506-states-of-matter.html
 Classifications of Matter
o http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Analytical_Chemistry/Qualitative_Analysis/
Classification_of_matters

GENERAL CHEMISTRY MODULE 2 5

E. PURE SUBSTANCE AND MIXTURE

1.Pure Substance - a single kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by any
physical means. All samples of a pure substance contain only that substance and nothing else. Pure water is
water and nothing else.

Example: Pure sucrose (table sugar) contains only that substance and nothing else.

 A pure substance always has a definite and constant composition. This invariant composition
dictates that the properties of a pure substance are always the same under a given set of conditions.
 Collectively, these definite and constant physical and chemical properties constitute the means by
which we identify the pure substance.
2.Mixture - a physical combination of two or more pure substances in which each substance retains its own
chemical identity. Components of a mixture retain their identity because they are physically mixed rather
than chemically combined.

Example: Consider a mixture of small rock salt crystals and ordinary sand. Mixing these two substances
changes neither the salt nor the sand in any way. The larger, colorless salt particles are easily
distinguished from the smaller, light-gray sand granules.

 One characteristic of any mixture is that its components can be separated by using physical means.
In our salt–sand mixture, the larger salt crystals could be—though very tediously—“picked out”
from the sand.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY MODULE 2 6

 Even though two or more elements are obtained from decomposition of compounds, compounds are
not mixtures. Why is this so? Substances can be combined either physically or chemically. Physical
combination of substances produces a mixture.
 Chemical combination of substances produces a compound, a substance in which the combining
entities are bound together. No such binding occurs during physical combination.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY MODULE 2 7

LEARNING TARGETS:

Did you attain all the learning targets? Put a check mark in each attained target.
1. define matter
2. give examples and non-examples of matter;
3. identify the properties of matter
4. classify changes in matter.

SUMMARY

 Matter is anything that has mass and volume. It exists either as solid, liquid, or gas. All kinds of matter
is composed of atom.
 Properties of matter can either be physical or chemical. Physical properties can be observed without
changing the chemical composition of the substance. Chemical properties are observed with
accompanying change in substance’s composition.
 Extensive and extrinsic properties depend on the amount of matter; intensive properties depend on the
type of matter.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY MODULE 2 8