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Chapter 4 Fluid Power Technology

This document discusses hydraulic actuators used in fluid power systems. It describes two main types: hydraulic cylinders, which provide linear motion, and hydraulic motors, which provide rotational motion. Hydraulic cylinders are either single-acting or double-acting, while hydraulic motors can be gear, vane, or piston designs. The document also provides examples of analyzing hydraulic cylinders and motors to determine values like pressure, velocity, torque, power, and efficiencies. Actuators are key components that convert fluid power into mechanical motion for applications like excavators, trucks, construction equipment, and more.

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muhammad irfan hakimi bin nor yazid
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
86 views

Chapter 4 Fluid Power Technology

This document discusses hydraulic actuators used in fluid power systems. It describes two main types: hydraulic cylinders, which provide linear motion, and hydraulic motors, which provide rotational motion. Hydraulic cylinders are either single-acting or double-acting, while hydraulic motors can be gear, vane, or piston designs. The document also provides examples of analyzing hydraulic cylinders and motors to determine values like pressure, velocity, torque, power, and efficiencies. Actuators are key components that convert fluid power into mechanical motion for applications like excavators, trucks, construction equipment, and more.

Uploaded by

muhammad irfan hakimi bin nor yazid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEM 341: FLUID

POWER
TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 4: Hydraulic
Actuators
Chapter 4: Hydraulic Actuators

4.1 Hydraulic cylinders


4.2 Hydraulic motors
Introduction

• Actuators are the components used in a hydraulic system


to provide power to a required work location

• Actuators can be classified with respect to their motion:


❖ Linear motion – hydraulic cylinders. Provide a push or
pull force to move a load along a straight line.
❖ Rotational motion – Hydraulic motors. Rotate a shaft
to provide torque to drive a load along a rotary path.
Hydraulic Cylinder
Hydraulic Motor
Hydraulic Cylinders
• Hydraulic cylinders are the hydraulic system components
that convert fluid pressure and flow into linear mechanical
force and movement.

• A basic hydraulic cylinder consists of:


❖ Piston
❖ Piston rod
❖ Barrel

Basic Hydraulic
Cylinder
Hydraulic
Cylinder

Double-acting
Single-acting
double acting hydraulic
Single hydraulic
cylinders
cylinders
Single-acting Hydraulic Cylinder
• Simplest type of hydraulic cylinder.

• Single-acting cylinders exert force


either on extension or retraction.

• They require an outside force to


complete the second motion.

Operation

• Fluid enters the blank end of the piston – Single-acting


pushes the piston outwards from inside
the barrel.

• Retraction of cylinder by gravity or


compressive spring. Single-acting Symbol
Double-acting Hydraulic Cylinder
• Double-acting cylinders generate force
during both extension and retraction.

• Directional control valve alternately directs


fluid to opposite sides of the piston.

• Force output varies between extension and


retraction. double-acting

Operation - Extension:

• Fluid enters the blank end of the piston –


pushes the piston outwards from inside the
barrel.
Double-acting Symbol
• Retraction occurs when fluid is directed to
enter at the rod end of the cylinder where
the fluid will push the piston inwards.
Application of Hydraulic Cylinders

Hydraulic Cylinders in an Excavator


truck waste

mining

agriculture
construction

oilfield aviation
Analysis for Hydraulic Cylinders
• Since hydraulic cylinder produce work in the form one
linear mechanical force and movement, it is important to
determine the Force, Velocity, and Power produced by the
hydraulic cylinder.

Hydraulic Cylinder Analysis


Example 1: Hydraulic Cylinder Analysis

A pump supplies oil at 0.0016 m³/s to a 40 mm diameter double


acting hydraulic cylinder. If the load is 5000 N (extending and
retracting) and the rod diameter is 20 mm, find the:
i. Hydraulic pressure during the extending stroke
ii. Piston velocity during the extending stroke
iii. Cylinder kW power during the extending stroke
iv. Hydraulic pressure during the retracting stroke
v. Piston velocity during the retracting stroke
vi. Cylinder kW power during the retracting stroke
Hydraulic Motors
• Hydraulic motors are called rotary actuators.

• They convert fluid pressure and flow into torque and


rotational movement.

• All basic hydraulic motors consist of three component


groups:
❖ Housing
❖ Rotating internal parts
Typical Parts
❖ Power output shaft of a Hydraulic
Motor

Hydraulic
Motor Symbol
Basic operation of a Hydraulic Motor
• System fluid enters the housing and applies pressure to
the rotating internal parts.

• This, in turn, moves the power output shaft and applies


torque to rotate a load.

• Primary parts that produce the rotating motion in most


hydraulic motors are either:
❖ Gears
❖ Vanes
❖ Pistons
Gear motors
• Develops torque due to hydraulic pressure acting on the
surfaces of the gear teeth.

• Can be reversed by reversing the direction of fluid flow.

• Volumetric displacement is fixed.

• Max operating pressure ~ 14 MPa.

• Max flow-rate ~ 570 Lpm.

• Max rpm ~ 2400 rpm.

Internal Gear Motor


Vane motors
• Develop torque by the hydraulic
pressure acting on the exposed
surfaces of the vanes.

• Springs/pressure loaded vanes


to hold the vanes to the cam
ring.

• Usually fixed displacement,


balanced design.
Vane Motor
• Max operating pressure ~ 17
MPa.

• Max flow-rate ~ 950 Lpm.

• Max rpm ~ 4000 rpm.


Piston motors
• Generated torque by pressure acting on the ends of
pistons reciprocating inside a cylinder block.

• In-line piston motor (swash plate design), Axial piston


motor (bent-axis design).

• Can operate at highest speeds and pressures.

• Max operating pressure ~ 35 MPa.

• Max flow-rate ~ 1700 Lpm.

• Max rpm ~ 12000 rpm.


Piston motor (in-line)

Piston motor (axial)


Analysis for Hydraulic Motor
Since hydraulic motors produce work in the form torque and
rotational movement, it is important to determine the Torque,
Flow rate, and Power produced by the hydraulic cylinder.

Hydraulic Motor Analysis


Hydraulic motor performance
Hydraulic motor performance is evaluated on the same three
efficiencies parameters as used in hydraulic pumps.

1. Volumetric efficiency (ηv)

Volumetric efficiency for a motor is the inverse of that for a


pump. Determination of volumetric efficiency requires the
calculation of the theoretical flow rate.
2. Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)

Where;
2. Overall Efficiency (ηo)

Where;
Example 2: Hydraulic Motor Analysis

A hydraulic motor has a 82 cm³ (0.082 L) volumetric


displacement. If it has a pressure rating of 70 bars and it
receives oil from a 0.0006 m³/s (0.60 Lps or 36 Lpm)
theoretical flow-rate, find the motor
i. Speed
ii. Theoretical torque
iii. Theoretical power
Example 3: Hydraulic Motor Performance

A hydraulic motor has a displacement of 164 cm³ and


operates with a pressure of 70 bars and a speed of 2000
rpm. If the actual flow rate consumed by the motor is 0.006
m³/s and the actual torque delivered by the motor is 170
N.m, find:
i. ηv
ii. ηm
iii. ηo
iv. The actual kW delivered by the motor
Application of Hydraulic Motors
• Hydraulic motors as part of a
hydrostatic transmission
system.

• Hydrostatic transmission
consist of the basic
components typically found in
other hydraulic motor circuits

• Can be found in tractors,


rollers, front-end loaders,
hoes and lift trucks. Hydrostatic Transmission
• Hydrostatic drives provide effective transmission of
power and allow easy adjustment and control of:
❖ Output shaft speed
❖ Torque
❖ Horsepower
❖ Direction of rotation

• When compared to conventional transmissions, hydrostatic


drives:
• Have a high power output–to–size ratio
• May be stalled under full load with no internal damage
• Accurately maintain speed under varying load
conditions
• Provide an almost infinite number of input/output
speed ratios
END
Hydraulic cylinders
Hydraulic motors
Hydraulic motors
Hydraulic motor analysis
Hydraulic motors
Hydraulic motor performance

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