MERCHANT MARINE ACADEMY OF

CARAGA, INC.

METEOROLOGY &
OCEANOGRAPHY 2
TOPIC # 2
TROPICAL REVOLVING STORM
(TRS)

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B. BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY 2

COURSE CODE / DESCRIPTIVE TITLE:
METEOROLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY
2
• Function: A-II/2 Navigation at the Management Level
• STCW’78 Competences: A-II/2.F1.C8. Forecast weather and
oceanographic conditions
• KUP/s A-II/2 F1 C8 KUP2: Knowledge of the characteristics of various
weather systems, including tropical revolving storms and avoidance of
storm centres and the dangerous quadrants.
• Course Outcomes:
• At the end of the course, students should be able to:
• C02. Explain tropical revolving storms and how to avoid and/or escape
storm centers and dangerous quadrants in the northern and southern
hemisphere

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 LEARNING OUTCOMES
• After the lesson, the student shall be able to:
• State the definitions adopted by the WMO with respect to Tropical Storms.
• State local nomenclature of TRS
• State regions and seasons of greatest frequency of TRS
• State the conditions associated with the formation of tropical revolving storms
• Describe with the aid of diagrams typical and possible tracks of TRS

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 LEARNING OUTCOMES
• After the lesson, the student shall be able to:
• Explain the factors associated with the decay of TRS
• Explain the reasons for the naming of the dangerous semicircle
• Describe the signs which give warning of the approach for the TRS
• Explain the methods of determining the approximate bearing of an approaching
TRS
• State the correct avoidance procedure when in the vicinity of a TRS

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 TROPICAL REVOLVING STORM (TRS)

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 TROPICAL REVOLVING STORM (TRS)
• A Tropical Cyclone is also called as a Tropical Revolving Storm (TRS).
• Tropical Revolving Storm is an intense rotating depression (a region of low pressure at
the surface) which develops over the tropical oceans.
• It consists of a rotating mass of warm and humid air and creates strong winds,
thunderstorm , heavy rains, very heavy seas and swell etc.
• It has a low-pressure centre and clouds spiraling towards the eyewall surrounding the
"eye", the central part of the system where the weather is normally calm and free of
clouds.
• Its diameter is typically around 200 to 500 km, but can reach 1000 km.
• It has a maximum sustain winds of 64knots or more; 118 km/h; 12 in Beaufort Reacher
scale.
• The spiraling winds blow in an anticlockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and
clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere around the TRS.

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 TROPICAL REVOLVING STORM (TRS)

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 TRS NUMENCLATURE IN VARIOUS
PLACES IN THE WORLD
1. “Cyclones” is used in the Bay of Bengal
and the Arabian Sea.
2. “Hurricane” is used on the western side of
north Atlantic and south Pacific.
3. “Cordonazo” is used on the eastern side of
North Pacific.
4. “Typhoon” is used on the western side of
North Pacific.
5. “Willy – willy” is used on the eastern side of
South Indian Ocean.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 SUPER TYPHOON YOLANDA (HAINAN)

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 HURRICANE IAN & KATRINA

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 CYCLONE MANDOUS

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 WILLY WILLY AUSTRALIA

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 AS PER WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO) THE
FOLLOWING CRITERIA DEFINES PRECISELY THE VARIOUS DEGREES OF
INTENSITY OF TROPICAL DEPRESSIONS.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 AS PER WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION (WMO) THE
FOLLOWING CRITERIA DEFINES PRECISELY THE VARIOUS DEGREES OF
INTENSITY OF TROPICAL DEPRESSIONS.

1. Low pressure area (L) = Central position cannot be accurately assessed.

2. Tropical depression (TD) = Central position can be identified, but the maximum
sustained wind is 33 kt or less.
3. Tropical storm (TS) = Maximum sustained wind is between 34 and 47 kt.
4. Severe tropical (STS) = Maximum sustained wind is between 48 and storm 63
kt.
5. Typhoon (TY) = Maximum sustained wind is 64 kt or more.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 DEVELOPMENT OF TROPICAL
CYCLONES
1. Warm( over 27C) moist air rises from the surface of the sea.
2. As it rises it meets cooler air and condenses to make clouds and rain.
3. This condensation releases huge amounts of energy, producing strong winds.
4. The winds are driven by the spin of the earth and go round and round.
5. As the earth rotates the winds are sucked violently upwards in a vortex which
can be 1,000km wide. Wind speeds can be as high as 200km per hour.
6. These storms are fuelled by damp air when they reach land, dry air is being
sucked up and they loose energy.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 DEVELOPMENT OF TROPICAL
CYCLONES

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 DEVELOPMENT OF TROPICAL
CYCLONES
1. Sufficiently warm temperatures : Normally an ocean temperature of 26.5°C is
the minimum requirement for TRS formation. Warm ocean water must exist
over a sufficient depth of at least 50 meter. These warm waters are necessary
to fuel the heat engine of the tropical cyclone.
2. Potentially unstable atmosphere : There must be an atmosphere that cools
quickly with height, so that it becomes potentially unstable. If the air is
unstable, then it will continue rising and the disturbance will grow. This is
required to maintain convection for an extended period of time.
3. High relative humidity : A necessary amount of relative humidity must be
present in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere. The required amount
of humidity is about 50 to 60%.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 DEVELOPMENT OF TROPICAL
CYCLONES
4. Adequate value of Coriolis Effect : It has been observed that TRS does not
form within 3 degrees latitude from the equator, as Coriolis effect is negligible
at the equator. So a minimum distance of 500 km from the equator is normally
needed to from TRS.
5. Largest low pressure : Pressure must be lowered with largest amount and this
LP area must be surrounded by areas of HP, which is required for preexisting
near-surface disturbance.
6. Limited vertical wind shear : Limited vertical wind shear can be positive for
tropical cyclone formation. This amount should be less than 10 m/s between
the surface and the tropopause. On other hand, strong wind shear can blow
the tropical cyclone apart.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 DEVELOPMENT OF TROPICAL
CYCLONES

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF A
TROPICAL REVOLVING STORM (TRS)
1. They appear smaller size than temperate depressions
2. They form near the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone, a zone of instability
3. They have nearly circular isobars
4. No fronts occur (a front is the boundary between two air masses, often distorted
by warmer air bulging into the colder air)
5. They result in a very steep pressure gradient
6. They have great intensity

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 ORIGIN, MOVEMENT AND LIFE SPAN
❑ TRS originate in latitudes between 5° & 20° and travel
between W and WNW in the NH and between W and
WSW in the SH, at a speed of about 12 knots.
❑ Somewhere along their track, they curve away from
the equator – curve to N and then recurve to NE in
the NH; curve to S and then recurve to SE in the SH.
❑ Track – The route over which a TRS is already
passed.
❑ Path – The predicted route, over which, there is a
possibility of the TRS passing at near future.
❑ Another point on the route is called the Vertex, which
is the westernmost point, of the TRS, when recurving
takes place.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 ORIGIN, MOVEMENT AND LIFE SPAN

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 SUPER TYPHON YOLANDA (HAINAN)

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 ORIGIN, MOVEMENT AND LIFE SPAN
• The recurving is such that the storm travels around the oceanic high (which is
situated at about 30°N and 30°S in the middle of large oceans).
• After recurving, the speed of travel increases to about 15 to 20 knots. Sometimes,
a TRS does not curve or recurve at all, but continues on its original path, crosses
the coast and dissipates quickly thereafter due to friction and lack of moisture.
• It is important to note that all TRSs do not follow such definite paths and speeds.
• In their initial stages, occasional storms have remained practically stationary or
made small loops for as long as four days.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 ORIGIN, MOVEMENT AND LIFE SPAN
• Semi circles: If a storm is divided along the
route, at which the storm is passing, then we
get 2 parts, which are,
• Right-hand semicircle (RHSC): It is the half of
the storm, which lies to the right of the
observer, who faces along the route of the
storm. For a stationary observer, here the
wind veers steadily.
• Left-hand semicircle (LHSC): It is the half of
the storm, which lies to the left of the
observer, who faces along the route of the
storm. For a stationary observer, here the
wind backs steadily.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 ORIGIN, MOVEMENT AND LIFE SPAN
• In the northern hemisphere (NH), conditions on the
right-hand side of storms are more severe than those on
their left-hand sides. For that reason, in NH, RHSC is called
the “dangerous semicircle” and LHSC is called the
“navigable semicircle”.
• So again, as per navigator’s judgment, semicircles are two
types, which are,
• Navigable semicircle — It is the side of a tropical cyclone,
which lies to the left of the direction of movement of the
storm in the Northern hemisphere (to the right in the
Southern Hemisphere), where the winds are weaker and
better for the navigation purpose, although all parts of TRS
are more or less dangerous to mariners.
• Dangerous semicircle— It is the side of a tropical cyclone,
which lies to the right of the direction of movement of the
storm in the Northern Hemisphere (to the left in the Southern
Hemisphere), where the storm has the strongest winds and
heavy seas.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 STRUCTURE TROPICAL REVOLVING STORM
(TRS)

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 STRUCTURE TROPICAL REVOLVING STORM
(TRS)
• A well-developed TRS has three distinct parts:
1. The eye or vortex: A calm central area of lowest pressure,
having a diameter between 4 miles and 30 miles, the average
being about 10 miles. It is a roughly circular area of
comparatively light winds and fair weather, available at the
centre of a severe tropical cyclone. Weather in the eye is
normally calm but the sea can be extremely violent. There is
little or no precipitation and fake bvlgari watches sometimes
blue sky or stars can be seen. The eye is the region of lowest
surface pressure than the surrounding environment. In severe
cyclones, the eye usually looks like a circular hole in the central
cloud mass.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 STRUCTURE TROPICAL REVOLVING STORM
(TRS)
2. The eye-wall: An inner ring of hurricane force winds having a
width usually between 4 miles and 30 miles. The winds in the
eye-wall blow in a perfectly circular path with a speed as high
as 130 knots with occasional gusts up to 150 knots. The
pressure gradient in the eye-wall is very steep and, therefore,
the barograph would register a near vertical trend, downward
before the eye and upward behind it, as shown in the figure.
Eye wall consists of a dense ring of cloud and tall
thunderstorms that produce heavy diesel rains and usually the
strongest winds (about force 6 or 7) at about circular path.
Changes in the structure of the eye and eye wall can cause
changes in the wind speed, which is an indicator of the storm’s
intensity.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 STRUCTURE TROPICAL REVOLVING STORM
(TRS)
3. The Outer storm area: The area surrounding the eye-wall,
having a diameter between 50 miles and 800 miles, the
average being about 500 miles. Winds in this region are strong
(about force 6 or 7) and the pressure gradient is much less
than in the eye-wall. Here angle of indraft of wind is about 45º
and this gradually decreases to 0º in the eye wall. In this area,
the cirrus cloud can be in the form of strands or filaments with
aligned conditions and points towards the storm centre. Here
visibility is excellent, except in occasional shower’s areas.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 STRUCTURE TROPICAL REVOLVING STORM
(TRS)

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 STRUCTURE TROPICAL REVOLVING STORM
(TRS)
• Life cycle of a tropical cyclone
• The complete life cycle of a tropical cyclone usually spans about 9 days but can be only 2 or 3
days or more than 20 days.
• Formation
• The formation of a tropical cyclone is dependent upon six favourable environmental conditions
(described before), which are available in the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone.
• Tropical cyclones gain energy from latent heat, driven by significant thunderstorm activity and
condensation of moist air. In other words, tropical cyclone formation can be called as a gigantic
vertical heat engine, which is also powered by earth’s gravity and rotation.
• On satellite images, this stage appears as an unusually active, but poorly organised area of
convection (thunderstorms). Sometimes curved cumulus clouds band towards an active area of
thunderstorms, which indicates the location of the centre. At this stage, if tropical cyclones move
inland, then they make little or no damage but may form heavy rain and flooding in some areas.

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 STRUCTURE TROPICAL REVOLVING STORM
(TRS)
• Premature Stage
• In this stage, the area of convection continues and becomes more organised. Also
strengthening occurs simultaneously.
• The minimum surface pressure rapidly drops well below than normal level.
Gale-force winds also develop with the strengthening pressure gradient.
• The circulation centre is well defined and subsequently, an eye may begin to form.
Satellite and radar observations of the system show as the distinctive spiral
banding pattern.
• Premature Stage of a tropical cyclone can cause devastating wind and storm surge
effects upon coastline, but damage occurs usually within a small area.

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 STRUCTURE TROPICAL REVOLVING STORM
(TRS)
• Mature Stage
• If the ocean and atmosphere environment continue to be favourable, the cyclone
may continue to intensify to this stage. This is the severe cyclone stage, where the
cyclone is most dangerous. Approximately half of the cyclones can come up to this
stage.
• During this stage, the cyclonic circulation and extent of the gales increase
markedly. In satellite images, the cloud fields look highly organised and become
more symmetrical, with a well-centered, distinct round eye.
• This stage remains for a day or so with maximum intensity unless the cyclone
remains in a highly favourable environment.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 STRUCTURE TROPICAL REVOLVING STORM
(TRS)
• Decay Stage
• At this stage, the warm core of TRS is destroyed, as the central pressure increases
and the maximum surface winds weaken.
• Decay may occur very rapidly if the system moves into an unfavourable
atmospheric or geographic environment. At this stage, the heavy or medium rain
can be available.

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 INDICATIONS OF APPROACHING TRS
• The signs and symptoms Of TRS/cyclone are as follows:
1. Heavy and long swell from Cyclone centre. Swell can be experienced as much as
a thousand miles away. Swell is usually the first indication of the storm centre,
hence an approaching TRS.
2. Pressure will be very much lower than the normal. When barometric pressure falls
below 5 MB than normal, along with other TRS confirmation factors, the approach
of TRS is confirmed.
3. Cirrus clouds in bands or filaments aligned towards the direction of the storm
centre.
4. At sunset, cloud colour will be dark red or copper.
5. Clouds will be dense and heavy with threatening appearances.
INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &
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 INDICATIONS OF APPROACHING TRS
6. Frequent lighting will be experienced.
7. Availability of storm warnings from the local authority. Weather reports based on
satellite pictures and. observations from other vessels may contain storm
warnings which give the position and pressure of the storm centre and also the
probable direction of movement of the storm.
8. The occurrence of squalls, which are increasing in frequency and intensity.
9. The possibility of rain with violent torrential character.
10. Sea waves are becoming heavy and dangerous.
11. The shift of wind direction, in accordance with the rotation of winds of cyclonic
spin.

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 INDICATIONS OF APPROACHING TRS
❑ ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
❑ A decrease in atmospheric pressure can indicate the presence of a tropical cyclone.
❑ The typical diurnal variation of pressure in low latitudes is evident close to and within the area
of the system.
1. Read the Barometer. Correct the reading to standard datum (PAB: height above Mean sea
level and index error.
2. Correct (1) for diurnal variation of pressure from table in pilot books or climatological atlases,
taking into account latitude and local mean time.
3. Compare corrected reading (2) with mean pressure for the time of year.
❑ If this reading is 3hPa below the mean pressure there is a possibility of a tropical cyclone.
❑ If it is 5hPa below, then a tropical cyclone must be assumed to be present with the vessel on
the outskirts of the system.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 INDICATIONS OF APPROACHING TRS
❑ Warning Signs Of The Presence Of A Tropical Cyclone
❑ ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
❑ PRESSURE BELOW MEAN BEARING
❑ 05 hPa 12 Points
❑ 10 hPa 10 Points
❑ 20 hPa 08 Points

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 ACTION WHEN APPROACH OF A TRS IS
CONFIRMED
1. Obtain the bearing of Storm Centre
a) Face the wind, then the storm centre will be within 8 to 12 points on the right hand
in NH (on the left hand in SH). – Buys Ballot’s Law
b) The direction of the swell, this indicates roughly the storm centre.
c) The direction of the densest part of the huge bank of clouds also indicates the
storm centre.
❖ If barometric pressure falls 5 MB below normal, then there is a possibility that ship
is in the well-developed outer storm area.
❖ If barometric pressure falls 20 MB or more below normal, then there is a
possibility that ship is near the eye of a well developed TRS.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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 ACTION WHEN APPROACH OF A TRS IS
CONFIRMED
2. Ascertain in which semi-circle the vessel lies
❖ Bring the ship in stationery or “heave to” (moving very slowly in one direction) to the
position. Carefully monitor and write downwind directions, every after 2 hours.
❖ If wind direction changes clockwise (wind veers), than the vessel is at Right-hand
semicircle (RHSC) and if wind direction changes anti-clockwise (wind backs), than the
vessel is at Left-hand semicircle (LHSC), in both hemispheres.
❖ Veering or backing, once detected, should be continuous while the observer remains
stationary, i.e. a veering wind should continue to veer and a backing wind should continue
to back.
❖ If the wind veers at first and then backs, or if it backs at first and then veers, the vessel
must have passed from one semicircle into another, due to change of path of the storm.

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 ACTION WHEN APPROACH OF A TRS IS
CONFIRMED
3. Take avoiding action
❑ Actions in TRS, At sea
❖ If the vessel is in the dangerous quadrant:
Proceed as fast as practicable with the wind 1 to 4 points
on the stbd bow (port bow in SH) – 1 point for slow vessels
(less than 12 knots) and 4 points for fast vessels (more
than 12 knots) altering course as the wind veers (backs in
SH).
This action should be kept up until the pressure rises back
to normal i.e. until the vessel is outside the outer storm
area. If there is insufficient sea room, the vessel should
heave to with the wind on the stbd bow (port bow in SH)
until the storm passes over.

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 ACTION WHEN APPROACH OF A TRS IS
CONFIRMED
❖ If the vessel is in the path of the storm or if in
the navigable semi-circle:
Proceed as fast as practicable with the wind
about 4 points on the stbd quarter (port
quarter in SH), altering course as the wind
backs (veers in SH).
This action should be kept up until the
pressure rises back to normal i.e. until the
vessel is outside the outer storm area.

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 ACTION WHEN APPROACH OF A TRS IS
CONFIRMED
❑ With reference to figure one the following actions are to be taken to avoid a TRS:
A. Observations –
❖ In the Northern Hemisphere:
1. If the wind is veering (changing direction in a clockwise direction), the vessel is
located in the dangerous semi-circle
2. If the wind is backing (changing direction in an anticlockwise direction), the vessel is
located in the navigable semi-circle
3. If the wind is steady, the vessel is located in the path of the TRS
❖ In the Southern Hemisphere:
1. If the wind is veering, the vessel is located in the navigable semi-circle
2. If the wind is backing the vessel is located in the dangerous semi circle
3. If the wind is steady, the vessel is located in the path of the TRS

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 ACTION WHEN APPROACH OF A TRS IS
CONFIRMED
B. Once aware of the vessels location in relation to the TRS appropriate
actions must now be taken to avoid the TRS –
❖ In the Northern Hemisphere:
1. If located in the dangerous semi circle, put the wind on the starboard
bow and alter course to starboard as the wind veers
2. If located in the navigable semi circle or in the path of the TRS, put
the wind on the starboard quarter and alter course to port as the wind
backs
❖ In the Southern Hemisphere:
1. If located in the dangerous semi circle, put the wind on the port bow
and alter course to port as the wind backs
2. If located in the navigable semi circle or the path of the TRS, put the
wind on the port quarter and alter course to starboard as the wind
veers

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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OCEANOGRAPHY 2
 ACTION WHEN APPROACH OF A TRS IS
CONFIRMED

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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OCEANOGRAPHY 2
 ACTION WHEN APPROACH OF A TRS IS
CONFIRMED

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 ACTION WHEN APPROACH OF A TRS IS
CONFIRMED

❑ Buy Ballots Law can also be used to plot the

position of the TRS.
❑ This can be done by facing the wind and the
centre of the low-pressure system, in this case
the TRS, will be from 90 degrees to 135 degrees
on your right-hand side in the northern
hemisphere and on your left in the southern
hemisphere.
INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &
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 BUY BALLOTS LAW
❑ In the Northern Hemisphere, if a person stands with their back to the
wind, the atmospheric pressure is low to the left, high to the right. This
is because wind travels counterclockwise around low-pressure zones
in the Northern Hemisphere.

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 ACTION WHEN APPROACH OF A TRS IS
CONFIRMED
❑ If there is suspicion of a TRS or if the vessel is in the vicinity of
a TRS and no reports of one have been received then the
Master, so as to comply with ‘SOLAS (Safety Of Life At Sea)
Chapter 5, Regulation 31, Danger Messages’ is obliged to send
all information he or she can about the TRS to all ships in the
vicinity along with the nearest maritime radio station or signal
station which they can communicate with.
❑ If winds of force 10 and above are encountered without any
prior reports then this should also be reported in the same
manner. For the duration of the time that the vessel was within
the TRS reports should be made, if possible, every three hours.

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

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OCEANOGRAPHY 2
 ACTION WHEN APPROACH OF A TRS IS
CONFIRMED
❑ This report should include the following:
1. Approximate position of the storm as well as the GMT time and date that it was encountered
2. Position, true course and speed of the vessel at the time of observation
3. The Barometric pressure and any changes in the previous 3 hours (not corrected for Diurnal variation).
In temperate latitudes the Barometric pressure changes quickly and irregularly on a day to day basis
due to the movement and development of weather systems. In the tropical latitudes in normal weather
conditions the Barometric pressure readings are small and follow a regular pattern. This ‘Diurnal
Variation’ in the tropical latitudes is usually corrected using a correction table but whenever Barometric
pressure readings are included in a weather report or entered into the ships log the corrections are not
to be applied.
4. True direction and the force of the wind
5. The sea state
6. The direction, height, period and length of the swell

INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &

51
OCEANOGRAPHY 2
 END OF LESSON
GOODLUCK
GOD BLESS
INSTRUCTOR: 2/M EDILBERT B.BRIONES, MME METEOROLOGY &
52
OCEANOGRAPHY 2