Outline

 Review on Stability and Determinacy

 Application of the Equations of Equilibrium
 Tributary Loading
 Load Path
 Assignments
Determinacy and Stability
 As a general rule, a structure can be identified as being either statically determinate or
statically indeterminate by the following steps:

1. Drawing free-body diagrams of all its members, or selective parts of its members.
2. Comparing the total number of unknown reactive force and moment components
with the total number of available equilibrium equations.

 For a coplanar stable structure there are at most three equilibrium equations for
each part, so that if there is a total of (n) parts and (r) force and moment reaction
components,

 If a structure is statically indeterminate, the degree of indeterminacy of the

structure equal (r - 3n) .
Stability. To ensure the equilibrium of a structure or its members, it is not only
necessary to satisfy the equations of equilibrium, but the members must also be
properly held or constrained by their supports. Two situations may occur where the
conditions for proper constraint have not been met.
1) Partial Constrain r ˂ 3n (unstable)
‫عدد معادالت االتزان أكبر مه عدد المجاهيل‬

2) Improper Constraints. This can occur if all the support reactions are concurrent
at a point, or when the support reactions are all parallel.
Example:
Classify each of the beams as statically determinate, statically indeterminate, or unstable
. If statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees of indeterminacy.

unstable statically determinate statically determinate

Indeterminate to the 2nd statically determinate Indeterminate to the 2nd

degree degree
 Indeterminate to the 1st
unstable statically determinate
degree

Indeterminate to the 6th Indeterminate to the 1st

unstable
degree degree

statically Indeterminate to statically determinate

unstable
determinate the 1st degree
 Trusses Stability.
1. If b + r < 2j, a truss will be unstable.
2. External Stability. A structure (or truss) is externally unstable if all of its reactions
are concurrent or parallel.

3. Internal Stability. The internal stability of a truss can often be checked by careful
inspection of the arrangement of its members.
Example:
Classify each of the following trusses as statically determinate, statically indeterminate, if
indeterminate state its degree.

Externally Stable, b + r = 16 + Externally Stable, b + r = 9 Externally Stable, b + r =

3 = 19, 2j = 2x8 = 16, + 3 = 12, 2j = 2x6 = 12, 9 + 3 = 12, 2j = 2x6 = 12,
b + r > 2j, then b + r = 2j, then the truss b + r = 2j, then the
indeterminate to the 3rd is statically determinate. truss is statically
degree. By inspection, the truss is determinate.
By inspection, the truss is internally stable. By inspection, the truss
internally stable. is internally stable.
Externally Stable, b + r = 9 + Externally Stable, b + r =
4 = 13, 2j = 2x6 = 12, 15 + 3 = 18, 2j = 2x10 = 20, Externally Stable, b + r =
b + r > 2j, then b + r < 2j, then the truss 9 + 3 = 12, 2j = 2x7 = 14,
indeterminate to the 1st is internally unstable. b + r < 2j, then the
degree. truss is internally
By inspection, the truss is unstable.
internally stable.
 PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
 Step 1: draw a free-body diagram of each member, then the support reactions can be
determined using this diagram.
 Step 2: Equations of Equilibrium, Count the total number of unknowns to make sure
that an equivalent number of equilibrium equations can be written for solution.
 Notice: (If the solution of the equilibrium equations yields a negative, it indicates that
its arrowhead sense of direction is opposite to that which was assumed on the free-
body diagram)
Example 1 Solution:
Step 1: draw a free-body diagram

Step 2 : Equations of Equilibrium

For Part (a):

ΣM@B=0.0 ⤾+

8 − 2 × Cy = 0.0 → Cy = 4kN
ΣFy = 0.0(+↑)
Cy − By = 0.0 → By = 4kN
ΣFx = 0.0 (+)
Bx = 0.0

ΣFx = 0.0 (+)

For Part (b):
Ax = 0.0
ΣM@A=0.0 ⤾+
ΣFy = 0.0(+↑)
18 × 1.5 − 4 × 3 − MA = 0.0 → MA = 15kN. m
Ay − 18 + 4 = 0.0 → Ay = 14kN
Example 2
 Method 1

Solution:
Step 1: draw a free-body diagram

Step 2 : Equations of Equilibrium

 Method 2

ΣFy = 0.0 +↑

4
Ay − 8 × − 6 + 3 = 0.0 → Ay = 9.4kN
5
ΣFx = 0.0 (+)

3
Ax + 8 × − 14.67 = 0.0 → Ax = 9.87kN
5
For part BC:
ΣFy = 0.0 +↑
ΣM@B (r)=0.0 ⤾+
By − 6 + 3 = 0.0 → By = 3kN
6 × 1 − Cy × 2 = 0.0 → Cy = 3kN
ΣFx = 0.0 (+)
ΣM@A =0.0 ⤾+
Bx − 14.67 = 0.0 → Bx = 14.67kN
8 × 2 + 6 × 3 − 3 × 4 − 𝐶𝑥 × 1.5 = 0.0
Cx = 14.67kN
 Example 3

Solution:
Step 1: draw a free-body diagram
Step 2 : Equations of Equilibrium

ΣM@B up = 0.0 ⤸ → 4 × Ay − 6 × 3 = 0.0 → 𝐀 𝐲

= 𝟒. 𝟓𝐤𝐍
+↑ ΣFy = 0.0 → Cy + 4.5 − 6 = 0.0 → 𝐂𝐲 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝐤𝐍
ΣM@A = 0.0 ⤸ → 6 × 1 − 3 × Cx = 0.0 → 𝐂𝐱 = 𝟐𝐤𝐍
+→ΣFx = 0.0 → 𝐀𝒙 = −𝟐𝐤𝐍
For part AB:
+↑ ΣFy = 0.0 → Ay − 6 + By = 0.0 → 𝐁𝐲 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝐤𝐍
+→ΣFx = 0.0 → 𝐁𝐱 = 𝟐𝐤𝐍
For check use part BC (two-force member)
Example 4
Example 5

Example 6
 Tributary Loadings.
 When flat surfaces such as floors, or roofs are supported by a structural frame, it is
necessary to determine how the load on these surfaces is transmitted to the various
structural elements used for their support. There are generally two ways in which this
can be done:
 One-Way System. A slab or deck that is supported such that it delivers its load to the
supporting members in one direction is often referred to as a one-way slab.
 According to the American Concrete Institute, ACI 318 code, with L2 >L1, if the span
ratio (L2 / L1) > 2, the slab will then behave as a one-way slab.
 Example
 Two-Way System. If 1 ≤ (L2>L1) ≤ 2, then the load is assumed to be transferred to
the supporting members in two directions. When this is the case the slab is referred
to as a two-way slab.
 numerous experiments have shown that 45ᵒ cracks form at the corners of the slab.
As a result, the tributary area is constructed using diagonal 45ᵒ lines as shown here
L2/L1 = 1.
 For other geometries that cause two-way action, a similar case occurs. For example, if
L2/L1 = 1.5 it is then necessary to construct 45ᵒ lines that intersect as shown the slab
will then produce trapezoidal and triangular distributed loads on members AB, and
AC.
 Example

 The flat roof of the steel-frame building shown in the photo is intended to support a
total load of 2 kN/m2 over its surface. Determine the roof load within region ABCD that
is transmitted to beams BC and DC. The dimensions are shown in Figure
 Example: The concrete girders shown in the photo of the passenger car parking
garage span 10m and are spaced 5m on center. If the floor slab is 125mm thick and
made of reinforced concrete, and the specified live load is 2.50kN/m2, determine the
distributed load the floor system transmits to each interior girder
 LOAD PATH
 The various elements that make up a structure should be designed in such a way that
they transmit the primary load acting on the structure to its foundation. This
description is called a load path

 the load acting on the floor of the building is transmitted from the slab to the floor
joists, then to the spandrel and interior girder, and finally to the columns and
foundation footings.
 In a similar manner, the loading on the deck of the suspension bridge in Figure is
transmitted to the hangers, then to the cables, and finally to the towers, piers, or
anchors.