GS WaNNVA NAA AR FOR BACHILLERATOCONTENTS Nouns ~ Los nombres The Imperative, Present Simple, Present Continuous, Stative Verbs — EI imperativo, el presente simple, el presente continuo y verbos que no suelen emplearse en la forma continua R EW Units 1 and 2 The Past Simple and Past Continuous, used to / would — El pretérito perfecto simple y el pasado continuo, used to / would Modals and Semi-Modals — Los verbos modales y los semimodales R EW Units 3 and 4 Adjectives — Los adjetivos Adverbs — Los adverbios JEW Units 5 and 6 Relative Clauses — Las oraciones de relativo The Passive Voice | - La voz pasiva | EVIEW Units 7 and 8 Present Perfect Simple and Continuous — El pretérito perfecto compuesto y el pretérito perfecto compuesto continuo Past Perfect Simple and Continuous ~ El pretérito pluscuamperfecto y el pretérito pluscuamperfecto continuo REVIEW Units 9 and 10 The Future — El futuro So / Such, Too / Enough Units 11 and 12 Connectors — Los conectores Conditional Sentences — Las oraciones condicionales Units 13 and 14Reported Speech | — El estilo indirecto | Reported Speech Il ~ El estilo indirecto I! EVIEW Units 15 and 16 The Passive Voice Il — La voz pasiva Il Gerunds and Infinitives — El gerundio y el infinitivo EW Units 17 and 18 Wishes and ways of expressing preferences — Modos de expresar deseos y preferencias The subjunctive, would rather, had better, it’s time — El subjurtivo, would rather, had better, it’s time E Units 19 and 20 Modal Perfects ~ Los verbos modales perfectos Causatives ~ Los verbos causativos y Units 21 and 22 Prepositions ~ Las preposiciones Phrasal Verbs Units 23 and 24 Ne ee ed Pe ee er eee er ee ee eee ee Verbs followed by a noun / pronoun + infinitive ~ Ae en co ee Bey eee es Ee es eo BUCS ee eA ee ee ce eee ees eee)NOUNS - LOS NOMBRES NOUNS: COUNTABLE AND NON-COUNTABLE — LOS NOMBRES: CONTABLES Y NO CONTABLES: ARTICLES: A/ AN, THE ~ LOS ARTICULOS: A/ AN, THE THE PLURAL FORM — EL PLURAL POSSESSION — LA POSESION COMMON NOUN ENDINGS — TERMINACIONES MAS FRECUENTES DEL NOMBRE QUANTIFIERS | — LOS CUANTIFICADORES | QUANTIFIERS II — LOS CUANTIFICADORES II MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS — LOS NOMBRES MASCULINOS Y FEMENINOS. COMPOUND NOUNS ~ LOS NOMBRES COMPUESTOS PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES — LOS PRONOMBRES PERSONALES DE SUJETO Y OBJETO; LOS PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS; LOS PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS1 NOUNS: COUNTABLE AND NON-COUNTABLE — LOS NOMBRES CONTABLES Y NO CONTABLES ‘A Unnombre se refiere a una persona, una cosa, un lugar o una idee. Ninety pupils took the test Susan showed great courage. Los nombres se pueden clasificar en dos grupos: contables y no contables. Los contables son aquellos ante los que podemos poner un numeral, por tanto tienen singular y plural. one girl, two girls one man, ten men Los no contables sdlo tienen singular y nunca van precedidos de numerales. tea butter money time chocolate music trouble coffee hope news water food information sand weather fun mathematics sugar work Los nombres no contables casi siempre se usan con la forma singular del verbo. The water is hot The music is very loud. Algunos nombres pueden utilizarse como contables y no contables. paper (no contable, papel) a paper (contable, un periédico) teem EXERCISE 1 > Choose a singular or plural verb, according to the nouns in bold. 1. SN De wD Our baggage ((s, a'c) at the airport now. Our secretary (is learning, are learning) to use a computer now. The sky always (look, looks) beautiful at sunset. The latest news (is, are) quite shocking. Mathematics ('s, a1c) my favourite subject at school. Mr and Mrs Smith (is s: Life (is, ave) beautiful. ling) their house this week. The new gardeners ('s workin orking) in the garden now.2 ARTICLES: A/ AN, THE — LOS ARTICULOS: A / AN, THE A/AN A El articulo indefinido a / an se usa con los nombres contables en singular. A va delante de las consonantes y de vocales que se pronuncian como un diptongo. a book aman a iversity An va delante de sonidos vocilicos o de una h que no se pronuncia. anomelette an Los dos se usan delante de un nombre no especifico 0 cuando aparece por primera vez. También podemos afiadir un adjetivo o un adjetivo y un adverbio entre a / any el nombre. ur He is staying at a new hotel He is reading an unusually long book. A se usa con ciertos ntimeros y expresiones de cantidad. n you count to a hundred in Vl have a couple of oranges, pleas He needs a bit of time El articulo a / an se emplea en ciertas expresiones de velocidad, frecuencia 0 precio. En tales casos se podria poner también per. The car was travelling at one hundred kilometres an hour (per hour ndparents three times a week (per week) I visit my These mushrooms cost t s a kilo (per kilo) Recuerda que no se usa a / an con nombres no contables. Pl and butter on your way homeTHE A Elarticulo definido the se utiliza delante de nombres especificos tanto en singular como en plural y ante nombres que se hayan mencionado con anterioridad. The moon is very bright tonight. (s6lo hay una luna) I thought the people were wonderful. (unas personas concretas, conocidas tanto por el que habla como por el que escucha) She lives in my neighbourhood, The neighbourhood is full of students, (ya se ha mencionado) B__ También se emplea ante nombres propios de: personas, s6lo cuando nombramos a una familia por su apellido (the Smiths), rios (the Nile), mares (the Black Sea), montaias (the Alps), islas (the Canary Islands), desiertos (the Sahara), algunos paises (the Netherlands). The va seguido de un adjetivo cuando queremos expresar una clase de gente. Only the rich can buy expensive cars. The Americans and the Germans are very competitive people. D Los instrumentos musicales llevan este articulo delante, pero los deportes no. I play the flute, the piano and the guitar. I hate playing football and tennis E Con palabras como chapel, prison, hospital, school y market no ponemos articulo si vamos a esos sitios con el fin para el que se construyeron, pero debemos ponerlo si vamos con otros fines, por ejemplo, a visitar. 1 pupils ¢ children’s te to school, but parents go to the school to chers F The se usa también con los superlativos (ver unidad 5). This is the best wine I have ever tastednner ee EXERCISE 2 {> Fill in the blanks with a or an where necessary. Remember: They appear before singular countable nouns. Mary bought John had ... red sweater, but John bought . .. orange one . ice cream and Rachel had .. -- orange. lan wants to be ......... architect and Jane wants to be .. . lawyer. Where can | get .. information about the trip? hour. Mike had operation yesterday. We went on ......... European tour and saw ........ lot of beautiful places. + a. 3, 4 5. This job will take me about 6. 7. 8. - UN peacekeeping force, including ..... group of soldiers from France, has been sent to ......... 9. We bought......... tea, . milk at the supermarket. 10. In fairy tales, ......... handsome prince usually marries ......... poor girl. 11. Lasked him for .... 12. We had . . advice, but he couldn't help me. excellent weather on our holiday. a EXERCISE 3 > Fill in the blanks with the where necessary. 1. Thave given ..!!2°.. dog his dinner. 2. Ithink.......... dogs make good pets; in fact, | think they are ......... best. 3. I don't like .. . children next door. 4. lonly like ......... children when they are well behaved. 5. We took .. children to ......... Istanbul when we were in ......... Turkey. 6. ... book I have just finished reading was written by ......... Sue Townsend. 7. .. Stephen King book | have just finished is ......... best | have ever read. 8. Do you think that ......... honesty is really the best policy? 9. We have ......... cornflakes every morning for ......... breakfast. 0. Before you go to ......... London, go and see ......... Brian. He is from there and can tell you . best theatres to go to and where to get ......... good meals. ae 12. L always enjoy seeing .. . food is in oven. beauty of1 2 7 4. 5, 6. 8. 2 10. W 12. 13. 14 15, EXERCISE 4 We saw ......... Very bright star last night, which we think might have been ..!!!°. 5 planet Venus. =< If you buy ......... sweater, make sure you get ......... right size Please put ......... milk in ......... fridge. judge can send people to ........ prison for many years. When we went to New York, we stayed at Grand Hotel Many factory owners in ......... last century would not allow their employees to belong to ......... union. When you went to London, did you see Big Ben? Mount Everest is ......... world's highest mountain. In 1912, ........ Titanic sank in ......... North Atlantic after striking iceberg. When ......... Russian president went to ......... Washington, he went to ... White House and met ......... US president. If you are tired, go to ......... bed Do you think we can ever come to «.....-.. agreement? It is very easy to give ......... advice, but less easy to follow it. Phil Collins wrote a song about ........ homeless. Sometimes ......... information is not easy to obtain 13 THE PLURAL FORM — EL PLURAL A El plural se suele formar afiadiendo s al nombre singular (book —» books). Sélo los nombres contables tienen forma plural. Los no contables siempre van en singular. 1 Cuando el nombre acaba en s, en un sonido parecido a la s (z, ch, x, sh) 0 en 0 se afiade es. bus —> buses box —» boxes church —> churches tomato —» tomatoes Pero hay algunas excepciones: piano —» pianos radio > radios 2 Si el nombre singular acaba en vocal 0 en y se afiade s. table —» tables key —> keys Pero si lay va precedida de consonante se cambia por una iy se afiade es. lady > ladies lorry > lorries 3 Hay algunos nombres que acaban en f y fe que cambian estas letras por v y se les afiade es. thief > thieves half —» halves knife —» knives wolf —> wolves wife —> wives shelf —» shelves Pero existen algunas excepciones que forman el plural afiadiendo cliff > cliffs handkerchief —» handkerchiefs Nombres como hoof o scarf pueden tener ambos plurales. hoof —> hoofs, hooves scarf —» scarfs, scarves 4 Existen algunos plurales irregulares que debes aprender de memoria. child —> children ox —> oxen foot —» feet person > people man —> men tooth —> teeth mouse —> mice woman —» women Y otros que tienen la misma forma en singular que en plural. one deer —> two deer one salmon —> two salmon B_ Algunos nombres s6lo existen en plural y van seguidos de un verbo plural: glasses, savings, trousers, scissors, etc. These scissors are sharp.CC. Giertos nombres que acaban en s parecen plurales, pero van seguidos de un verbo en singular: mathematics, gymnastics, politics, phonetics, etc. Nota: Algunos nombres como news, advice, information y furniture tienen sentido plural pero Ilevan el verbo en singular. This is the news, read by Peter Smith. Para dar una sola noticia se tiene que usar a piece of news. Lo mismo ocurre con advice, information o furniture. a EXERCISE S |> Write the plural form of the nouns below. h 1. thief 9. knife 2. glove 10. tooth 3. man 11. wish 4. table 12. baby 5. roof 13. box 6. tomato 14. envelope 7. country 15. glass 8. bath 16. boy a EXERCISE 6 Fill in the blanks with the plural form of the nouns below. Try to use all the words. child ¥ foot ¥ key ¥ monkey ¥ mouse ¥ radio ¥ tooth ¥ woman 1. Two of my son’s . .. fell out last night! ... hurt. | ran too much yesterday. 3. Many... . like to wear make-up. 4, We found three in our classroom. How awful! 5. The ssssssscssseee . came home early from school today. 6. I'm in trouble. | left my .. .. at home. 7. Everyone loves to watch the in the zoo. 8. We have three ..... in our house.4 POSSESSION ~ | LA POSESION Para expresar la posesién de personas, animales o paises solemos emplear el genitivo saj6n, que consiste en aiadir al nombre del poseedor un apéstrofo (‘)y una s. A. Siel sustantivo ya acaba en s aiiadimos solo el apéstrofo (9. The bird's wing is broken | These are the girl’s hats. (los sombreros de una nifia) i These are the girls’ hats. dos sombreros de varias nifias) |B Sies un sustantivo compuesto, es decir, formado por varias palabras, aiiadimos ‘sal final de la tiltima, Today is my brother-in-law’s birthday That's the Queen of England’s yacht | C Aun nombre propio singular acabado en s se le puede afiadir ‘s 0 sdlo el apéstrofo. James's car is very fas James’ car is very fast D Cuando dos personas poseen la misma cosa se pone ‘s detras de la tiltima. Mary and Peter's we ing was love! Pero si cada una tiene una cosa, se afiade ‘s a las dos. | Mary's and Jane’s birthday. (cada una tiene su propio cumpleafios) E Siempre se usa el genitivo sajén en estos casos: 1 expresiones de tiempo aweek’s holiday twenty minutes’ break _—_ today’s paper 2 vehiculos the car’s engine 3 organizaciones government's policy Nota: Podemos omitir la cosa posefda si se trata de una casa 0 una tienda o ya se ha nombrado anteriormente. I'm going to my mother’s uutcher’s Whose pen is this? It’s David's.en EE EXERCISE 7 [> Circle the correct answer. 1, The jewels of the king are . jewels. a. the kings (b) the king’s c. the kings’ 2. The hat of the lady is .. hat. a. the ladies’ b. the lady's c. the ladies 3. The cry of the babies is .. cry. a. the babies b. the baby’s c. the babies’ 4, The crime of the thief is crime. a. the thieves’ b. the thief’s c. the thieves 5. The tail of the dog is . tal. a. the dog's c. the dogs 6. We could see one .. a. boys b. c. boy's 7. Chocolate is not good for .... a. children’s b. children c. child 8. This is .... .. home. a. Mr Smiths b. Mr Smith c. Mr Smith’s RN EXERCISE 8 > Rewrite the following sentences to include ‘s or ’ 1. This house belongs to the Johnsons. 2. The teacher listened to the complaint of the pupil. 3. The son of Mr and Mrs Byron is at home. 4. Many people still remember the assassination of President Kennedy. 5. We studied the poems of Lorca last year.5 COMMON NOUN ENDINGS -— TERMINACIONES MAS FRECUENTES DEL NOMBRE A veces podemos reconocer un nombre por su terminacién. Entre las més frecuentes tenemos las siguientes: -ance -hood ist -ment -ship -er -ism -ity -ness -tion appearance movement communism _ happiness neighbourhood friendship _ability operation optimist teacher Seeereeniicn EXERCISE 9 > Circle the correct answer. 1. Ican’t hear you! We have a bad .. a. connecting b. connect connection 2. Ababy’s is helped by good food and exercise. a. development b. develops c. developmental 3. This .. received the Nobel Prize. a. scientifically b.. scientific c. scientist 4. Which . do you live in? a. neighbour b. neighbourhood c. neighbourly 5. Your story shows that you have a good .. a. imaginary b. imagine c. imagination 6. Did you get an .. to their wedding? a. invitation b. invite c. invitingly 7. The two nations signed an a. agreeable b. agree c. agreement 8. The brothers have a close .. a. relate b. relationship c. relatively 9. Your .. . means a lot to me. a. friends b. friendly c. friendship 10. The farmers are afraid of losing their .. because of the drought. a. livelihood b. lively c, livesANE a, 6 QUANTIFIERS I — LOS CUANTIFICADORES | SOME, ANY, NO, NONE (OF) - CON CONTABLES Y NO CONTABLES A Some / any se usan para expresar un niimero o una cantidad indefinida. Some se usa en oraciones afirmativas y any en interrogativas y negativas. I think there is some coffee in the cupboard. There are some students in the class. Were there any calls for me? We haven't got any milk. B- Analiza otros usos de some y any. 1 Se emplea some en una frase interrogativa cuando se expresa un ofrecimiento 0 peticién y esperamos una respuesta afirmativa. Would you like some more cake? (ofrecimiento) Can I have some tea, please? (peticién) 2 Se emplea any en oraciones afirmativas: * con el sentido de “cualquier/a" Take any book you want. Any student can understand this. + después de if If there are any calls, take a message. Es importante sefialar que any no tiene sentido negativo en inglés. Nota: Estas mismas reglas que acabamos de ver se aplican para los compuestos anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere, somebody, someone, something, somewhere, etc. C__Siel verbo va en afirmativa pero queremos negar algo, no empleamos any sino que pondremos no + nombre, nothing, nobody 0 no one. None nunca va seguido de un nombre. None of va seguido de un nombre plural o de un pronombre. Ihave got no money Ican see nothing. T have got no books Nobody / No one has arrived yet. How much money have you got? None. None of the pupils / them arrived on time. 7MUCH / MANY, (A) FEW / (A) LITTLE, A LOT OF / LOTS OF / PLENTY OF A. Much, little y a little se usan con nombres no contables. Little tiene un significado negativo (poco) pero a little tiene un sentido positivo (un poco). He hasn’t got much moncy ation. (casi nada de tiempo, poco tiempo) He has a little money left. (no mucho, pero algo) He has little time for r Nota: Much sdlo se emplea en frases negativas ¢ interrogativas. B_ Many, few y a few se usan con nombres contables en plural. Few tiene un sentido negativo (pocos/as), mientras que a few tiene un sentido mas positivo (unos/as cuantos/as). | She has got many friends. (muchos) They have got few contacts here. (pocos, casi ninguno) We have got a few hooks here. (no muchos, pero algunos) Nota: Las expresiones (oo much y too many significan “més de lo que es conveniente o necesario’. You're spending too much time on your hobby There are too many plates on the table. C Alot of, lots of y plenty of pueden usarse con nombres no contables y con contables en plural. There is a lot of / lots of / plenty of food. There have been a lot of / lots of / plenty of problems. acmceioeeRS EXERCISE 10 {> Fill in the blanks with some or any. 1. Will you get me ... . stamps when you go out? 2. Have you got... ... books about computers? 3. We've run out of sugar. Can you let me have .. . , please? 4, Are there .. good programmes on TV tonight? 5. Would you like to see .. photos from our holiday? 6. | bought... .. oranges, because | couldn't see ... .. bananas. 7. dogs make such a lot of noise! 8. There won't be ... .. trains tomorrow; there's going to be a strike. 9. Andrea said she knows .. people who could help me. 10. Jan wanted .. books about ghosts, but the shop didn't have ....BRE Se ki a Le RNR RARE oi > Fill in the blanks with some, any, w — EXERCISE 11 one, none of or no. .... newspaper will do; they all have the TV programmes in them. uw people are never satisfied! “Ws there .... .. coffee left?” “No, I'm sorry. There are .. drinks at all.” 4. . these books has the correct information. 5. If there is .. .... feason why you can't do the job, please tell me now. 6. There must be reason for what Simon did. 7. . of these pupils will pass the test. They haven’t studied. 8. Have you got ... .... red apples? If you have, I'll buy . 9. . pupil who cheats will be punished. 10. “How many pupils tried to cheat?” = ... . They all did the exam properly.” EXERCISE 12 & Fill in the blank ng, somewhere, anybod} anyon han one correct answer. 1. Did you do interesting when you were in Madrid? 2. Can you lend me .. 10 read? 3. I can't find ... .... to sit; can you find me . 4, Fishis ... Ruth never eats. 5. Was your hotel in Torremolinos .. near the centre of town? 6. [can't find my glasses — | must have left them ... 7. Would you like . .. to drink? 8. If. .. wants me, don't say where I've gone. 9. I didn't like the hotel; there wasn't . .. to do in the evenings. 10. If.. knows who took the money, he or she should say 11. You can't eat in the hotel looking like that! Put on .. a bit smarter, or ... .. might say something. 12. I don't want... ... to eat. | had ... .. before | came.mene To EXERCISE 13 Fill in the blanks with anything, anywhere, nothing, nowhere, no one or nobody. There may be more than one correct answer. A. * » . You are a real bore. You've never been .... Se enau hs There's ... .. to sit. ... can say Tom didn't try hard in his exam, This room is full. There isn't .. to put... We didn't really enjoy our holiday because in the evenings there was ... to go and ... to do. If you're not planning to go . . this evening, let's go to the cinema. .. to eat in the house! Let's eat out. There's . .. ever wants to put petrol in the car. .. or done ... There’ .. [like better than resting on Sundays. There's been .. .. worth watching on TV lately. Ee EXERCISE 14 > Fill in the blanks with much, many, a lot of or plenty of. There may be more than ‘one correct answer. A. Bill is so popular; he has such . friends. We haven't got ... milk left. Ihave got .... . English books, but not in French. can't eat all this! You've given me too .. meat and too. - potatoes. Haven't you got too .... days! luggage? We're only going away for two Don't put too milk in my coffee, please. | don't think very ... .. of that idea. 206 I 8. There are tourists here in the summer, but not . in the winter. This is because there are . to do in the things to do in the summer, but there's not winter. 9. I like ..... . sugar in my coffee, but not .. in my tea. 10. That dog causes ... something? .. problems. Why don't his owners do people want to be film stars, but not ..... them succeed. 12. He doesn't have friends, because he talks too 13. I think you paid too very .. 14. David didn't seem to take .... for that old stamp. It's really not worth - notice of us when we arrived. trouble for him. 15. Dr Brock is really wonderful! Nothing is too .. Not .... ... doctors are like that! en EXERCISE 15 > Replace the underlined words with little, few, a little or a few. 1. Dave has got some very valuable stamps. D. h fe I 2. Would you like some more meat? 3. Alan was away from school for two or three days. 4, Not many people go to the South Pole for a holiday! 5. Ihave almost no money left to spend on gifts. 6. There are still two or three rooms to paint. 21Ce eemget eee EXERCISE 16 [> Choose the correct answer. e 15. We don't need ... .. More tomatoes. a. some b. no c)any . The homeless man had ... to sleep. a. somewhere b. nowhere c. anywhere She refused to say to the police. a. nothing b. something cc. anything I'm afraid there isn't .. ... cake left! a, much b. some c. alittle Can | borrow of your books to revise for my exam? a. few b. many c. some I'm sure | heard . .. call my name! a. somebody b. nobody c. anybody Id like to spend . days in Greece. a. a little b. few c. a few . There's food left over from the party. a. much b. alot of c. many Ive read . books you lent me. a. all the b. the whole c. any We didn't meet we knew when we went to the cinema. a. someone b. no one c. anyone Did you do interesting over the weekend? a. nothing b. anything c. a lot of thad .. ‘0 eat yesterday! a, too many b. too much c. alot of . There's . meat left if you'd like some. a. alittle b. little c. any The exam was so difficult that . people passed. a. afew b. some c. few The food was so delicious that was left. a. little b. some c. a littleINU ae TS QUANTIFIERS I — LOS CUANTIFICADORES I Y BOTH, NEITHER, EITHER A Both, neither y either se usan cuando hablamos de dos cosas. Both of, neither of y either of requieren el articulo the o un pronombre. Both hotels are aded. (or Both of the hotels ...) ed. Both are ready to help. (or Both of them are...) Neither colour suits you. (or Neither of the colours ...) Vil enjoy either film. (or ... either of the films.) recom The two girl 1 -B- Fither-... or significa “el/la uno(a" 0 “ellla otro/a” y neither ... nor, ‘ni elfla unola ni ella otro/a”. : Ihave either coffee or tea for breakfast I drink neither coffee nor tea for breakfast. ‘= =i EXERCISE 17 [& Choose the correct answer. 1 people today have got DVD players. a. Any b. Either coffee or tea will be fine, thank you. a. Either b. Either of c. Neither the films are highly recommended. a. Either b. Both of c. Most 4, Eric has pen nor paper. How can he possibly take notes? a. both b. neither c. either . the senior classes at 5. The anti-drug campaign was supported by ... our school. a. neither of b. both of c. either of 6. Dan... neither an umbrella nor a coat and it's raining outside. How silly of him! a. hasn't taken b. has taken c, takes8 MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS ~ LOS NOMBRES MASCULINOS Y FEMENINOS A _Lamayoria de los nombres referentes a personas y a profesiones no diferencian el género en inglés. Tam speaking to my friend. (friend puede ser amigo o amiga) We have an excellent doctor. (doctor puede ser un hombre o una mujer) B _ Sélo unos pocos nombres cambian la terminacién para formar el femenino. actor —> actress prince —» princess waiter —> waitress C Otros son totalmente diferentes en femenino y en masculino. boy —» girl uncle > aunt bull > cow brother —» sister nephew —> niece husband —> wife EXERCISE 18 > Label each noun M (masculine), F (feminine) or B (both masculine and feminine). artist Cn painter V2. see policeman 2. see dancer TO. eee uncle 18. ae doctor a surgeon 1 oe queen 19. as people 4... actor a aunt 20. ase son 5. ue friend TES cc teacher Qe ae nurse (ere daughter V4, se baby 22, oe father 7. see actress 15 child 23. ..... hostess 8... king 16. .... president a saleswoman 249 COMPOUND NOUNS — LOS NOMBRES COMPUESTOS A Un nombre compuesto estd formado por dos 0 més sustantivos, los cuales pueden escribirse juntos en una sola palabra (housewife), separados (bank account) 0 con un guién entre ambos (pen-name). He is a policeman. I'm going to the post office. Don't forget your sleeping-bag. B Para formar el plural de los nombres contables compuestos se afiade una s al segundo nombre. Which youth hostels did you enjoy most? verte Sc ET EXERCISE 19 ® Look at the lists below. Form compound nouns by matching the words from Awith those in B, and the words from C with those in D. A B c D 1. room a. cycle 11. contact k. machine 2. folk b. clock 12. cotton |. book 3. water c. mate 13. tooth m. cords 4. alarm d. site 14. human n. wool 5. head e. brigade 15. washing 0. card 6. dish f. skiing 16. armed p. lenses 7. motor g. washer 17. credit q. rights 8. web h. songs 18. vocal rset 9. fire wheel 19.. text s. brush 10. steering ache 20. television t. forcesShe turned the . Jane was late for work because her ....... You can clean that wound with some .. 2 3 4, We called the .. 5 6. He paid for his new clothes by ... EXERCISE 20 Use the compound nouns in Exercise 19 to complet the sentences below. .. instead of writing a cheque. of her car sharply to avoid hitting the dog. didnt go off. ... when we saw smoke in the room. ... and alcohol. Amnesty International is well known for its work in the field of 7. When you buy this toothpaste, you get a free .... 8. She has stopped wearing glasses and she’s wearing 9. Put the dirty clothes in the .. . with it. instead. 10. If you stay in a students' residence at university, you may have to share with a PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES — LOS PRONOMBRES PERSONALES DE SUJETO Y OBJETO; 1 0 | LOS PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS: LOS PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS A Pronombres personales de sujeto y objeto SUBJECT OBJECT 1 me You you He him She her It it SUBJECT OBJECT We us You you They them A veces conviene utilizar un pronombre en lugar de un nombre para evitar repeticiones. Mary is very tall. She is also thin. (para no repetir Mary, se utiliza el pronombre personal she.) Los pronombres personales pueden ser: 1 sujeto de un verbo She is tall. 2 objeto de un verbo Mary visited him. 26B_ Pronombres y adjetivos posesivos POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUN ADJECTIVE PRONOUN my mine our ours your yours your yours his his their theirs her hers its Los pronombres posesivos sustituyen a un nombre indicando pertenencia. (mine sustituye a my book) Los adjetivos posesivos acompatian al nombre indicando también pertenencia. C_ Pronombres reflexivos myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself themselves herself itself oneself Tienen tres usos: 1 Como objeto de un verbo cuando el sujeto y el objeto de la accién son la misma persona. 2 Después de una preposicién, cuando el sujeto del verbo y el objeto de fa preposicién son la misma persona. Nota: Si el reflexivo va precedido de by se traduce por "solo’, “sin ayuda’. 3 Para dar énfasis a un nombre o pronombre. Fijate en que el reflexivo se puede colocar después del nombre, del pronombre 0 al final de la frase.pe ecmeme | EXERCISE 21 > Fill in the blanks with the correct subject or object pronouns. 1. My name is Terry. asked ... ‘m visiting Spain right now and my friends have . lots of souvenirs. 2. Mary isn’t Italian is French. Her parents used to send to Italy during the summer and that’s why .. . speaks Italian so well. 3. The Johnsons have just phoned because .. .. want to come over tonight. It’s OK with but I’m not sure about my wife. may have other plans. 4, Where's Karen? | haven't seen would meet today. She told here, but there’s no sign of . 5. The weather is horrible. ... ’s been snowing heavily all week. At school, the headmaster told all of . . that if. .. continues to snow, won't have to come to school on Monday. 6. “Who is 2” Lasked when .. .... answered the phone. Bob,” said my friend. | hadn't phoned for weeks and thought .'d forgotten Dc eematanammmesieal EXERCISE 22 > Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive adjectives or pronouns. There may be more than one correct answer. 1. I-can’t go shopping right now. I'm washing ... .. hair. 2. jill has just had ... .. hair cut because she and Jack are having = picture taken tomorrow. 3. “What a beautiful new car. Is it . =| a “No, it’s not ... . | borrowed it Gaal Mary. It’s 4, “Have you seen “Could those on the table be “No, they're not .. Keys anywhere?” They're Tom's.” shoes . dried very quickly, 5. Larry and | were washing . car and we got ... completely wet. Larry's shoes were canvas, so .. but... .. took two days to dry. 6. We have three children in family. .. older brother, Jack, is living with .. . grandparents in London now because ... school is in London too. _.. house is quite big so they have plenty of room. 28—_ SEB eel EXERCISE 23 > Replace the underlined words with the correct pronouns. 1. Bob lives next door to Sue. 2. Jean has just bought the book. 3. Have the twins received Paul’s letter? 4. My older brother often shouts at Tom and me. 5. These keys are their keys. 6. This present is for my husband’s and my anniversary. 7. This camera is her camera. 8. The two girls looked at the books that belonged to them lying on the floor. ed EXERCISE 24 P Fill in the blanks with the correct pronouns or adjectives. 1. The Bensons live in England, but ......({ieif...... daughter lives in France. Give me those books. They're ... They want us to go with .. to the cinema. all my life. . | know these children, but | can’t remember .... .. Names. 2 3 4. This is Mary. I've known .... 4. 6. They haven't got a mobile phone, so we let them use ... 7. Did she enjoy .. at the rock concert? 8. The little boy was afraid because he was at home all by .. 9. I haven't got a pen. Can | borrow .... . for a minute? 10. This robot can make cofice all by . 29YOURSELF a TRANSLATION My friends can’t come tonight because their car is in the garage. These children didn’t like the fish. They left it on their plates. They lived in rich neighbourhoods before, but now they’te living in a small house in the country. I love nature and take long walks in the woods every evening. Our host and hostess invited my niece and nephew to spend the weekend in their summer house by the sea. “Would you like some coffee?” “No, thanks. I've just had some.” ' have very little spare time nowadays. He watches too much TV and too many films on DVD. SPOT THE ERROR X She used to live in Poland but now she is living in United States. It took us over a hour to reach the top of the mountain. The latest news are quite shocking. Most woman earn less than men doing the same work. How much TV programmes do you watch every night? It’s very strange but this circus doesn’t have some clowns! This is my girlfriend hat's. When Edward saw him in the mirror, he decided that he needed a haircut. I can’t find my English book. Is this one yours or my? The waiter who served us was excellent and we gave her a large tip.en ae THE IMPERATIVE, PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT CONTINUOUS, STATIVE VERBS — EL IMPERATIVO, EL PRESENTE SIMPLE, EL PRESENTE CONTINUO Y VERBOS QUE NO SUELEN EMPLEARSE EN LA FORMA CONTINUA THE IMPERATIVE — EL IMPERATIVO THE PRESENT SIMPLE — EL PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO FORMING QUESTIONS — LA ESTRUCTURA DE LAS PREGUNTAS THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS — EL PRESENTE CONTINUO STATIVE VERBS (NOT USUALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS) — VERBOS QUE NO SUELEN EMPLEARSE EN LA FORMA CONTINUAEL IMPERATIVO AFIRMATIVA: Es la forma base del verbo (el infinitivo sin to) Go now! Have a nice day. NEGATIVA: Do not (Don’t) + Ia forma base del verbo Don’t worry. Do not move! A’ Empleamos el imperativo en afitmativa para dar érdenes, hacer sugerencias y pedir a alguien que haga algo. ¥ en negativa para expresar una prohibicién, Come here! Don’t smoke! Have a drink Help me with this big bag! B No suele llevar sujeto, pero podemos afadirlo cuando queremos dejar claro a quién nos estamos dirigiendo. C Do se puede colocar delante dela forma afirmativa para dar mayor énfasis al imperativo, Esto suele ocurrir al expresar peticiones y quejas de forma educada. Do sit down Nota: Cuando el imperativo va seguido de un infinitivo se suele poner entre ambos la conjuncién and en lugar de to. }o try te Li D Dose utiliza incluso con el verbo to be (recuerda que este verbo no Ileva el auxiliar do / does en ningtin otro tiempo verbal): 7 para la forma negativa del imperative Don’t 2 para dar énfasis.E Aveces empleamos you delante del imperativo, tanto en afirmativa como en negativa, para indicar que estamos irritados. You eat! Don't you try to cheat! Don’t you move! Nota: Al hablar debemos indicar la irritacién con el tono de la voz y poner el acento en you. En castellano, la forma negativa se traduce por “ni se te ocurra...”. F _ Elimperativo de primera persona del plural se expresa con let’s (let us) + la forma base del verbo e indica una sugerencia 0 una orden suavizada, pues incluye al hablante. Let’s study! Let's find a solution! Let’s revise the lesson! La negativa se puede hacer de dos maneras: Let’s not shout! Don’t let's follow them! Nota: Aunque las dos formas son correctas, se suele emplear més la primera. a EXERCISE 1 > Rewrite the following sentences using the imperative form. 1. Can you come here, please? 2. Would you all sit down? 3. Can't you just be quiet? 4. You can’t be late for this meeting! 5. Would you be kind enough to get me a drink of water? 6. | don’t like it when you tell me what to do! 7. I'd like to ask you not to smoke near the baby. 8. I hope you sleep well. Good night! 33PE em ec EXERCISE 2 > Answer the following questions using the words in brackets and the affirmative or negative form of the imperative, 2. I'm going to the post office. Do you want anything? (get stamps) Yes, .. 3. ’m making lunch. Would you like to join me? (make sandwich) Yes, ... 4. Do you want to watch this DVD with me? (put on) YOR, un 5. Can | open the window? (open) — 6. Can you explain it again, please? (pay attention) All right, but .... 7. We're in a hurry. Are you ready? (wait) No, I don’t want to go, so ... 8. What are you doing tonight? (phone) | don’t know. ... 342 THE PRESENT SIMPLE — EL PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO AFIRMATIVA: we Sujeto + la forma base del verbo I work, Sujeto + la forma base del verbo + s (3* persona singular) He works. NEGATIVA: Sujeto + do not (don’t) + la forma base del verbo I do not work. Sujeto + does not (doesn’t) + la forma base del verbo (3* pers. sing.) He doesn’t work. INTERROGATIVA: Do + sujeto + la forma base del verbo Do they work? Does + sujeto + la forma base del verbo (3° persona singular) Does it work? EI Present Simple (Presente de Indicativo) se emplea en los siguientes casos: A. Para expresar verdades o hechos generales. Water boils at 100 degrees. B Para expresar habitos 0 costumbres. Suele ir acompariado de expresiones que indican con qué frecuencia ocurre la accién, como every day, always, usually, frequently, never, etc. She walks to school every day C__ Para referirnos a horarios o programas. The train leaves in an hour. D Para contar chistes, historias, cuentos, acontecimientos deportivos, etc. Two people walk into a restaurant. One of them says to the waiter Henry kicks the ball! It’s a goal! EXPRESIONES DE TIEMPO Y ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA A as siguientes expresiones temporales pueden ir al principio o al final de la frase: every day, each year, once a week, daily, at, on + un dia de la semana en plural, regularly, yearly, in the evening, etc. On Fridays, I go swimming. T eat fruit at night En cambio, los adverbios de frecuencia como always, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, usually, generally, occasionally, never, etc., se colocan delante del verbo principal y siempre después del verbo to be. He always walks to work. Iam never late for school.REGLAS ORTOGRAFICAS Para formar la tercera persona del singular se afiade una s a la forma base del verbo, pero en algunos casos hay que hacer algunas modificaciones. 1 _ Los verbos que acaban en so en un sonido parecido como sh, ch 0 x afiaden es. miss-> misses watch» watches dash > dashes mix —> mixes | 2 Los verbos que terminan en o también afiaden es. do —» does go > goes Los que acaban en y precedida de consonante cambian la y por una i y afiaden es. try —> tries fly > flies Los que terminan en y precedida de vocal, siguen la regla general y afiaden s. say > says enjoy —> enjoys \\eicsconnetiatnianiniiniaie Se EXERCISE 3 > Match the following sentences with the uses in the Grammar box on page 35. = 1. The bus leaves in half an hour. . “Smith hits the ball over the net. Game!” .... I read a book every week. The earth moves around the sun. yk eS . Julia drives a sports car. ape! EXERCISE 4 ® Use the correct form of a verb from the list below to complete each sentence. meet ¥ have ¥ be ¥ change ¥ take ¥ drive ¥ score ¥ begin 1. They always ..... .. the bus to work. 2. Nowadays there ..... .. more cars on the roads than ever before. 3. The managers of the company .. .. regularly. 4. Every year the weather in November. 5. Alan a tractor on the farm. 6. “Johnson . three points in the last second!” 7. The show at 8.30 pm. 8. The United States of America ... 50 states. 36SESE ESE aS recom! EXERCISE 5S Fill in the blanks with the Present Simple form of the verbs in brackets. 1. She never Visit sees (Visit) us on Sundays. 2. . (you / always travel) to work by train? 3. The moon... . (revolve) around the earth. =... . (he / phone) you every week? 5. Every winter, my family ... . (go) to Chamonix for a week. 6. The plane +. (not leave) until midnight. 7. Water .... . (not boil) at 90° centigrade. 8. Sheila .... . (practise) the piano twice a day. 9. I've got a joke: There ... . (be) a man who ... se (GO) |. The school year always .. ... (begin) in September. ed EXERCISE 6 the words in the correct order to form sentences. Make any necessary changes. 4. they / at night / not travel / long distances / usually at night / seldom / go out / they sometimes / forget / you / to lock the door? eat / my neighbours / meat / never on time / be / in the morning / we / generally problems / discuss / he / often / with me shop / usually / she / at the shopping centre? any more / never /1/ abroad / goFORMING QUESTIONS — LA ESTRUCTURA DE LAS PREGUNTAS 3 PREGUNTAS DEL TIPO YES / NO- A__ En Present Simple este tipo de preguntas comienzan con el auxiliar do / does (para la 3* persona del singular), luego el sujeto y después la forma base del verbo, siempre sin to. Do I dance? Does he dance? Do you dance? Does she dane: Does it dance? Do we dane Do they dance? B Estas preguntas se pueden contestar de las siguientes formas: Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. PREGUNTAS CON PARTICULAS INTERROGATIVAS (WH-QUESTIONS) A las particulas interrogativas mas frecuentes son: Who Which How many / much What Whose How often When What kind How long Where What time How far Why How How fast / big / small / heavy B En Present Simple, estas preguntas se forman igual que las de respuesta Yes/No, pero poniendo delante una particula interrogativa. Do you live in Salamanca? (pregunta del tipo Yes / No) Where do you live? (pregunta con particula interrogativa) Does she like ice cream? (pregunta del tipo Yes / No) What does she like? (pregunta con particula interrogativa) C Cuando preguntamos sobre el sujeto de la frase, empleamos who (para personas) y what (para animales o cosas) seguidos de un verbo en tercera persona del singular. Sin embargo, en la respuesta el verbo puede ir en singular oen plural. Who goes home at three o'clock? Tina goes home at three o'clock. The pupils go home at three o'clock. What makes a loud noise? A siren makes a loud noise. Drums make a loud noise. 38(EE eae EXERCISE 7 ® A. Underline the verb/s in each sentence. ® B. Complete the questions. 10. Don gets up early because he starts work early. Why She drinks milk every day. does Don get up early What . We have breakfast at 7.00 am. What time .... The children play in the garden every afternoon, Who .. David sells 500 newspapers a day. How many The bus stops on Oxford Street. Where ... She shops in the city once a month How often ... My little brother always laughs when he watches cartoons on TV. Who ..... My father listens to the news every evening. How often ... The trains stop at King’s Cross Station. Where .. 39a a EXERCISE 8 > Anna wants to take driving lessons. Fill in her mother’s questions. Anna: Mum, | want to take driving lessons. Mother: (1) Why do you want to take driving i lessons? Anna: Because I'm 17 years old. Mother: (2)... Anna: Yes, I’ve got money to pay for the lessons. Mother: (3) ... Anna: — Yes, other students take lessons after school. Mother: (4)... Anna: They do their homework at night. Mother: (5) Anna: They drive the family car. oS EXERCISE 9 > Ask Wh-questions about the underlined words in each sentence. a The TV series about the Beatles begins in a few days. When does the TV. b She hurries to the office every morning. . The Thompsons travel to Nice every spring. Dan seldom listens to the radio. . At 10.00 am we always take a break. The train to Lyon leaves in five minutes. 40THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS — EL PRESENTE CONTINUO AFIRMATIVA: Sujeto + am / is / are + forma ing del verbo principal BERS IN - = NEGATIVA: = Sujeto + am /is/are not + forma ing del verbo principal 1 am not working. 7 He is not working. ‘You are not working. _INTERROGATIVA: Am /Is / Are + sujeto + forma ing del verbo principal Am I working? Is it working? Are they working? I Present Continuous (Presente Continuo) se usa en Jos siguientes casos: A Para acciones incompletas que estén ocurriendo en el momento de hablar. En estos casos suele ir acompariado de expresiones como now, at the moment, right now. They are talking about it right now Para acciones prolongadas que empezaron hace algtin tiempo y todavia estén en proceso. I'm redecorating my room. Para acciones programadas que ocurrirén en un futuro proximo. En este caso suele ir acompariado de expresiones de tiempo futuro. I'm meeting Barbara tonight Para acciones que se repiten regularmente y que suelen tener un sentido de queja 0 monotonia. She is always losing her keys Nota: Cuando se modifica la rutina o se rompe un habito, cambiamos el Present simple por el Present Continuous. We usually have dinner at home, but today we're eating out. REGLAS ORTOGRAFICAS PARA ANADIR ING A LOS VERBOS 1 Los verbos que acaban en ¢ muda, la pierden al aftadir ing. ride —» riding bake ~» baking 2 Los que acaban en ie, cambian estas letras por una y, afiadiendo después ing. die —» dying lie —» lying 41LENG EET IIR EEE LBL YE 3. Sies un verbo de una silaba, acabado en vocal + consonante, dobla esa consonante antes de atiadir ing. run —> running sit > sitting 4 Sies de dos silabas y la tiltima es acentuada, también dobla la consonante final. refer —>- referring begin > beginning 5 Los verbos que acaban en |, siempre doblan esta letra antes de aftadir ing. travel > travelling cancel —» cancelling ESTRUCTURA DE LAS PREGUNTAS 1 Para formar las preguntas del tipo Yes / No en Present Continuous ponemos el verbo auxiliar (arm / is / are) delante del sujeto. You are working hard Are you working hard? 2 Para formar las preguntas con particula interrogativa anteponemos la particula a la pregunta Yes / No. Why are you working hard? 3° Siqueremos preguntar sobre el sujeto de la oracién empleamos who (para Personas) y what (para animales y cosas) seguidos de Ia forma is del verbo to be. Who is eating now? What is happening today? SEER SEE EXERCISE 10 > Match the following sentences with the uses in the Grammar box on page 41. 1. My stereo usually works, but it isn't working now. A 2. Shelly is living in Paris. ... 3. Take your seats, please! The show is starting, 4. They are building a new park in our neighbourhood. : 5. His cousins are arriving next week. 6. What are we doing tomorrow morning? ... 7. She is always doing housework. .. 8. Where are you living now? ... 42CATERER EXERCISE 11 in the blanks with the Present Continuous form of the verbs in brackets. ting IS..s.+00+ (rest) on the sofa. She's tired. (write) another report. (the Johnsons / go) to Italy this year? (she / come) home late tonight? (it / snow) now? .. (always lend) money to his friends. ‘(not enjoy) this concert, so let's go home. (sew) a dress for herself. (you / do) anything at the moment? Mrs Jones isn’t here today. She . EE EXERCISE 12 Wh-questions about the underlined words in each sentence. The train is arriving in ten minutes. When js the train arriving? Shirley is always breaking her glasses. The pupils are taking the English test right now. The shop is closing early today because of the holiday. Ellen and Sheila are working on their project. James is planning to go to Barcelona. ‘Mrs Lee is learning to drive a bus. ‘My little sister is starting school in the autumn, 4B= EXERCISE 13 > Awoman finds a little boy crying in a shopping centre. Fill in her questions. Why are you. crying?, Woman: (1). Little boy: Iam crying because | don’t know where my mother is. Woman: (2). Little boy: She is wearing a red dress. Woman: (3). Little boy: My brother and sister are with her. Woman: (4). Little boy: They are looking for new shoes. Woman: (5). Little boy: Yes, they are looking for children’s shoes. Woman: Good! Now | know where to find them. Come with me! { STATIVE VERBS (NOT USUALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS) VERBOS QUE NO SUELEN EMPLEARSE EN LA FORMA CONTINUA A Algunos verbos no se usan en forma continua. Son aquellos que expresan: Sentidos / Percepci feel hear see smell sound taste touch Pensamientos / Actividad mente appear doubt imagine realise think believe forget know remember _ understand consider guess mean seem depend hope prefer suppose i Emociones dislike fear hate like —_love ant | Relaciones / Posesién: belongto have owe own _ possess _— Precios / Medidas: } cost equal measure weigh I understand the problem now. This house be 44B_ En ocasiones, algunos de estos verbos tienen mas de un significado y pueden usarse en la forma continua. I see you are tired now. (aunque sea “ahora”, no se puede poner en forma continua) I'm seeing the doctor tomorrow. (tengo una cita, voy a visitar al médico) I think you are right. (cuando think significa “creer” no se puede poner en la forma continua) She's thinking of selling her car (cuando think significa "considerar”, sf se puede) ES EXERCISE 14 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. «They. . She... without sugar. a ... (have) a shower now. Please answer the phone! .. (think) of selling their house. .... (prefer) her coffee . What... . Sarah .... (see) the dentist at four o'clock on Wednesday. (this word / mean)? . How many rooms .. (this house / have)? . (cost)! {not believe) how much this jacket .... . The doctor says that he .... medicine. ... (doubt) that you will need to take .... (want) to leave now. Please take me home. I'm sorry but I ... 1. (not remember) your name. 45SE EXERCISE 15 {> Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Note that in some 10. | can tell by the look on your face that you ... 11. Speak up! She .. 12. Mrs Jones, your son is a clever boy but he .... 13. | 14. I’m not sure about the trip. It ... 15. Jenny and her grandmother are very close. They .... sentences you may be able to use both Present Simple and Present Continuous. 1. How many cars .. .. (own)? 2. Hold on a second, Mary. | want to turn off the gas; the water ..... (boil) over. 3. Now! . (realise) that | made a mistake. 4. Elephants (live) to be about as old as humans. 5. Our English teacher (not believe) in giving tests, only projects. 6. He.. (live) in town now, but he move) to the country soon. 7. Dan won't be in the office next Tuesday; he .... . (take) the day off. 8. My boss . .... (always complain) about the amount of talking in the office. 9. How .. .. (you / feel) about your new school? . (think) about Jill right now. .. (not hear) very well. . (always talk in class. (think) you ... (spell) her name with a “C”, not with a “K”. .. (be) wrong. She ... (depend) on the weather. .. (phone) one another at least once a day. 46RL TS TT CR é EXERCISE 16 Fill in the blanks with time expressions from the list. Some time expressions can fit more than one sentence, but make sure that you use each time expression only once. all year round ¥ from now on ¥ today ¥ at 4.00 pm on Wednesday in the late afternoon whenever she has the car © every summer ¥ right now © when the season changes * tomorrow ¥ at the moment © next Monday . Gina starts to sneeze . She’s having a bath and she can't come to the phone ... I enjoy going for walks ... . She goes for a drive . In this country, we usually have apples . You're going to the dentist NOW Pwn sa . The electrician is coming to fix the plug. s0 you'll have to wait until he comes. . She looks happier... .. than she did yesterday. 9. Joanna is resting .... .. , but I'm sure she'll get up soon. He's going to swim 20 lengths a day... Daniel and | are starting to do our project... People from all over the world visit Greece. 47Cig ESE COGS: ara eam sor emer EXERCISE 17 > Fill in the blanks with the Present Simple or Present Continuous form of the verbs in brackets. 1. A, .,.Are your (your brothers / take) karate lessons this year? .. (not be). Martin (study) photography while James (prefer) football. 2. A. Mark hasn't been playing football very well lately. What . .- (he / usually do) every afternoon? . (tide) his bike, .. ... (talk) on the phone. He (not have) much time for football. (Dave / sit) in the corner when he should .. (punish) him because he (not know) the rules of the game. .. (you / paint) your house? (usually paint) it every two years, but that (depend) on how dirty the walls are. (you / plan) to paint it soon? If so, I'd like to help you. . (she / write) a letter to David or to Eva? B. Oh, I'm sure she . She... --» (Not write) a letter to David. . (never write) to boys. . (you / understand) the difference between Present Simple and Present Continuous? bad Not yet, but | .. (try) very hard. bel > . What time ..... . (Linda / leave) the office every night? 2 . Well, she's really serious about her job; she . leave) until about 7.00 pm. 8. A. Whal (have) three heads and Hungarian? B.I - (not (be) purple, . (speak) English and .. (not know) and | certainly ..-- (not want) to find out! 48. ohn / leave) for India tomorrow evening? B. Well, he has his passport, but he ... ticket yet. . (not have) his A. B. Well, she .... . (she / take) lemon and sugar in her tea? . (take) sugar, but she . (not take) lemon. She . (prefer) milk if there is any. ond EXERCISE 18 plete the following sentences. They contrast the Present Simple and Present tinuous. My dog hardly ever barks. barking That's funny. .. right now. ‘Are you going out for lunch today? Yes, . .- once a week. Are you lying to me? Of course not! .... NEVE... She's an excellent cook. She always makes the most delicious meals. | know! She .. a cheese soufflé right now. Does your brother watch TV? Yes, in fact right now. Is Mary drinking beer? | can't believe my eyes. Yes, in fact ... .. a week. Is Andrew always making a mess? Oh yes, ..... .- all the time. I don't often disturb you, do I? Well, ... right in the middle of my favourite programme. I'm watching the sunset now. Isn't it beautiful? Yes, itis. |. every evening. Do you read books in English? Yes, in fact | . . a novel by Patricia Cornwell right now. 49BECK YOURSE TRANSLATION b> Translate the sent elow into your native langu 1. [listen to the radio every night. 2. Many houses have got red roofs. 3. Do you enjoy picnics in the summer? 4, She isn’t an actress. 5. The buses never come on time. 6. How much do you weigh? 7. We seldom bake our own bread. 8. Mr Carlson's your father, isn’t he? ET SPOT THE ERROR X > Can you correct the mistakes? 1. 1am usually coming to school by bus. 2. She does her homework now. 3. My friends come tonight at 8.00. 4. Who this book belongs to? 5. We never are late. 6. This box is weighing three kilos. 7. What you think? 8. What are you meaning? 50ammecamecesooet EXERCISE 1 se the correct answer. had been working very hard. Her friends told her she should take (1 a, an, the, ) quiet holiday by (2 her, her own, herself, hers). So Sara took her ends’, friend's, friends, friend) advice and began to make (4 herself, the, any, ) plans. She went to the (5 travel's agency, travel agency, travelling agency, Jlers' agency) to arrange her holiday. She asked the agent to give her (6 an, Sw, much, any) ideas about places to go for a (7 week, weeks’, weekly, week’s) you like to go to Paris or London? Flights to Paris and London are more r than (8 somewhere, nowhere, everywhere, anywhere) else,” he said. lied, “(9 Either, Or, Neither, Both) Paris nor London appeals to me. Have (10 some, any, a few, either) flights to the Greek islands?” ——_ EXERCISE 2 the sentences using a noun form of the underlined words. Do not the meaning of the original sentence. and his parents relate well to each other. and his parents have a good . Cameron is a terrific teacher. | admire her very much. Cameron is a terrific teacher. | have a lot of Smith plans to be a journalist one day, Smith is planning a career in . a child, | was very happy. avery happy eyes were very sad when | last saw her. time | saw her, she had a look of great ‘Il assist you in every way possible. give you every is really enjoying his new computer. is getting great ... from his new computer. doctor is always very sensiti doctor always shows great STBill: Fred: Bill: Fred: Bill: Fred: Bill: Fred: Bill: Fred: Bill: Fred: EXERCISE 3 My sister in an hour, so (fly) home today. Her flight ..ceacsscessesnesne (arrive (leave) the house now to meet her at the airp . (you / like) Sally’s brother?” “Yes, Ido. | ..... (see) him this weekend.” (think) he’s fantastic. Actually, | . (you / apply) for the job of office manager?” “Yes, | am.” “Please have a seat. Mr Lyndon moment. I'll call you when he’s available. . (speak) on the phone at the Diana ... . (practise) the piano bret She in a concert next week, so she ~ fworkd especially hard now: (pl Jack was supposed to be here an hour ago. | ... (not wait) for him: any longer! |. (not want) to miss the beginning of the film. EXERCISE 4 want ¥ meet ¥ be ¥ have ¥ go ¥ start Hi, Fred. (1) ... to the match on Saturday? Of course | am. | never miss a game. 7 a Yes, | have. | bought it last week. a ticket? What time (3) Three o'clock, | suppose. All the matches start at 3. Who (4) with? Mike Daly. We always go together. What about you? I'm going with Stuart. (5) ..... .. to meet for dinner after the game? That sounds like a great idea. (6) .. No. (7) .. .. at the new pizza place. .. there! It’s always crowded, What about Burger Pala Fine with me. See you there after the match. And (8) .. late!_| — O81 eer THE PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS, USED TO / WOULD — EL PRETERITO PERFECTO SIMPLE Y EL PASADO CONTINUO, USED TO / WOULD THE PAST SIMPLE — EL PRETERITO PERFECTO SIMPLE, y THE PAST CONTINUOUS — EL PASADO CONTINUO od Ps Py CONTRAST PAST SIMPLE / PAST CONTINUOUS — |] CoNTRASTE PRETERITO PERFECTO SIMPLE Y | Pasapo conTINUO T) | seo 10 wourn oTfey 1 AFIRMATIVA: —— Sujeto + forma base del verbo + ed THE PAST SIMPLE — EL PRETERITO PERFECTO SIMPLE. NEGATIVA: Sujeto + did not (didn’t) + forma base del verbo INTERROGATIVA: Did + sujeto + forma base del verbo Did you talk? EI Past Simple (Pretérito Perfecto Simple) se emplea: A Para hablar de acciones que ocurrieron en un momento concreto del pasado. Este momento queda definido por expresiones temporales como yesterday, last year, in 1995, last November, etc. She finished school last year. B Para contar historias o narrar hechos del pasado. En este caso, el Past Simple equivale al Pretérito Imperfecto de Indicativo. They worked t er in a famous company. C Para acciones acabadas que ocurrieron en el pasado, aunque no mencionemos el momento preciso. Who wrote that letter? D_ Con la expresién de tiempo ago (hace). Three years ago I went to London. REGLAS ORTOGRAFICAS Los verbos regulares forman el pasado afiadiendo ed a su forma base. Debes tener en cuenta los siguientes cambios ortogréficos: 1 Siun verbo acaba en e muda, sélo Ie afiadimos la d. change changed love lov 2 Siesun verbo de una sola silaba, acabado en vocal + consonante, dobla esa consonante antes de afiadir ed. stop —> stopped drop > dropped 3. Sies de dos silabas y la diltima esté formada por consonante-vocal-consonante yes acentuada, también se dobla la iiltima consonante. prefer preferred permit permitted 4 Siel verbo termina en |, siempre dobla esta letra antes de afadir ed. ancel ca travel travelled S celled 5 Siacaba en consonante + y, cambiamos la y por una i + ed. try > tried d Los verbos irregulares no siguen ninguna regia y hay que aprender de memoria sus formas de pasado. En el apéndice 5 encontrards una lista de los més frecuentes. fried studysemaine EXERCISE 1 e the past form of the regular verbs below. . worry 08d a. want 7. step invent ... 5. open 8. die cook 6. employ .... 9. copy EXERCISE 2 plete the following list of irregular verbs. Present Past Present Bret begin 11. be catch 12. write cut 13. build felt 14, see 15. know 16. 17. hear 18. took 19. come had 20. forgot menace aI EXERCISE 3 Fill in the blanks with a time expression from the list below. in 1789 © long ago © two minutes ago © last year ¥ when © while Br... ast year ._, she was 17 years old. Now she's 18. 2. The French Revolution took place ... .. he was younger. 3. He played the trumpet ... .. . Please call her back. 4. Brian, your sister called ... 5. people made fire by rubbing two sticks together. . it was snowing, we stayed inside and drank hot chocolate. 55a EXERCISE 1 the past form of the regular verbs below. worry YOKE. 4. want 7. step 5. open 8. die 6. employ . 9. copy EXERCISE 2 nplete the following list of irregular verbs. Present Past Present Past begin : 11. be catch 12. write cut 13. build felt 14, see 15. know bought 16. go 17. hear . think 18. took ran 19. come had 20. forgot EXERCISE 3 il in the blanks with a time expression from the list below. in 1789 © long ago © two minutes ago ¥ last year ¥ when © while .., She was 17 years old. Now she's 18. The French Revolution took place .. He played the trumpet .... .. he was younger. Brian, your sister called . Please call her back. . , people made fire by rubbing two sticks together. es . it was snowing, we stayed inside and drank hot chocolate. 55EME oor EXERCISE 4 {> Fill in the blanks with the Past Simple form of the verbs in brackets. 1. Because Joe 2. When you .... place to place or a. I, t... (not hurry), he . (miss) the bus. (be) in France, ... .. (you / take) the train? .. (you / drive) from .. (dive) into the pool and .. ..-. (rescue) the child. 4. Jim was so hungry that he ... 5. The children .... .. (make) such a mess that their mother .- (be) very angry. .. (eat) four plates of food. . (not copy) the information into his notebook. .. (ear) his new suit to the conference. . (fly) to Rome last night. .. (Brian / take) a picture of a camel? 6, 7. 8. The Bensons .... 9 0. . Alan ... - (not put) the clothes in the washing machine. 11. Karen. .. (Choose) the green dress, not the yellow one. 12. Last month, Mrs Silver .. (buy) a new one. .. (Sell) her house and .. John / win) a medal in the athletics competition? 14. The Titanic .... .. (sink) after hitting an iceberg in 1912. eee EXERCISE 5 Fill in the blanks with the Past Simple form (affirmative or negative) of the verbs in brackets. There may be more than one correct answer. 1. --. work at nine, but Joe ...{{isli./. J .. until after ten. (leave) 2. I. .... the Italian film last night, but I... .». the Dutch one. (understand) 3. Jill... to go to London, but her friend . . to go there. (want) 4. Meg... .. the party last night, but Alan .. it at all. (enjoy) 5. When Tina was younger, she .. .. any hockey. (play) ... a lot of tennis, but she 6. Lynn .. . Jack a present, but she .. . Roy one. (give) 56. When she buns, but she to the bakery last night, she .... . any cakes. (go, buy) .-. some The noise ..... .- Brian, but it .. .. Jimmy. (frighten) Emma .... to do her work again, but Rita .. . to. (have) Dave . weeks ago; he . . down the stairs three his leg when he ... his arm. (break, fall) seenos eo EXERCISE 6 ctise the Past Simple by answering the following questions using the correct n of the words in brackets and your own ideas. Make affirmative or negative ices. Did Jane get Tom’s message? (write) Yes, he swrote Did Jason and Gail send the present by post? (take) Ne. they.took it themselves... Did Dora understand yesterday's homework? (do) Did everyone remember Eric’s birthday? (forget) id she have enough money? (borrow) Did Eve have any visitors? (come) Did she read the article? (read) Did he buy the supplies for the trip? (forget) Do you know my friend Ben? (meet) Did his girlfriend bring any refreshments? (buy) 57ed EXERCISE 7 > Change the following sentences into Yes / No questions. 1. Jane ran in a race yesterday. 2 ne had a birthday party last week. 3. Rachel lost her camera while she was on holiday last week. 4. The baby cried all night. 5. The criminal escaped from the police. 6. Alan and Joe went to Greece last summer. 7. The Prime Minister spoke on TV last night. 8. Marie lived in Paris. od EXERCISE 8 > Write Wh-questions in the Past Simple using the words given below. 1. Why / Colin / leave / his job did Ce 1b? 2. Where / you / go / for your holiday 58en / you / first meet / Jack ich film / you / like / best y / you / take / my atlas When / Mr and Mrs Ames / come / to live here How / you / know / what to do ear EXERCISE 9 is asking Jill about a film. Fill in Jack’s questions. ight? (y Bid Yes, | saw the new film last night. (2)... | went with Martha and Betty. (3)... It was showing at the “Rio” Cinema. (4)... We got there by bus. (5)... Yes, it was a wonderful film. 59eee EXERCISE 10 > Fill in the blanks with the Past Simple form of the verbs in brackets. Include the negative and question forms. There may be more than one correct answer. 1. They ..... . over £8,000 on their new car! | know you .id.L spend... that much. How much .... .. 2 (spend) 2. When we were in London, we didn't ta big hotel. | know you you there, so where .. (stay) 3. The car (come) to a complete stop. Three men . (get out) and . (run) to the building. The café owner across the street ... (want) to get involved, so he . (phone) the police. ... whe. (make) the right decision? 4. When my parents were at school, they ... French. Which languages .... 2 (learn) Latin, but they - YOu 5. Martin .. .. the pen he lost, but Karen .... .. her hat. John... ... his glasses? (find) 6. Moliére Macbeth; Shakespeare ..... it. Who . Treasure Island? (write) 7. My husband and | children .. your children .. at six o'clock this morning, but the . until nine o'clock. What time .... 2 (get up) 8. Mrs Jones to Paris yesterday, but her husband . with her. Where . = NE... (go) 9. Brenda first. Who second in the class, she . third? (come) very hard at school, but Dad hardly . . you hard when you were at school, all. Grandma? (work)THE PAST CONTINUOUS — EL PASADO CONTINUO ATIVA: fo + was /were + forma ing del verbo principal He was walking, We were walking, ITIVA: to + was /were + not + forma ing del verbo principal She was not walking. They were not walking. > café fas / Were + sujeto + forma ing del verbo principal Was I walking? Were you walking? EI Past Continuous (Pasado Continuo) se emplea para describir: Una accién que estaba ocurriendo en un momento concreto del, La acci6n comenzé6 antes de dicho momento y continué después. Iwas studying at 10 o'clock yesterday. hat. Acciones largas, resaltando que duraron mucho tiempo, Iwas studying all day yesterday. He was talking on the phone for a long time. En este uso suele ir acompafiado de expresiones temporales como all day, all night, the whole day, the whole afternoon, for a Fong time, during, etc. Dos acciones prolongadas que ocurrieron en el pasado al mismo tiempo. While you were reading the paper, I was doing my homework Eneste uso el Past Continuous va acompaiiado de las expresiones while, as 0 and. La mas larga de dos acciones, que fue interrumpida por una més breve que va en pasado simple. Iwas singing a song when it began to rain. He was writing to me when he received my e-mail. t 61(> Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. \> Write a Yes / No question for each sentence. (> Fill in the blanks with the Past Continuous form of the verbs in brackets. Use one negative form in each sentence. Te . She was talking on the phone. She yReE No = At 8.30 last night, | . All the children were wearing white. EXERCISE 11 Ruth ie Dad .... .. (drive) when | saw her last night. (do) my homework when you phoned. .. (not read). He was washing the car. .. (not study). Tom ... .. (not sleep) when | got home. eee acaiainaiiead EXERCISE 12 NE. (read); |. UNS... (write) a letter. All last week, Tom .. .... (decorate) his house; he .. (work) in his garden. Yesterday morning, the children . play) on the beach, but they .. (swim) in the sea. .. (try) to help last night; we .. . (just be) poli . (use) my computer this afternoon, because my friends and | (shop) at the shopping centre. a EXERCISE 13 | was walking my dog. ‘Were you walking your dog? The barber was cutting my hair. The baby was crying all morning. John and Mike were playing basketball yesterday. 62