Operations on real numbers:

1. Closure property of addition States that when we add real numbers to other real numbers the result is also real. A+B=C 2. Associative property of addition States that for all real numbers a, b, and c, their sum is always the same, regardless of their grouping. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) 3. Commutative property of addition The property of addition that allows two or more addends to be added in any order without changing the sum; a+b=b+a 4. Identity property of addition States that the sum of zero and any number or variable is the number or variable itself. x+0=x 5. Distributive property of multiplication over addition States that multiplying a sum by a number gives the same result as multiplying each addend by the number and then adding the products together. 4 (2 + 3) = 4 2 + 4 3 6. Closure property of multiplication States that the product of any two real numbers equals another real number. 4 7 = 28 7. Associative property of multiplication states that for all real numbers a, b, and c, their product is always the same, regardless of their grouping: (a . b) . c = a . (b . c) 8. Commutative property of multiplication States that changing the order of factors does not change the product a b = b a. 9. Identity property of multiplication Says that a number does not change when that number is multiplied by 1. a1=a 10. Reflexive property of equality Says that anything is equal to itself A=A 11. Symmetry property of equality For any numbers a and b, if a = b, then b = a. 12. Transitivity property of equality For any numbers a, b and c, if a = b and b = c then a = c.

13. Addition property of equality If the same number is added to both sides of an equation, the two sides remain equal x = y, then x + z = y + z. 14. Multiplication property of equality The two sides of an equation remain equal if they are multiplied by the same number a = b, then ac = bc.

Symbols of groupings
Often it is desired to group two or more terms to indicate that they are to be considered and treated as though they were one term even though there may be plus and minus signs between them. The symbols of grouping are parentheses ( ) (which we have already used), brackets [ ], braces { }, and the vinculum __.

Example: 2a [x + (x 3a) (9a 5x)] = 2a [x + x 3a 9a + 5x] = 2a [7x 12a] = 2a 7x + 12a = 14a 7x

Order of operations
Rule 1: Simplify all operations inside parentheses. Rule 2: Simplify all exponents, working from left to right. Rule 3: Perform all multiplications and divisions, working from left to right. Rule 4: Perform all additions and subtractions, working from left to right. Example: Evaluate 8 + (2 x 5) x 34 9 Solution: 8 + (2 x 5) x 34 9 = 8 + 10 x 34 9 Simplify all operations inside parentheses (Rule 1) 8 + 10 x 34 9 8 + 10 x 81 9 8 + 810 9 = 8 + 10 x 81 9 Simplify all exponents (Rule 2) = 8 + 810 9 = 8 + 90 Perform all multiplications and divisions, working from left to right (Rule 3)

Index laws
Index Law 1

Index Law 2

Index Law 3

Index Law 4

Index Law 5

Index Law 6

Example:

Operations of polynomials
Adding Polynomials To add polynomials, you must clear the parenthesis, combine and add the like terms. In some cases you will need to remember the order of operations. Remember, when adding and subtracting like parts, the variable never changes. Here are a couple of examples: (5x + 7y) + (2x - 1y) = 5x + 7y + 2x - 1y ----- (Clear the parenthesis) =5x + 2x + 7y - 1y ----- (Combine the like terms) = 7x + 6y --- (Add like terms) Subtracting Polynomials To subtract polynomials, you must change the sign of terms being subtracted, clear the parenthesis, and combine the like terms. Here's an example: (4x2 - 4) - (x2 + 4x - 4) (4x2 - 4) + (-x2 - 4x + 4) ---- (Change the signs) 4x2 - 4 + -x2 - 4x + 4 ---- (Clear the parenthesis) 4x2 -x2 - 4x- 4 + 4 -- ----- (Combine the like terms) 3x2 - 4x

MULTIPLICATION OF A POLYNOMIAL BY A MONOMIAL We can explain the multiplication of a polynomial by a monomial by using an arithmetic example. Let it be required to multiply the binomial expression, 7 - 2, by 4. We may write this 4 x (7 - 2)or simply 4(7 - 2). Now 7 - 2 = 5. Therefore, 4(7 - 2) = 4(5) = 20. Now, let us then subtract. Thus, 4(7 - 2) = (4 x 7) - (4 x 2) = 20. Both methods give the same result. The second method makes use of the distributive law of multiplication. When there are literal parts in the expression to be multiplied, the first method cannot be used and the distributive method must be employed. This is illustrated in the following examples:

Thus, to multiply a polynomial by a monomial, multiply each term of the polynomial by the monomial. MULTIPLICATION OF A POLYNOMIAL BY A POLYNOMIAL As with the monomial multiplier, we explain multiplication of a polynomial by a polynomial by use of an arithmetic example. To multiply (3 + 2)(6 - 4), we could do the operation within the parentheses first and then multiply, as follows: (3 + 2)(6 - 4) = (5)(2) = 10 However, thinking of the quantity (3 + 2) as one term, we can use the method described for a (3 + 2), with the following result: (3 + 2)(6 - 4) = [(3 + 2) x 6 - (3 + 2) x 4] Now considering each of the two resulting products separately, we note that each is a binomial multiplied by a monomial. The first is (3 + 2)6 = (3 x 6) + (2 x 6) and the second is -(3 + 2)4 = - [(3 x 4) + (2 x 4)] = -(3 x 4) - (2 x 4)

Thus we have the following result: (3 + 2)(6 - 4) = (3 X 6) + (2 X 6) -(3 x 4) - (2 x 4) = 18 + 12 - 12 - 8 = 10 The complete product is formed by multiplying each term of the multiplicand separately by each term of the multiplier and combining the results with due regard to signs. Now let us apply this method in two examples involving literal numbers. 1. (a + b)(m + n) = am + an + bm + bn 2. (2b + c)(r + s + 3t - u) = 2br + 2bs + 6bt - 2bu + cr + cs + 3ct - cu The rule governing these examples is stated as follows: The product of any two polynomials is found by multiplying each term of one by each term of the other and adding the results algebraically. It is often convenient, especially when either of the expressions contains more than two terms, to place the polynomial with the fewer terms beneath the other polynomial and multiply term 2 by term beginning at the left. Like 3x - 7x - 9 and 2x - 3. The procedure is

DIVISION OF A POLYNOMIAL BY A MONOMIAL

DIVISION OF A POLYNOMIAL BY A POLYNOMIAL (10x3 - 7x2y - 16xyz2 + 12y3) + (5x - 6y) SOLUTION:

The following long division problem is an example in which a remainder is produced:

The remainder is -4. In the problem just shown, the results could be written as follows: