WEEK 1: OTHER GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS: LANDSLIDES AND SINKHOLES

Geological Hazards
● Gradual or sudden natural earth processes which cause injury, loss of life, property
damage, loss of livelihood and services, social and economic disruption, or
environmental changes.
● Includes earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruption, sinkholes etc.

1. Landslide
● A landslide is rock, dirt, or debris falling down a sloping section of land.
● Caused by storm, earthquake, volcanoes, or other factors that make the slope
unstable.

3 Major Causes of Landslides:

A. Geology - material of the soil or rock in the area or can be layers of earth
has weakened or stiffened in some part.
B. Morphology - refers to the structure of the land, soil is weakened through
loss of vegetation or root system.
C. Human Activity - agriculture and construction.

Rainfall-induced Landslide
● Occurs due to prolonged or heavy rainfall, increasing the weight of the land
mass.
● Development of rainfall-induced landslides takes several days but the landslide
itself will only take a few minutes to cause a disaster.

Water flows down the slope of a mountain, some sediments and soil may
be swept away. If the integrity of the soil is compromised for example poor
vegetation or weakened earth, much more of it will come flowing down.

Impending Sign of a Rainfall-induced landslide

1. Unusual noises (breaking trees, knocking boulders)
2. Slight rumbling sound that rises in amplitude
3. Rapid rise in water levels of creeks, increased turbidity (soil content)
 Early Warning System (EWS) of the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHILVOCS) and Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) are monitoring systems designed to forecast events
accompanying landslides to provide a warning about hazards. By reducing the impact, it
mitigates risk.

2. Sinkhole
● Depression or hole caused by the collapse of the surface layer of the ground.
● Water is the primary cause of most sinkholes when it dissolves soluble rocks
such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum.

Kinds of Sinkholes:
A. Natural sinkholes - caused by physical or chemical erosion.
B. Man-made sinkholes - caused by drilling, mining, road construction, and broken
water or underground pipes.

Types of Sinkholes:
A. Solution - common in areas that have thin cover of soil on the surface of the
ground which exposes the bedrock to water erosion. Particles collect in the
spaces it leaves and a small depression.

B. Cover Subsidence - bedrock is covered by soil and materials that are not
well-knitted together. Clay or sand starts to enter through the cracks and settles
into the spaces left behind, creating a cavity on the surface of the soil.

C. Cover Collapse - Bedrock is covered by a deep layer of soil and earth. Weak
points begin to form in the layers of soil above it. The weak points eventually
become a large hole within the bedrock

Impending Sign of a Sinkhole

1. New crack at the foundations of buildings and houses.
2. Crack in an area.
3. Depressions at ground level.
4. Rapid appearance of a crater in the ground.
WEEK 2: GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS - GEOLOGIC MAPS AND MITIGATION

Geologic Hazard Maps

● A map showing the areas that are vulnerable to earthquake threats, volcanic eruptions,
and landslides.
● A tool that scientists and local authorities use to anticipate any hazard that a geological
event could bring.
● It helps educate the public about and train them for the geological threat.
● We can read the geological hazard map using the legend provided. This can help us
understand what areas are prone to such disasters.
● Legend per type of geological map varies as it describes the severity of the disaster in
that area.

Mitigation for Rainfall-Induced Landslide

● Mitigation strategies include studying rainfall pattern, type of soil, land characteristics,
and flow of nearby bodies of water. This information can be gathered from a landslide
geologic map.
● Areas with steep slope and coarse, bare soil are more susceptible to landslides. Coarse
materials generally have low cohesive strength.
● Deforestation and urban development in an area may leave a region barren and reduce
land strength.
● Rainfall and flooding from nearby bodies of water could make the land unstable, thereby
increasing susceptibility for landslides.

What to do BEFORE a landslide:

1. Have an emergency preparedness plan in your place.
2. Find out if you live in an area where rainfall-induced landslides could happen.
3. Listen to local news and weather reports for any potential rainfall-induced landslide
warnings in your area.
4. Talk with your family and neighbors on what you would do and identify a safe place to
gather.
5. Become familiar with the land around where you live and work so that you will
understand your risk in different situations.
6. Have municipal emergency contact numbers on hand and have an emergency kit ready.

What to do DURING a landslide:

1. Listen to local news stations on a battery-powered radio for the warning of heavy rainfall.
2. Be alert for unusual sounds that could indicate movement of debris, such as trees
cracking or boulders knocking together.
3. Move away from the path of a landslide or debris flow as quickly as possible. The
possibility of mudflow increases near flowing bodies of water and with heavy rainfall.
4. Be vigilant for any sudden variation in water flow if you are near a stream or channel.
Observe whether the water changes from clear to muddy. These changes would indicate
debris flow. Be prepared to evacuate at once.
What to do AFTER a landslide:
1. Go to a designated evacuation center if you have been told to evacuate or have a feeling
that it is unsafe to remain in your home.
2. Stay away from the slide area. There may be danger of additional slides.
3. Listen to local radio or television stations for the latest emergency information.
4. Report broken utility lines and damaged roadways and railways to appropriate
authorities.
5. Check the building foundation and surrounding land for damage. These may help you
assess the safety of the area.
6. Seek advice from a geotechnical expert for evaluating rainfall-induced landslide hazards
to reduce landslide risk.

Mitigation for Sinkholes

● Mitigation strategies for sinkholes include ground surveys and checking for signs of this
impending disaster.
● It is necessary to check for cracks in the land area and establishments, sloping of floor
and any other sign of weakness in land integrity.

What to do BEFORE a sinkhole:

1. Check for the cracks in the exterior and interior of your property such as areas along
joints, windows, doors, sloping or uneven floors and muddy or cloudy well water.
2. Check for previously buried items such as fence posts, trees that are becoming exposed
as the ground sinks.
3. Check for a circular pattern of ground cracks around the sinking area.
4. Check for the formation of small ponds as rainfall accumulates in new areas.
5. Check for the slumping or falling trees or fence posts, sudden ground openings or
ground settlement.
6. Check for the interrupted plumbing or electrical service due to damaged utility lines.

What to do DURING a sinkhole:

1. Don’t get too close, stay well back and watch out for the surface cracks.
2. If the hole is very large and a risk to others, call the authorities or emergency
responders.
3. Keep the children away.
4. Place a piece of plywood over small holes to secure the area and by marking the hole for
safety. Use posts with caution tape or rope.
5. Take photographs for documentation, but do not get too close to the edges.
6. Don’t allow unauthorized or inexperienced persons to investigate the sinkhole.

What to do AFTER a sinkhole:

1. Don’t refill a sinkhole with trash because filling a sinkhole with waste materials may
cause groundwater contamination.
2. Prevent construction of building or other physical structures near the sinkhole area.
3. Call the authorities so they may plan to mitigate the effects of the sinkhole.
WEEK 3: HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD

Hydrometeorological Hazards
● are natural processes or phenomena that are of atmospheric, hydrologic, or
oceanographic in nature.

Typhoon
● A typhoon is a violent tropical cyclone that forms over warm waters, North of the equator
in the Western Pacific Ocean. It contains winds rotating counterclockwise, with a speed
of 118-220 kilometers per hour.
● It could also develop into a super typhoon if the wind speed exceeds 220 kilometers per
hour.

Impending signs of a typhoon:

1. Increased ocean swell – A swell is a series of ocean waves brought about by strong
winds. An incoming typhoon would cause a swell of about a meter in height that hit the
shore every 10 seconds. As the typhoon approaches the waves come in much faster
and may also increase in height.

2. Changes in clouds – Cumulus clouds may fill the sky about 36 hours before a typhoon.
As the storm approaches, the sky could be clear of clouds and may later have a mass of
cirrus clouds which appear as a veil covering the horizon, eventually covering a large
portion of the sky. A few hours before the typhoon landfall, low- lying clouds form which
slowly become thick and dark, usually accompanied by rain.

3. Barometric pressure drop – The atmospheric pressure may start to drop about 36 hours
before typhoon landfall. This will continue as the storm approaches.

4. Abrupt changes in wind speed – wind speed increases due to the drop in atmospheric
pressure as air moves from an area with high pressure to low pressure. The increase in
wind speed also increases the height of the ocean swell.

Thunderstorm
● A thunderstorm is a small-scale storm accompanied by lightning and thunder. A typical
thunderstorm only lasts about 30 minutes to an hour and may cover an area as small as
5 kilometers in diameter.
● However, they bring about other hazards such as strong winds and heavy rainfall. In
extreme cases, they may be accompanied by hail or tornado.

Impending signs of a thunderstorm:

1. System of cumulonimbus clouds – unequal heating of the Earth’s surface causes the
upward movement of moist air, forming a tower of cumulonimbus clouds that
continuously accumulate in the sky, signaling an incoming thunderstorm.
 2. The sky turns dark – the cumulonimbus clouds filled with water droplets serve as a
barrier for sunlight. The sky darkens with a greyish tint or may also have hues of green,
yellow, or violet. As clouds start to have dark bases, they may be in the process of
becoming thunderstorm clouds.

3. Gusts of wind and change in wind direction – flashes of lightning followed by thunder
may be observed. This may occur even before the rain falls. In some cases, thunder that
follows the lightning is inaudible which could mean that the thunderstorm is approaching
or forming from a distance. As the atmosphere is becoming electrically charged, a radio
static may also be experienced.

Storm surge
● Storm surge is a rapid rise of seawater above normal sea level on the coast, generated
by strong winds brought about by typhoons and thunderstorms. This means that the
impending signs of storm surge are similar to that of the two aforementioned hazards.
Unlike a tsunami that has visual signs such as receding water level, a storm surge is a
rather fast and unexpected hazard that can sneak in anytime during a storm. It is
advised that residents of low-lying coastal areas should evacuate upon observing signs
of an incoming storm.

Flood and Flashflood

● The flood occurs when land areas which are normally not covered with water are being
submerged, often after heavy and continuous rainfall. In some cases, heavy rainfall may
cause temporary overflow from bodies of water, adjacent lands, or floodplains causing
the flood.

● Flashflood is a flood characterized by a raging current that occurs when the water level
rises due to heavy rainfall. Unlike flood, flashflood lasts from a few minutes to a few
hours only. It is common along rivers, mountain canyons, coastline, creeks, and even
urban areas.

Impending signs of a flashflood:

1. Weather forecasts typhoon or thunderstorm – they may bring intense and prolonged
rainfall.
2. Water collecting in puddles and rapidly rising water – this could mean that the ground is
saturated with water and flooding may follow. Water could be stocked up in a distant
area and a flash flood could occur anytime soon.
3. Muddy water – this may mean that calm water has been disturbed and the dirt has mixed
with the water.
4. Roaring sound from upstream – this may be from stones, branches, or logs being carried
in the water.
5. Floating debris in water – twigs, leaves, and sticks may be from bigger branches and
logs carried by the water.
WEEK 4: FIRE HAZARD

Fire
● rapid oxidation of a flammable material accompanied by the production of light and heat
● used as an external source of heat and light, also used as power source
● fires of low intensity may benefit the environment and restore ecological balance through
the removal of pests and plants that compete with other species for nutrients
● combustion is a chemical process in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and
gives off heat

Elements of Fire and Stages of fire development

-Fires are composed of three elements:
● Heat
● Fuel
● Oxygen

-a fire starts when fuel is heated from an external source and reaches its ignition temperature
-oxygen sustains the fire
-will continue to burn unless one of the three elements is removed

-The 4 Stages of a Fire

● Incipient stage
● Growth stage
● *Flashpoint
● Fully Developed stage
● Decay stage

1. Incipient stage
-where ignition occurs
-fire has just started, maliit palang yung apoy
-small flame, some smoke, low heat
-it is best to extinguish the fire at this stage while its still small
2. Growth stage
-the fire can continue burning by itself using its own heat to burn fuel sources around it
-smoke is now visible and starts accumulating
-temperature is increasing, fire continuously frows bigger as it burns more fuel
-environment ng apoy is mas prone na sa pagspread ng fire
3. Fully developed stage
-fire reaches its hottest point
-fire is extinguished from a distance as it is too dangerous to go near/enter its vicinity
-three elements ng fire is most “present” in this stage
 4. Decay stage
-fire runs out of fuel to burn or runs out of oxygen
-addition of fuel = reignition of fire, so no fuel should be added
-if fire is not extinguished, babalik sa point of flashpoint

*Flashpoint- rapid rise in intensity of fire

Causes of fires
-many fires start due to negligence (i.e.: leaving stove unattended)
-Common causes of fires:
1. Faulty electrical wiring or connection
2. LPG-related
3. Neglected cooking or stove
4. Lighted cigarette butts
5. Left unattended open flame: torch or sulo
6. Left unattended open flame: candle or gasera
7. Matchstick or lighter kept near flammable materials
8. Direct flame contact or static electricity
9. Neglected electrical appliances or devices
10. Unchecked electrical types of machinery
11. Flammable chemicals
12. Incendiary device or ignited flammable liquid
13. Spontaneous combustion
14. Under planned pyrotechnics
15. Bomb explosion
16. Lightning
17. Others (forest fire, vehicular fire, etc.)

● Spontaneous combustion refers to flammable materials that could also ignite on their
own in an event
○ happens when an object produces its own heat without absorbing heat from its
surroundings
○ when it reaches a temperature enough for ignition, it will start a fire by itself
○ materials prone to spontaneous combustion include spilled oil, oily rags, paper,
dried leaves, or hay
○ be sure to store them in well-ventilated areas/outdoors

Precautionary and safety measures

-To prevent casualtiies, one should be aware of the following safety measures:

1. Never leave a fire unattended. Whether it is a stovetop, a candle, or a bonfire,

it is never safe to leave an open flame. If you need to leave, make sure to put
 the fire out.
2. Always check the electrical equipment. A faulty appliance or electrical cord
can easily malfunction and ignite. Electrical wiring should be regularly checked to
make sure there is nothing wrong with the system.
3. Keep a good distance between things that can catch fire. Declutter the area
and make sure that anything that can cause ignition and serve as fuel is distant
from each other.
4. Educate children and adults about fire safety. Curious children may
accidentally set anything on fire. Keep flammable materials stored in areas that
are out of reach for them. Teach them about the dangers of fire and how it can be
prevented.
5. Store flammable materials properly. When fuels are exposed to ignition, they
will easily catch and spread the fire. Always label them and keep them from any
heat source. Wipe out any spills in the working space as they can easily be
forgotten and may cause a fire. Make sure there are no sources of ignition
around the area.
6. Keep a fire extinguisher of a bucket of sand handy. Have a wet cloth, a
source of water, or a fire extinguisher in strategic places that everyone knows
and is easy to reach. Pull the pin located at the handle then aim its nozzle at the
base of the fire. Slowly squeeze the lever while sweeping it from side to side. The
PASS acronym for using fire extinguishers means to pull, aim, squeeze, and
sweep.
7. Install fire alarms and smoke detectors. These instruments alert everyone
and signal them to escape when they can and before the fire becomes bigger.
8. Know what to do in case of fire. Participate in fire drills. Be aware of the exit
points of your house, school, or workplace. Educate yourself and the people
around you about what to do in case a fire breaks out.
9. Develop a fire preparedness plan. A fire preparedness plan is a floorplan
containing the possible sources of fire and a guide on what a person can do in
the event of a fire incident. It presents the location of the fire exits that people can
pass through to immediately evacuate the area, location of fire assembly points,
designated safe areas where people can go in case of a fire.

Extra notes nung naglecture si miss hahaha

● The key to preventing fires from occurring is to make sure that the elements of
the fire triangle do not come together. Prevent ignition by making sure that flammable
materials do not heat up and reach the ignition temperature.
● Fire under control
○ Basta di na palalawakin si fully developed fire
○ Fire is contained
● Fire out
○ Basta wala na si fire
○ Part ng Decay stage
WEEK 5: FIRE RESPONSE, EMERGENCY AND EVACUATION PLAN

Basic Response Procedures

1. Get out of the building. Gasses in smoke can disorient an adult in under a minute.
2. Don’t assume that anyone else has already called the fire department. If you get a chance to
call, do so.
3. Calling your friends & family may not be of immediate help. It can wait. Call them once you
are safe.
4. Stay calm when you call the fire department. Give the information they
a request like precise floor no, street, landmarks, the intensity of the fire.

In your Workplace/School when you notice a fire:

1. Sound the fire alarm. SHOUT “FIRE FIRE FIRE”
2. Evacuate as per normal fire procedure.
3. Leave the building immediately. Use the nearest fire exit.
4. Do not use elevators. Always use emergency stairs.
5. Walk quickly but don’t run. ALWAYS STAY CALM.
6. Do not delay your exit trying to collect your belongings.
7. Assemble at the fire evacuation area and report to fire officers.
8. Do not go home. Rescuers need to ensure that all occupants are safely out of the building &
are accounted for.
9. Do not return inside the building until told to do so.

If you are stuck in a room & there is a fire outside the door:
1. Feel the door with the back of your hand (more nerve endings, more sensitive to touch). If the
door feels warm to the touch, DO NOT attempt to open it. Stay in the room.
2. Stuff the cracks around the door with wet towels, rugs, bedding, and cover vents to keep
smoke out. Fire is attracted to oxygen & room, not on fire has more oxygen than a room on fire.
3. Call BFP and tell them exactly where you are located. Do this even if you can see BFP on the
street below.
4. Wait at a window and signal for help with a flashlight or by waving a bright cloth.
5. If possible, open the window at the top and bottom, but do not break it, you may need to close
the window if smoke rushes in.

If your clothes catch on fire use STOP DROP & ROLL TECHNIQUE
1. DO NOT RUN. It will spread the fire across your body.
2. Stop where you are, drop to the ground & roll back and forth
3. Spread across flat on the ground. DO NOT curl up.
4. Roll from your back to your front repeatedly till the fire is squashed.
5. After the flames are extinguished, get up & remove the clothing.
6. Burnt clothing can burn you. This is no time to be shy. If you have to remove all clothes, just
get naked.
THE R.A.C.E. ACRONYM AND FIRE EXTINGUISHER USE

If you are involved in a fire, remember R.A.C.E. to help you respond safely and
Correctly:

R = RESCUE anyone in immediate danger from the fire, if it does not endanger your life.
A = ALARM: sound the alarm by calling the emergency hotline in your area and activating a pull
station alarm box.
C = CONFINE the fire by closing all doors and windows
E = EXTINGUISH the fire with a fire extinguisher or EVACUATE the area if the fire is too large
for a fire extinguisher.

PROPER USE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS (P.A.S.S.)

To use fire extinguishers correctly, remember the P.A.S.S. acronym:

P = PULL the pin on the fire extinguisher

A = AIM the extinguisher nozzle at the base of the fire
S = SQUEEZE or press the handle
S = SWEEP from side to side until the fire appears to be out.

Fire Emergency Evacuation Plan (FEEP) is a written document that includes the action to be
taken by all staff in the event of a fire and the arrangements for calling the fire brigade.

Fire safety and evacuation plans

Your plan must show how you have:

1. A clear passageway to all escape routes.

2. Clearly marked escape routes that are as short and direct as possible.
3. Enough exits and routes for all people to escape.
4. Emergency doors that open easily.
5. Emergency lighting where needed.
6. Training for all to know the evacuation plan and how to use the escape routes.
7. A safe meeting point for everyone.
WEEK 6: CONCEPT OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR) AND DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT (DRRM)

Terminologies
The terminologies and their definition are obtained from the Republic Act 10121 or the
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010.

1. Hazard – any event, substance, or activity that could lead to loss of life, injury, damage
to property, loss of livelihood and services, disruption of society and economy, or
environmental damage.
2. Exposure – the degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard
events of different magnitudes.
3. Vulnerability – the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset
that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard
4. Capacity – the combined strengths and available resources to reduce the level of risk of
a disaster
5. Disaster – the disruption of a community’s function which exceeds its ability to cope and
recover on its own. It may involve widespread losses and impacts whether human,
material, economic, or environmental.
6. Disaster Risk – the potential loss in human lives, health status, livelihood, assets, and
services due to the effects of a disaster.
7. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) – the concept and practice of analysis and management
of the causes of disasters, through reducing exposure to hazards, lessening vulnerability,
wise management of the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events,
to reduce disaster risks.
8. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) – the systematic process of using all
available manpower and resources to implement various methods to lessen the impacts
of hazards and the likelihood of a disaster
Four Thematic Areas of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)
● Based on the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) for
2011-2018.
● The terminologies and their definitions are obtained from Republic Act 10121 or the
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 and the Department of
Education School Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Manual Booklet 1.

Thematic Area 1: Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

● Disaster prevention includes the measures taken to avoid the unfavorable impacts of
hazards and related disasters.
● Disaster Mitigation is the lessening or limiting the adverse impacts of hazards and
related disasters.
● Over responsible government agency: Department of Science and Technology
(DOST)
● DOST Attached Agencies
○ Sectoral Planning Councils
1. Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology
Research and Development (PCIEERD)
2. Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD)
○ Service Institutes
1. Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
2. Technology Application and Promotion Institute (TAPI)
3. Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI)
4. Philippine Textile Research Institute (PTRI)
5. Metals Industry Research and Development Center (MIRDC)
6. Advanced Science and Technology Institute (ASTI)
7. Industrial Technology and Development Institute (ITDI)
8. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA)
9. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
10. Science Education Institute
11. Science and Technology Information Institute
● Significant activities under this thematic area include
○ Early warning system
○ Flood forecasting and monitoring
○ Hazard and risk mappings
○ Structural and non-structural interventions

Thematic Area 2: Disaster Preparedness

● It is the knowledge and capacity to effectively foresee, respond, and recover from the
impacts of hazards, events or conditions.
● Overall responsible government agency: Department of Interior and Local
Government (DILG)
● Organization Structure of DILG:
 ○ At present, the department is headed by the secretary of interior and local
government, with the following undersecretaries and assistant secretaries:
1. Undersecretary for Barangay Affairs
2. Undersecretary for Local Government
3. Undersecretary for Mindanao Affairs and Special Concerns
4. Undersecretary for Operations
5. Undersecretary for Peace and Order
6. Undersecretary for Plans, Public Affairs and Communications
7. Undersecretary for Public Safety
8. Assistant Secretary for Administration, Finance and Comptrollership
9. Assistant Secretary for Community Participation and Barangay Affairs
10. Assistant Secretary for Human Resources Development
11. Assistant Secretary for Internal Relations and Other Interior Sector
Concerns
12. Assistant Secretary for Peace and Order
13. Assistant Secretary for Plans and Programs
14. Assistant Secretary for Special Concerns-Local Government Sector
15. Assistant Secretary for Public Safety and Security
○ Under the Office of the Secretary are the following offices and services:
1. Administrative Service
2. Central Office Disaster Information Coordinating Center (CODIX)
3. Emergency 911 National Office
4. Financial Management Service
5. Information Systems and Technology Management Service
6. Internal Audit Service
7. Legal and Legislative Liaison Service
8. Planning Service
9. Public Affairs and Communication Service
10. Public Assistance and Complaint Center
● Significant activities under this thematic area:
○ Contingency planning
○ Prepositioning and stock-piling
○ Capacitating and organizing responders
○ Training, drills, and exercises
○ Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment

Thematic Area 3: Disaster Response

● This includes the availability of services to assist affected groups during or immediately
after a disaster, intending to save lives, reduce impacts, ensure safety, and meet the
basic needs of affected groups.
● Overall responsible government agency: Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD)
● As the lead agency in social welfare and development, DSWD exercises the following
functions:
 ○ Formulates policies and plans which provide direction to intermediaries and other
implementers in the development and delivery of social welfare and development
services.
○ Develops and enriches existing programs and services for specific groups, such
as children and youth, women, family and communities, solo parents, older
persons and Persons with Disabilities (PWDs);
○ Registers, licenses and accredits individuals, agencies and organizations
engaged in social welfare and development services, sets standards and
monitors the empowerment and compliance to these standards.
○ Provides technical assistance and capability building to intermediaries; and
○ Provides social protection of the poor, vulnerable and disadvantaged sector,
DSWD also gives augmentation funds to local government units so these could
deliver SWD services to depressed municipalities and barangays and provide
protective services to individuals, families and communities in crisis situation.
● Significant activities under this thematic area:
○ Rapid Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis (RDANA)
○ Issuance of advisories and situation reports
○ Activation of Response Clusters and Incident Command System (ICS)
○ Mobilization of responders
○ Humanitarian assistance (eg relief distribution)
○ Provision of financial assistance
○ Management of evacuation centers

Thematic Area 4: Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery

● Rehabilitation refers to the ability of affected communities to return to their normal
functions by increasing their organizational capacity to restore livelihood and damaged
facilities.
● Recovery includes the actions and measures taken after a disaster to rebuild, restore, or
improve the living conditions of the affected community while reducing the risks of
disaster.
● Overall responsible government agency: National Economic and Development
Authority (NEDA)
● NEDA attached agencies:
○ Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)
○ Philippine Statistical Research and Training Institute (PSRTI)
○ Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS)
○ Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Center
○ Tariff Commision (TC)
○ Philippine National Volunteer Services Coordination Agency (PNVSCA)
● Significant activities under this thematic area:
○ Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA)
○ Enhancement of policies and plans
○ Reconstruction using “build back better” approach
○ Resettlement
 ○ Provision of new sources of livelihood

Other Key Concepts, Principles, and Elements of DRRM

1. Adaptation – the adjustment in response to an actual or expected event which
moderates the negative effects or makes use of opportunities for the benefit of the
community
2. Resilience – the ability of a system exposed to hazards to resist and recover from its
effects promptly and efficiently.

Importance of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)

Based on the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the implementation of disaster
risk reduction enables countries or communities to target the priorities for actions:

1. Identification, assessment, and monitor disaster risks and improve early warning
systems.
2. The reduction of underlying risk factors.
3. Utilization and application of knowledge, innovation, and education to establish a culture
of safety and resilience at all levels.
4. To intensify disaster preparedness for effective response and recovery at all levels, from
national down to local levels.
WEEK 7: COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT (DRRM)
The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) 2011-
2028 implemented some possible practices from the national to local levels. Below are
the community based DRRM practices.

Thematic Area 1: Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Overall agency in-charge: Department of Science and Technology (DOST).
Other agencies involved: Office of Civil Defense (OCD), Department of Environment
and Natural Resources (DENR), Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH),
Department of Finance (DOF), and other government agencies.

1. Allocating a 5% budget per agency dedicated to disaster risk reduction and

management (DRRM), and climate change adaptation (CCA).
2. Developing science-based mainstreaming tools for DRRM and CCA.
3. Integrating DRRM and CCA into various policies, plans, programs, and projects.
4. Developing a joint-work plan of the National DRRM Council (NDRRMC) and
Climate Change Commission (CCC) by reviewing DRRM and CCA laws and
implementing rules and regulations.
5. Advocating for the implementation of the building code and the utilization of
green technology.
6. Conducting inventory, vulnerability, and risk assessments and evaluations
for facilities and infrastructures with critical conditions.
7. Developing guidelines in redesigning, retro-fitting, or operational
modification of infrastructure.
8. Conducting hazard mapping and vulnerability assessments from the
national level down to the local levels.
9. Conducting research studies on disaster prevention measures or interventions.
10. Developing and institutionalizing community-based early warning systems
(EWS), information sharing, and communication systems.
11. Promoting insurance schemes among the production and supply sector, and
local communities and responders.
12. Disseminating information through media partners.

Thematic Area 2: Disaster Preparedness

Overall agency in-charge: Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG).
Other agencies involved: OCD, Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on
Higher Education (CHED), Local Government Units (LGUs), and other government
agencies.
 1. Developing Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) materials
that promote and advocate DRRM and CCA plans and programs from the
national level down to the local levels.
2. Conducting training and simulation exercises on disaster preparedness and
response.
3. Conducting capacity building activities on disaster resilience.
4. Integrating DRRM and CCA in school curricula and learning materials.
5. Developing a local DRRM plan.
6. Developing and simulating scenario-based preparedness and response plans.
7. Conducting contingency planning.
8. Establishing a DRRM Operations Center.
9. Developing and/or enhancing an Incident Command System (ICS)
coordination and communication systems.
10. Developing and/or enhancing a standard manual of operations for the
established operations center.
11. Developing and/or enhancing guidelines for emergency response teams.
12. Conducting an inventory of available resources and services for DRRM
13. Developing and/or enhancing common response assessment tools and
mechanisms.
14. Creating, maintaining, and updating a directory of the database of key players
and stakeholders.

Thematic Area 3: Disaster Response

Overall agency in-charge: Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD).
Other agencies involved: Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils
(DRRMCs), OCD, Department of National Defense (DND), Department of Health
(DOH), Local Government Units (LGUs), and other government agencies.

1. Activating the Incident Command System (ICS) from the national level down to
the local levels.
2. Issuance of public advisories based on protocols developed.
3. Activating relief distribution centers.
4. Activating assessment teams.
5. Utilizing DRRM assessment tools.
6. Developing and implementing Search, Rescue, and Retrieval (SRR) systems.
7. Activating an evacuation system.
8. Identifying standard-based relief shelters and sites.
9. Establishing temporary learning spaces/areas.
10. Conducting quick damage repairs and road clearing operations.
11. Determining hospitals and clinics that can accommodate casualties.
12. Restoring lifelines immediately.
 13. Conducting psychosocial programs and referrals.
14. Conducting psychological and/or traumatic stress debriefings.

Thematic Area 4: Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery

Overall agency in-charge: National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA).
Other agencies involved: OCD, National Housing Authority (NHA), DOH, DPWH,
DSWD, and other government agencies.

1. Conducting the Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA).

2. Coordinating the development of the Strategic Action Plan for disaster-affected
areas.
3. Identifying the needed assistance and formulating/implementing appropriate
programs.
4. Identifying/Mobilizing the funding sources
5. Identifying and providing suitable and safe relocation sites
6. Designing and construction of disaster-resilient housing
7. Conducting necessary rehabilitation or repair of damaged infrastructures.
8. Conducting post-disaster analyses with affected communities

Steps in making a Family and Community Disaster Preparedness Plan

1. Identify and indicate the natural and human-induced hazards that could affect
your family/community.
2. For each identified hazard/potential disaster, discuss and indicate the following:
A. What must your family do before the occurrence of the disaster?
B. What must your family do during the disaster?
C. What must your family do after the disaster?

3. Discuss the structural weakness of your house, and indicate how you can fix it in
preparation for a disaster
4. Indicate the plan of how your family would stay in contact with each other. In
case you are all separated, indicate two possible meeting places
5. Draw the floor plan of your home. Detail the information on escape routes, and
location of circuit breaker/s
6. Draw a map of your community. Identify main roads/highways in your place that
will serve as your escape routes. Also, identify a safe holding/evacuation area in
your community.
7. List all people or institutions that can help your family in the event of a disaster.
List their emergency contact numbers.
8. List down all your contact numbers in the preparedness plan.
9. In case you have a family, member who is pregnant or disabled, and an elderly,
create a plan on how you can take care of them during a disaster.
10. Indicate the items to be included in your 72-hour survival kit.

Steps in making a Community (Barangay) Disaster Preparedness Plan:

1. Indicate important information about your barangay.

- Location, land area, short background about the barangay, population,
and the number of families.
- Subdivisions, compounds, or townhomes located in the barangay.
- Landmarks and establishments in your barangay (malls, churches,
hospitals, schools, markets, plaza, restaurants, health centers, police
stations, etc.).
2. Make a list of emergency hotlines.
3. Provide a complete map of your barangay (You can use Google Maps)
4. Indicate the major highways or main roads, waterways, or bodies of water (river,
canal, and channel) in your barangay.
5. Identify and indicate the natural and human-induced hazards that could affect
your barangay.
6. For each identified hazard/potential disaster, discuss and indicate the following:
A. What must your barangay do before the occurrence of the disaster?
B. What must your barangay do during the disaster?
C. What must your barangay do after the disaster?
D. List down 3 to 5 possible evacuation areas in your barangay
WEEK 8: SURVIVAL KITS/MATERIALS AND PHILIPPINES DRRM LAW

● SURVIVAL KIT
-a device or a pack used to provide a person with essential supplies during an
emergency
-commonly used by members of the armed forces, or civilians who are preparing
for natural disasters
-the purpose of a survival kit is to ensure that the person who uses it has enough
lifesaving supplies during an emergency where basic necessities become
unavailable
-generally packaged in backpacks, buckets or duffle bags depending on the
scenario they are intended for.

● 72-hour survival kit

-a survival kit that could last for at least 3 days or 72 hours
-must include:
● First aid kit and medications (alcohol, bandages, cotton, gauze,
mask, adhesive plasters, medicine, thermometer, tweezers)
● Easy-to-prepare food items, and clean and potable water (1
gallon per person, per day)
● Hygiene kits/toiletries such as soap, shampoo, toothpaste,
toothbrush, comb, tissue paper, and sanitary napkin
● Tools (flashlights and batteries, battery-operated radio, lighters
and matches, whistle, dust mask, safety glasses (goggles), knife,
and at least 7m long rope)
● Spare clothes, blankets, and sleeping bag
● Cellphone and charger
● Do not forget to secure the following items: important family
documents, money, keys, and a list of emergency contact
numbers

● REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10121

-Republic Act No. 10121, or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management (DRRM) Act of 2010, was passed by the Fourteenth Philippine
Congress and signed by then-President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on May 27,
2010
-this law strengthens the Philippine DRRM system, provides a national DRRM
framework, and institutionalizes the national DRRM Plan
 ● What is Republic Act No. 10121?
-An act strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
System providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework
and institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan,
appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes

Section 1. Title. – This Act shall be known as the “Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act of 2010”.

Section 4. Scope. – This Act provides for the development of policies and plans and the
implementation of actions and measures about all aspects of disaster risk reduction and
management, including good governance, risk assessment and early warning, knowledge
building, and awareness-raising, reducing underlying risk factors, and preparedness for effective
response and early recovery.

Section 5. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. – The present
National Disaster Coordinating Council or NDCC shall henceforth be known as the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council hereinafter referred to as the NDRRMC or
the National Council.

- NDRRMC is headed by the Secretary of the Department of National Defense (DND) as

Chairperson.
- Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) as Vice
Chairperson for Disaster Preparedness.
- Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) as Vice Chairperson
for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
- Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) as Vice
Chairperson for Disaster Response.
- Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) as Vice
Chairperson for Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery.
- Other departments of the national down to the local government are also included.

Section 6. Powers and Functions of the NDRRMC. – The National Council, being empowered
with policymaking, coordination, integration, supervision, monitoring, and evaluation functions,
shall have the following responsibilities:
- develop a National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework (NDRRMF)
which shall provide for a comprehensive, all-hazards, multi-sectoral, inter-agency and
community-based approach to disaster risk reduction and management;
- ensure that the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) is
consistent with the NDRRMF;
- advise the President on the status of disaster preparedness, prevention, mitigation,
response and rehabilitation operations being undertaken by the government, CSOs,
private sector, and volunteers
 - recommend to the President the declaration of a state of calamity in areas extensively
damaged;
- ensure multi-stakeholder participation in the development, updating, and sharing of a
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Information System and Geographic
Information System-based national risk map;
- establish a national early warning and emergency alert system;
- monitor the development and enforcement by agencies and organizations of the
various laws, guidelines, codes or technical standards required by this Act;
- manage and mobilize resources for disaster risk reduction and management including
the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund;
- develop assessment tools on the existing and potential hazards and risks brought
about by climate change to vulnerable areas and ecosystems in coordination with the
Climate Change Commission;
- develop vertical and horizontal coordination mechanisms for a more coherent
implementation of disaster risk reduction and management policies and programs by
sectoral agencies and LGUs; and
- formulate a national institutional capability-building program for disaster risk reduction
and management to address the specific’ weaknesses of various government agencies
and LGUs, based on the results of a biennial baseline assessment and studies.

Section 8. The Office of Civil Defense. – The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) shall have the
primary mission of administering a comprehensive national civil defense and disaster risk
reduction and management program by providing leadership in the continuous development of
strategic and systematic approaches as well as measures to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks
to hazards and manage the consequences of disasters.

Section 9. Powers and Functions of the OCD. – The OCD shall have the following powers and
functions:
- advise the National Council on matters relating to disaster risk reduction and
management consistent with the policies and scope as defined in this Act;
- formulate and implement the NDRRMP and ensure that the physical framework, social,
economic and environmental plans of communities, cities, municipalities, and provinces
are consistent with such plan;
- identify, assess and prioritize hazards and risks in consultation with key stakeholders;
- develop and ensure the implementation of national standards in carrying out disaster
risk reduction programs;
- review and evaluate the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plans
(LDRRMPs);
- ensure that the LGUs, through the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Offices (LDRRMOs) are properly informed and adhere to the national standards and
programs;
- formulate standard operating procedures for the deployment of rapid assessment
teams, information sharing among different government agencies, and coordination
before and after disasters at all levels;
 - establish standard operating procedures on the communication system among
provincial, city, municipal, and barangay disaster risk reduction and management
councils;
- establish Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Training Institutes;
- ensure that government agencies and LGUs give top priority and take adequate and
appropriate measures in disaster risk reduction and management; and
- conduct early recovery and post-disaster needs assessment institutionalizing gender
analysis as part of it.

Section 10. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Organization at the Regional Level.
– The current Regional Disaster Coordinating Councils shall henceforth be known as the
Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (RDRRMCs) which shall
coordinate, integrate, supervise, and evaluate the activities of the LDRRMCs. The RDRRMC
shall be responsible for ensuring disaster sensitive regional development plans, and in case of
emergencies shall convene the different regional line agencies and concerned institutions and
authorities.

Section 11. Organization at the Local Government Level. – The existing Provincial, City, and
Municipal Disaster Coordinating Councils shall henceforth be known as the Provincial, City, and
Municipal Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils. The Barangay Disaster
Coordinating Councils shall cease to exist and its powers and functions shall henceforth be
assumed by the existing Barangay Development Councils (BDCs) which shall serve as the
LDRRMCs in every barangay.

Section 12. Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (LDRRMO). – There
shall be an established LDRRMO in every province, city, and municipality, and a Barangay
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committee (BDRRMC) in every barangay which shall
be responsible for setting the direction, development, implementation, and coordination of
disaster risk management programs within their territorial jurisdiction.

(c) The provincial, city, and municipal DRRMOs or BDRRMCs shall perform the following
functions with impartiality given the emerging challenges brought by disasters of our times:
- design, program, and coordinate disaster risk reduction and management activities
consistent with the National Council’s standards and guidelines;
- facilitate and support risk assessments and contingency planning activities at the local
level;
- Consolidate local disaster risk information which includes natural hazards,
vulnerabilities, and climate change risks, and maintain a local risk map;
- Organize and conduct training, orientation, and knowledge management activities on
disaster risk reduction and management at the local level;
- Operate a multi-hazard early warning system, linked to disaster risk reduction to
provide accurate and timely advice to national or local emergency response
organizations and the general public, through diverse mass media, particularly radio,
landline communications, and technologies for communication within rural communities;
 - formulate and implement a comprehensive and – integrated LDRRMP following the
national, regional and provincial framework, and policies on disaster risk reduction in
close coordination with the local development councils (LDCs);
- conduct continuous disaster monitoring and mobilize instrumentalities and entities of
the LGUs, CSOs, private groups, and organized volunteers, to utilize their facilities and
resources for the protection and preservation of life and properties during emergencies
under existing policies and procedures;
- identify, assess and manage the hazards vulnerabilities and risks that may occur in
their locality;
- disseminate information and raise public awareness about those hazards,
vulnerabilities and risks, their nature, effects, early warning signs, and
counter-measures;
- identify and implement cost-effective risk reduction measures/strategies;
- maintain a database of human resource, equipment, directories, and location of critical
infrastructures and their capacities such as hospitals and evacuation centers;
- establish linkage/network with other LGUs for disaster risk reduction and emergency
response purposes; and
- establish a Provincial/City/Municipal/Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Operations Center

Section 15. Coordination During Emergencies. – The LDRRMCs shall take the lead in
preparing for, responding to, and recovering from the effects of any disaster based on the
following criteria:
- The BDC, if a barangay is affected;
- The city/municipal DRRMCs, If two (2) or more barangays are affected;
- The provincial DRRMC, if two (2) or more cities/municipalities are affected;
- The regional DRRMC, if two (2) or more provinces are affected; and
- The NDRRMC, if two (2) or more regions are affected

Section 16. Declaration of State of Calamity. – The National Council shall recommend
to the President of the Philippines the declaration of a cluster of barangays,
municipalities, cities, provinces, and regions under a state of calamity, and the lifting
thereof, based on the criteria set by the National Council. The President’s declaration
may warrant international humanitarian assistance as deemed necessary.