Unit 6.

FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

TEXT A: Forms of business organisations

TEXT B: Nonprofit organisations
TEXT C: Franchising
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION: At the hotel
GRAMMAR: Nouns. Articles.

Entrepreneurs are simply those who understand that there is little difference between
obstacle and opportunity and are able to turn both to their advantage.
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527),
Italian writer and statesman

LEAD-IN
1. What do you think “an entrepreneurial person” means? Are you entrepreneurial by nature? Can you
make decisions? How organised are you? Are you self-motivated?
2. Have you ever thought of launching your own business? If yes, why do you think it is more
preferable to be “your own boss” than to be directed and managed by somebody else?
3. What are the arguments for the work in a company? Would you prefer to work for a big or small
company? Why? What are the advantages of each?

PRE-TEXT EXERCISES

A. Reading drills
Ex.1. Read the following words with letter u.
[ʌ] fund, function, suffer, structure, number, production, vulnerable
[ju:] use, numerous, assume, dispute, future, unique, pursue, contribute
[u:] junior, true, rule, rude, prudence
[u] full, pull, push, fulfil, fulfilment
[juə] security, contractual, individual, during
[ə] difficult, successful, circumstance, upon
[i] business, businessman, busy

Ex.2. Read the words with the following letter combinations.

qu [kw] quickly, require, quantity, quality, quarter
igh [ai] light, bright, sight, high, sigh, might, fight
ous [əs] numerous, dangerous, famous, glamorous, obvious
Ex.3. Read the words in the groups below. Pay attention to the word stress.
a) words with the stress on the first syllable:
numerous, profit, asset, vision, partnership, income, flexible, generate, personal, legal, crisis, argument,
favour, process (обробка; обробляти); corporate, ordinary, management, separate, government, charter,
dividend;
b) words with the stress on the second syllable:
particular, security, potential, achievement, fulfilment, process (рухатися у процесії), control, proprietor,
requirement, advantage, majority, complete, distinct, receive, dissolve, desire, adaptable, assume,
distinguish, contribute, incentive;
c) polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:
entrepreneur, opportunity, liability, shareholder, corporation, disadvantage, responsibility, employee,
disagreement.

Ex.4. Practise reading the following words.

Entrepreneurship, independence, liability, vulnerability, proprietorship, decision, restructure, high-calibre,
opportunity, distinguish, corporate, bankruptcy, withdrawal, unique, weighty, weightiest, obviously,
shareholders, circumstance, pursue.

B. Word formation
Ex.5. Using the following endings, change each of the following words into a verb.
Model: soft +-en → soften; motive + -ate → motivate; memory + -ize → memorize; note + -ify →
notify.
Short, final, dark, separation, intense, industrial, different, person, demonstration, identity, sweet, just.

Ex.6. Make up adjectives from the following nouns as in the model.

Model: noun + - ful/-ous = adjective
e.g. success → successful; danger → dangerous
Care, doubt, duty, event, harm, help, hope, law, peace, power, purpose, skill, thought, truth, use;
advantage, fame, humour, industry, labour, luxury, mystery, religion.

Ex.7. What does prefix co- mean in the following words? Translate them into Ukrainian.
Co-worker, co-owner, co-author, co-operative, cooperation, coexistence, coordination.

TEXT A: FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS

Active Vocabulary

Key terms: entrepreneur, asset(s), liability/liabilities, sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation,

investment fund, corporate tax, income tax, bankruptcy, entity, shareholder, board of directors, stock,
securities, charter, to incorporate, to place/impose/levy a tax, dividend.
Other words and expressions: numerous, achievement, self-fulfillment, to suffer losses, to choose,
choice, vision, vulnerability, a number (of), to dissolve, flexible, adaptable, to assume responsibility,
debts, to raise capital, to share, to distinguish, to split up, to contribute, relatively, incentive, liable, senior,
junior, similar (to), drawback, to affect, adversely, separate, apart from, distinct, weighty, to transfer, to
do with, subject to, to disclose, permanent, to prevent (from).
Linking words and phrases: in view of, first and foremost, besides, like/unlike, since (=because), at the
same time, generally, obviously, to start with, it is a fact that..., in order to do smth.

Entrepreneurship, as one of the factors of production, has its particular function. It brings together
the other three – Land, Capital and Labour. When they are successful, entrepreneurs earn profit. When
they are not successful, they suffer losses.
There are numerous reasons why people do business. Financial independence and security, profit
potential, desire for achievement and self-fulfilment, the opportunity to work at something they really
love are some of these reasons.
When organising a new business, one of the most important decisions to be made is choosing its
structure. The choice will be based on the entrepreneur’s vision regarding the size and nature of the
business, the level of control he or she wishes to have, expected profit of the business, the risks for the
business’s assets from liabilities, the business's vulnerability to lawsuits and so on. In view of these
requirements, different forms of business organisations - sole proprietorships, partnerships and
corporations – have their advantages and disadvantages.
Sole Proprietorships
The vast majority of small businesses start out as sole proprietorships. These firms are owned by
one person, usually the individual, who has day-to-day responsibility for running the business. A sole
proprietor enjoys a number of advantages. First and foremost, it is the easiest and least expensive form of
ownership to organize. Sole proprietors are in complete control, within the law, over all decisions. They
receive all income generated by the business to keep or reinvest. The business is easy to dissolve, if
desired. This form of business organisations is the most flexible and adaptable to changing times because
of their ability to restructure themselves and react more quickly and successfully to changes than large
corporations. Sole proprietorships do not have to pay special taxes placed on corporations. On the less
bright side, however, is the fact that a sole proprietor has unlimited liability. He assumes "complete
personal" responsibility for all of his business’s liabilities or debts because, in the eyes of the law, he and
his business are one and the same. Besides, it is very difficult for a sole-proprietor to raise investment
funds and to attract high-calibre employees from among those who are motivated by the opportunity to
own a part of the business.
Partnerships
In a partnership, two or more people share ownership of a single business. Like in
proprietorships, the law does not distinguish between the business and its owners. The partners should
have a legal agreement that sets forth how decisions will be made, profits will be shared, disputes will be
resolved, how future partners will be admitted to the partnership, how partners can be bought out, or what
steps will be taken to dissolve the partnership when needed. It is a fact that a lot of partnerships split up at
crisis times, and unless there is a defined process, there will be even greater problems. They also must
decide up front how much time and capital each will contribute, etc.
An important argument in favour of this type of business organisations is that partnerships are
relatively easy to establish. Another advantage is that with more than one owner, the ability to raise funds
may be increased. Unlike in sole proprietorship, prospective employees may be attracted to the business if
given the incentive to become a partner. A partnership does not pay corporate tax like corporations but
only ordinary income tax, since the co-owners can use the profits gained as their personal income.
At the same time, partners are jointly and individually liable for the actions of the other partners.
In case of bankruptcy, the co-owners who invested more capital (the senior partners) lose more than the
junior partners, who invested less. If the business activity is successful and generates profits, they must be
shared with others. Similar to a sole proprietorship, a partnership has a limited life: it may end upon a
partner’s withdrawal or death. Another serious drawback of partnership is the threat of potential
disagreements among partners over decision-making, which may cause management conflicts adversely
affecting the business.
Corporations
A corporation is considered by law to be a unique "entity", separate and apart from those who
own it. A corporation can be taxed; it can be sued; it can enter into contractual agreements. The owners of
a corporation are its shareholders. The shareholders elect a board of directors to oversee the major
policies and decisions. The corporation has a life of its own and does not dissolve when ownership
changes.
If compared with sole proprietorships and partnerships, a corporation has distinct advantages.
One of the weightiest factors is that shareholders have limited liability for the corporation's debts or
judgments against the corporations. Generally, shareholders can only be held accountable for their
investment in the stock of the company. Corporations have wider opportunities to raise additional funds
through the sale of securities. They can transfer ownership through the transfer of securities. With all
these advantages, we may wonder why there are much fewer unincorporated businesses than incorporated
ones. Obviously, the answer has to do with the disadvantages of the corporation. To start with, the process
of incorporation requires more time and money than other forms of organisations because this business
organisation is to be created under a government charter. Corporations that are public, i.e. whose shares
are sold to the public, are to disclose information about their finances and activities, which may be used
by their competitors. Corporations are subject to double taxation. It means that in addition to corporate
tax levied on the corporation’s profit shareholders must pay income tax imposed on their dividends.
The form of the business organisation an entrepreneur has chosen is not permanent. If the
circumstances of his business change, he can always change the form of his business. For example, he
may start his business as a sole proprietorship, but, as his business grows, he may take on a partner and
become a partnership. Or, he may choose to incorporate in order to prevent his business creditors from
pursuing his personal assets.

Language notes:
a lawsuit – судовий розгляд, позов;
if desired – при бажанні (див.нижче when needed – за необхідності; if given – за наявності);
within the law – у рамках закону;
one and the same – те ж саме;
high-calibre employees – високопрофесійні працівники;
unless there is a defined process = if there is no defined process;
… a legal agreement that sets forth how … – … юридичну угоду, яка чітко формулює, як ...;
up front – тут чесно, відкрито;
withdrawal – вихід з угоди, зі складу учасників;
to be sued – залучати як відповідача за позовом;
to be held accountable – нести відповідальність, звітувати;
to incorporate – інкорпорувати, зареєструвати як корпорацію;
incorporated – акціонерний, що має статус акціонерного товариства; зареєстрований як
корпорація
i.e. – id est (Latin) = that is (to say) – тобто
Note the difference:
sole proprietor (US and UK) = sole trader (US)
public limited company (UK) = close(d) corporation (US)
private limited company = open corporation (US)
shareholders (UK) = stockholders (US)

VOCABULARY FOCUS
Ex.1. Find the English equivalents in the text.
Отримувати прибуток; нести збитки; фінансова незалежність; успіх і самореалізація; активи
(власність) компанії; уразливість перед судовими позовами; величезна більшість компаній малого
бізнесу; управляти компанією; найбільш гнучка та адаптована форма; оподатковувати корпорації;
мати необмежену відповідальність; брати на себе відповідальність; з точки зору закону; залучати
висококваліфікованих працівників; спільно володіти власністю; укласти юридичну угоду; довід на
користь; стимул стати партнером; нести спільну та індивідуальну відповідальність у випадку
банкрутства; недолік/вада; розбіжності між партнерами; викликати конфлікти; обирати раду
директорів; здійснювати нагляд над чимось; мати явні переваги; видобувати/знаходити
додатковий капітал; передавати власність; надавати інформацію; підлягати подвійному
оподаткуванню.
Ex.2. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and phrases.
To do business; profit potential; size and nature of the business; level of control; to have advantages and
disadvantages; to have day-to-day responsibility; to be in complete control over smth; to dissolve the
business; to be adaptable to smth; on the less bright side; to assume personal responsibility; to be one and
the same with the business; to raise funds; to distinguish between smth; to resolve disputes; to contribute
time and capital; prospective employees; threat of potential disagreement; to affect smth adversely;
unique entity; one of the weightiest advantages; incorporated/unincorporated business; to be created
under a government charter; to impose tax on dividends; to prevent from.

Ex.3. Give three forms of the following verbs. Find the sentences with these verbs in the text.
Bring, suffer, do, make, choose, have, own, run, keep, react, pay, attract, buy, take, contribute, raise, give,
tax, sue, hold, transfer, sell, mean, grow.

Ex.4. Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right.
1 sole proprietorship a the state of being legally responsible for smth
2 securities b a formal written statement of the principles and aims of an
organisation; a legal document created when a corporation is
formed (US)
3 liability c the group of people chosen by shareholders to control a
company
4 shareholder d a business that is owned by a group of professional people
who work together and share the profits
5 charter e a business that is owned and run by one person
6 liabilities f things of value that a person or a company owns, such as
money or property
7 board of directors g an amount of the profits that a company pays to shareholders
8 entity h a financial asset, such as a share or bond
9 to incorporate i a person or group that owns shares in a company or business
10 dividend j the amount of money that a company or a person owes
11 assets k to form a legal company or organisation, for example, by
obtaining a certificate from the authorities
12 entrepreneur l a business that exists as a separate unit and has its own legal
identity
13 partnership m a person who makes money by starting or running
businesses

Ex.5. Make up verb+noun collocations (there may be several variants).

to have business
to do losses
to make a responsibility
to earn advantages and disadvantages
to levy decisions
to suffer a drawback
to assume taxes
to pay funds
to run a partnership
to raise profit
to establish capital
to invest

Ex.6. Fill in the gaps in the following verb collocations with appropriate prepositions or adverbs.
To base the choice _____ one’s vision; to have responsibility _____ running the business; to adapt _____
changes; to place special tax _____ corporations; to distinguish _____ the business and its owners; to
admit potential partners _____ the partnership; to attract prospective employees _____ the business; to be
created _____ the government charter; to be subject _____ double taxation.

Ex.7. Choose the appropriate word or phrase to complete the following sentences.
Shareholders, flexible and adaptable, drawback, corporate tax, dividends, share the ownership,
advantages and disadvantages, securities, sole proprietorships, a board of directors, unlimited liability,
choosing its structure, a government charter.

1. One of the most important decisions to be made in organizing a new business is __________ .
2. Different forms of business organisations – sole proprietorships, partnerships and corporations – have
their __________ .
3. Most small businesses start out as __________ .
4. A sole proprietorship is __________ to changing times.
5. A sole proprietor has __________ for his business’s debts.
6. In a partnership, partners __________ of a single business.
7. A partnership does not pay __________ like corporations.
8. A serious __________ of partnerships is the threat of potential disagreement among partners.
9. The owners of a corporation are its __________ .
10. The shareholders elect _________ to oversee the major policies and decisions.
11. Corporations have wider opportunities to raise capital through selling its ____ .
12. Corporations are to be created under __________ .
13. In addition to corporate tax, income tax is levied on shareholders’ __________.
Ex.8. Combine two parts logically to make complete sentences.
1 The choice of the form of a business a all income generated by the business to keep or
organisation is based on reinvest.
2 A sole proprietorship is owned by one b for the actions of the other partners.
person, who has day-to-day responsibility
for
3 Sole proprietors receive c information about their finances and activities.
4 Sole proprietors may have problems in d between the business and its owners.
5 In a partnership, the law does not e when ownership changes.
distinguish
6 Partnerships are relatively easy f attracting high-calibre employees.
7 Prospective employees may be attracted g the entrepreneur’s vision regarding the size and
to a partnership nature of the business.
8 Partners are jointly and individually liable h only for their investment in the stock of the
company.
9 Management conflicts in a partnership i running his business.
caused by disagreements may
10 A corporation does not dissolve j to double taxation.
11 Shareholders are held accountable k to establish.
12 Corporations are subject l adversely affect the business.
13 Open (public) corporations are to disclose m if given an incentive to become a partner.

Ex.9. Look through the text again and replace the words in bold with the linking words and phrases
given below.
In view of, first and foremost, besides, like, at the same time, obviously, to start with, since, it is a fact
that..., in order to..., generally.
1. An entrepreneur may choose to incorporate his business so that he could prevent his creditors from
pursuing his personal assets.
2. Shareholders have limited liability for the corporation’s debts. In general, they are accountable only
for their investment in the stock of the company.
3. Considering various requirements, sole proprietorships, partnerships and corporations have their
advantages and disadvantages.
4. A partnership pays only ordinary income tax because the co-owners use the profits gained as their
personal income. Concurrently, they are jointly and individually liable for the actions of the other
partners.
5. If we enumerate advantages of a sole proprietorship, more than anything else it is the easiest and
least expensive form of ownership. In addition to this, it does not have to pay special taxes placed on
corporations.
6. Clearly, corporations have a number of disadvantages. In the first place, the process of
incorporation is costly and time-consuming.
7. Similar to proprietorships, in partnerships the law does not distinguish between the business and its
owners.
8. It is well known that a lot of partnerships are dissolved at crisis times.

Ex.10. Translate into English.

1. Вибір організаційної форми бізнесу заснований на уявленні підприємця про розмір і характер
майбутньої компанії.
2. Існують різні організаційні форми бізнесу: одноосібне підприємництво, партнерство,
акціонерна компанія.
3. Більшість компаній малого бізнесу починають свою діяльність як одноосібні підприємці.
4. Одноосібне підприємництво - найлегша і найменш дорога форма організації.
5. Така форма є більш гнучкою і пристосованою до змін на ринку.
6. Недоліком є той факт, що одноосібний підприємець несе необмежену відповідальність за
зобов'язання фірми.
7. Важливим аргументом на користь партнерств є те, що їм легше залучати додаткові фінансові
кошти.
8. Партнерства платять звичайний прибутковий податок, оскільки співвласники можуть
використовувати прибуток компанії як особистий дохід.
9. Акціонерна компанія (корпорація) розглядається законом як самостійне підприємство, окреме
від його власників.
10. Власниками такої компанії є її акціонери, які обирають раду директорів для управління
компанією.

LANGUAGE SKILLS

Ex.11. Ask questions to which the following sentences may be answers.

1. Yes, it is one of the factors of production because it helps to bring the other three together.
2. It is based on the entrepreneur’s vision of his future company’s nature and size.
3. These are sole proprietorships, partnerships and corporations.
4. It is the easiest and least expensive form of business organisations to organize and easy to dissolve, if
required.
5. Because being small, they can react more quickly and successfully to changes at the market.
6. No, they do not. They have to pay only ordinary income tax.
7. Because they may be interested in owning a part of the business, while sole proprietors cannot
provide this.
8. One of them is the fact that partners are personally liable for the company’s debts.
9. Yes, it does. It may end upon a partner’s withdrawal or death.
10. No, it is considered by the law as a unique entity.
11. Shareholders are.
12. The board of directors is.
13. They can transfer the ownership through selling their securities.
14. No, it is not permanent. It can be changed as a result of the business’s growing.
15. It can be incorporated.

Ex.12. Answer the following questions.

1. Why is entrepreneurship important?
2. Why would people want to launch their own business?
3. What factors do they consider when choosing the structure of their future business?
4. What forms of business organisations are there?
5. What are advantages and disadvantages of these forms?
6. Why is it an advantage that sole proprietorships are flexible and adaptable?
7. What does “limited” or “unlimited liability” mean?
8. Why can partnerships attract more high-calibre workers than sole proprietorships?
9. Which form of business organisations can raise investment funds more easily?
10. Why are there more unincorporated businesses than incorporated ones?
11. How is a corporation managed?
12. What does “double taxation” mean?

Ex.13. Make a presentation of the topic “Forms of business organization”.

WRITING

Ex.14. Write a plan for a summary of Text A. Start with

1. Factors to be considered when choosing a form of the business organisation.
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________

Ex.15. Write a brief summary (25-30 sentences) of Text A.

Ex.16. Write an essay “Small business activity in a market economy” (100-150 words).

DISCUSSION POINTS

Ex.17. Discuss the following questions.

1. “A real entrepreneur is somebody who has no safety net underneath them”, said H.Kravis, co-founder
of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (KKR). What do you think he meant?
2. In what type of company do people find a better possibility to realize their potential?
3. Prepare a short list of the questions that you would need to ask yourself before starting a business.
Example: How much money will I need?
Compare and discuss the questions you consider important with those other students have chosen.

TEXT B: NONPROFIT ORGANISATIONS

Ex.18. Scan the text below and give headlines to each paragraph.

When launching a business, ask yourself, "Who will benefit

from the activity?" If the answer is that you or your family will
benefit, (0) ___________ rather than a nonprofit organisation. If your
answer is that the community or the public at large will benefit, then a
nonprofit structure may be the best route. The difference between
nonprofit and for-profit organisations is that nonprofits use their profits
to advance their programmes, (1) ___________ . Nonprofit
organisations fall into five main categories:
1. Trade associations, organized to advance a group of people who have a profession in common
(for example, Association of Research Librarians, International Association of Meeting Planners). This
group also includes chambers of commerce and unions.
2. Charitable organisations, (2) ___________ . This is a diverse category, including religious
groups, museums, environmental and educational organisations, libraries, and the many helping groups
referred to as "charities."
3. Social clubs, such as country clubs and fraternal organisations.
4. Governmental groups, (3) ___________ .
5. Political groups, generally organized to promote certain policies, issues, or candidates for political
office.
While Not-for-profit organisations are able to earn a profit, more accurately termed a surplus,
such earnings must be retained by the organisation for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans. NPOs
have controlling members or boards. (4) ___________ , while others employ unpaid volunteers and even
executives who work without compensation.
Profit is not the primary goal of an NPO, (5) ___________ , the term Not-for-profit is often
considered more appropriate than Non-profit. The extent to which an NPO can generate income may be
constrained, or the use of that income may be restricted. Nonprofits therefore (6) ___________ (which
may be tax deductible) from the private or public sector, and are typically exempt from income and
property taxation. Some NPOs may internalize profit in the form of comparatively good wages or
benefits.

Ex. 19. Read the text. Choose the best sentence A-F to fill each of the gaps 1-7. Do not use any letter
more than once. There is an example at the beginning.
0 then it's a good idea to start a for-profit company
A which must generally demonstrate a benevolent component.
B but because an NPO can legally and ethically trade at a profit,
C are funded typically by donations
D Many have paid staff including management,
E while for-profits distribute their profits to their owners or stockholders.
F including city, county, state, and federal agencies.

Ex.20. Answer the following questions. Refer to the text if needed.

1. What is the difference between for-profit and nonprofit organisations?
2. What categories do nonprofit organisations fall into?
3. What groups of people do trade associations unite?
4. What do you think is the aim of charitable organisations? Give examples of such organisations.
5. Can nonprofit organizations earn profit? If yes, what do they use it for?
6. How are most NPOs funded?
7. Do NPOs have to pay taxes?

Ex.21. Find in the text the following phrases and choose the most suitable explanation:
1. launching a business
a) starting business activity;
b) completing business activity;
c) developing business activity
2. the public at large
a) politicians;
b) powerful and influential people;
c) general public
3. the best route
a) the best place;
b) the best way;
c) the best management
4. fraternal organizations
a) brotherhoods;
b) fatherhoods;
 c) motherhoods
5. benevolent (component)
a) improving a situation;
b) very popular with smb;
c) kind and generous
6. to internalize (profit)
a) to closely connect with smth;
b) make smth international;
c) make smth personal, use smth for one’s own needs .

TEXT C: FRANCHISING
Before reading
Can you explain what franchising mean? Without looking at the logos below, give examples of
franchises.
Reading
Read a text from the Franchise Direct website and do the tasks following it.

(1) You want to be your own boss running your own

business, but you are not sure where to start, what resources you
need, how to market products and services, how to hire and train
employees etc. Don’t despair – a franchise opportunity could the
right choice for you.
(2) You’ve seen the slogans:
“Be in business for yourself, but not by yourself.”
“When you succeed, we succeed.”
“We’ve been successfully putting people like you in business for 16 years!”
“Be your own boss; we’ll help you get there.”
These quotations from franchisors convey the idea that even though you work for yourself,
franchising is first and foremost about partnership. Franchising is everywhere in the first decade of the
21st century so partnership with a proven brand is clearly a winning formula for many small business
owners.
(3) When people think of franchising, the most common example that comes to mind is
McDonald’s. But franchising has older roots, and it is Isaac Singer, the inventor of the sewing machine in
1858, who is credited with starting the franchise concept. After successfully inventing the new machine,
he needed a way to distribute them by people trained to use the machines. So a legal system for selling the
rights to distribute a service or product was born.
(4) Put simply, a franchise is a method by which the owner of the business, the franchisor,
confers on investors, the franchisees, the right to operate the business in an agreed manner and style in
return for ongoing fees. The agreement is governed by a contract, the Franchise agreement, which runs
for a defined period of time, generally renewable and ranging from five to 20 years.
(5) What is it you are buying when you invest in a franchise? A franchise operation is a fully
operational business concept that is proven, with operating processes clearly mapped out in an Operations
Manual. Most franchisors provide comprehensive training in how to operate the business, and give clear
instructions on all the visible trappings such as trademarks, logos, uniforms, furnishings etc.
(6) Franchise opportunities are everywhere, and their success and widespread popularity offer
endless potential. And you can bet that when new trends emerge and grow popular -- be it in food,
exercise, home improvement, pet care, party planning, etc. – franchised versions ready to profit from
these trends are sure to follow. What types of new franchises will be popular in the near future? Anything
that helps busy people manage their home lives and domestic tasks. And the current concerns about
global warming are sure to generate companies that offer “green” eco-friendly products and services, such
as lawn care, prepared foods, cosmetics, and cleaning supplies. For the individual who wants to start a
business, franchising offers a wide array of new opportunities. For the existing successful business,
franchising can be the model for rapid expansion.
(7) It should also be noted that there are several types of business opportunities that involve
partnership but are not franchises. These include:
 Dealerships – where an existing business owner, such as a home décor store, is licensed to sell a
company’s line of products, such as floor tiles or paint.
 Distributorships – this is an opportunity where a business owner invests in equipment, such as DVD
kiosks or coffee makers, and distributes them in high traffic locations, like malls or offices.

Task 1. Look through the text and say what is the main advantage of franchising. Can you think of any
disadvantages?

Task 2. Explain slogans of well-known franchises given in para.2.

Task 3. To be credited with smth means

a) to be given money from a bank;
b) to be of a particular type or quality;
c) to be responsible for doing smth, especially smth good. (para.3)

Task 4. In what spheres of business do you think franchising will be most popular in future?

Task 5. True or false?

1) A franchise is a formal permission given by a company to smb who wants to sell its goods or services
in a particular area. (para.4)
2) The franchise agreement is of an indefinite duration. (para.4)
3) As a franchisee, you have to use the franchisor’s trademark and logo but you have freedom in
determining your inner policies, for example concerning the dress code. (para.5)
4) Dealerships and distributorships are two forms of franchising. (para.7)
 BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
AT THE HOTEL

Read the words and phrases below. Can you add anything else?
To book, credit card, cash, lobby, a porter, baggage/luggage, reception, a receptionist, room service, tip,
to check in, to check out, a single room, a twin bedroom, a double room, apartments, en suite bathroom,
to fill in a registration form, B&B, self catering.
Very often the word ‘en suite’ is used instead of ‘room’.
en suite[ˌɑːn'swiːt] – (French) as part of a set; forming a unit – суміжний e.g. a hotel room with
bathroom en suite
Single en suite. This room has 1 single bed and accommodates 1 person.
Double en suite. This room has 1 double bed and accommodates 2 persons.
Twin en suite. This room has 2 separate beds and accommodates 2 persons.

Ex.1. Match the pictures with the words from the box.
reception, a single room, conference hall, apartments, a twin bedroom, restaurant, lobby, double bedroom

1. 2.

3. 4.
5. 6.

7. 8.

Ex.2. When you are staying in a hotel in an English-speaking country, you're likely to hear some of
these dialogues.
1) In pairs read the following situations.
Situation 1
(R = receptionist, M= Michael, J = Jennifer)
R: Good morning. Can I help you?
M: Good morning. We have a reservation for two rooms booked for us, in the names of Michael
McGregor and Jennifer Hunter.
R: Umm, just a moment. Yes, two single rooms with en-suite bathrooms?
M: That's right. We're attending the 'Big Fish Games' conference. Does that mean we get a discount?
R: Yes. We are one of the conference partner hotels, so there is a five per cent discount. Is it for ten days?
Is that right?
J: Yes, until the twentieth. That's ten days.
R: Good.
R: Right then. You'll need to fill in a registration form. You can settle the account by card or cash, or
cheque, as you wish.
T: OK, thanks.
R: Right. You, Ms. Hunter, are in room 205 and you, Mr. McGregor, are in room 209. If you take the lift
over there to the second floor the porter will accompany you with the luggage.
M: Thank you very much.
R: Have a good day!
Situation 2.
R: Good morning. Can I help you?
M: Good morning. I think there should be two rooms booked for us? In the names of Michael McGregor
and Jennifer Hunter.
R: Umm, just a moment.
M: We're attending the 'Big Fish Games' conference.
R: Well sir, I'm afraid you have nothing booked. All I have left are two small rooms at the front of the
hotel. They will be a bit noisy I'm afraid, as there is a pub opposite.
M: What? That's terrible! How did that happen? What do you want to do, Jennifer? Should we find
somewhere else?
J: Well, I suppose we have no choice, really. It's too late to find another hotel now. We'll just have to take
them.
R: Fine. I'm very sorry about that.
R: Right, so that's all booked now. Can you sign a credit card voucher?
M: OK. Oh no, I can’t find my card. And where's my wallet?
J: Did you leave it somewhere? In the taxi?
M: Oh no! I think I did, I left my wallet in the taxi. I put it on the seat when we got in. Oh what a disaster!
R: Not to worry sir. We'll help you with that. I'll have phone the taxi company to see if they found any
wallet.
M. I can't thank you enough. You have been most helpful.

2) Choose the correct options to the questions.

Situation 1.
1. What rooms do Michael and Jennifer want?
a) a double room
b) a single room
c) two single rooms with bathroom
d) a twin room
2. How much discount can they get at the hotel?
a) ten per cent
b) fifteen per cent
c) twenty per cent
d) thirty per cent
3. How many days will they stay?
a) five days
b) ten days
c) twenty days
d) a month
4. How can they settle an account?
a) by card or cash
b) by a credit card voucher
c) by cheque
d) they don’t need to pay
5. Who will help them with the luggage?
a) the receptionist
b) the manager of the hotel
c) the porter
d) no one

Situation 2.
1. What is the first problem?
a) The receptionist cannot find their reservation
b) The rooms are too cold
c) They are too late
d) The hotel is full
2. What is the problem with the rooms?
a) They are small and noisy
b) They are too expensive
c) The rooms are too cold
d) There are no beds
3. Michael and Jennifer have a choice:
a) They will find another hotel
b) They will call the manager
c) They will take the rooms
d) They will go back home
4. Michael has lost something. What is it?
a) He has lost his briefcase
b) He has lost his money
c) He has lost his wallet
d) He has lost his taxi
5. In the end the receptionist wants to phone someone. Who does she want to phone?
a) She wants to phone the taxi company to find the wallet
b) She wants to phone her boss
c) She wants to phone her mother
d) She wants to phone her boyfriend
Ex.3. Complete the phrases with the following options.

1. I think there should be __________ booked for two rooms

us. a single room
a twin room
an apartment

2. You can settle the account _________ by card.

by cash.
by cheque.
as you wish.
3. Take the lift over there to _________ the second floor.
the conference hall.
to the fifth floor.
the lobby.
4.I'm afraid ______________________ you have nothing booked.
there are no vacancies.
we are full at the moment.
you have to find another hotel.
5. I suppose _____________________ we have no choice, really.
it's too late to find another hotel now.
we need to speak to the manager.
we have to take the room.
6. There must be two double rooms booked for us, Mr. and Mrs. Brown.
in the names of ____________________________ McDonald &Sons.
Mr. Havocking and Isabella Rossellini.
Big Fish Games and Partners.
7.What time do you want __________ to leave ?
to arrive ?
to check out?
to check in?

Ex.4. Use the prompts from the box to fill in the missing information.
How long are you going to stay? - Have a nice day. - Can I help you, miss? – Of course. You may order
your dinner to your room. - Is there a bathroom there? -You can settle an account by cheque or cash, as
you wish. - We are one of the conference partner hotels, so there is a ten per cent discount. – Would you
like a single or a double room? - How much do you charge for the room?
Situation 1.
R- receptionist Y- you
R. ___________________________?
Y. Yes, I would like a room.
R. ___________________________?
Y. A twin room, please. ___________________________?
R. OK, let me check. Yes, there is a twin room with en suite bathroom.
Y. Great, thank you so much. We're attending the 'International Agricultural Fair’. Does that mean we get
a discount?
R. ___________________________. ___________________________?
Y. For a week. __________________________?
R. That’s 55 pounds.
Y. Can I pay cash or cheque?
R. ___________________________.
Y. Thanks a lot. Do you have a room service?
R. ___________________________.Here is the key, sir. The bellman will show you up to your room, sir.
Just follow him. _________________

Situation 2.
– I think I have no choice. It's too late to find another hotel now. - That’s terrible! What should I do? –
How can I pay? - I wonder if you have any vacancies. – Here you are.- A twin room would be better.

R. Hello, sir. Can I help you?

Y. __________________________________
R. Would you like a single or a double room?
Y. __________________________________
R. Just a moment. Let me see. Sorry. But we have no twin roomsat this time.
Y. __________________________________
R. All I have left are two small single rooms.
Y. __________________________________
R. Right, so that’s booked now. We'll need you to fill in the registration form.
Y. __________________________________
R. You can sign a credit card voucher.
Y. __________________________________
R. Here is your guest’s card. You’ll get the key to your room from the receptionist. Have a nice day.

Ex.5. Read the dialogues in pairs and act them out.

G-guest R- receptionist
Check in.
R. Good evening. Can I help you?
G. Yes, please. I'd like a room for the night.
R. Would you like a single room, or a double room?
G.A single room, please. How much is the room?
R. It's $55 per night.
G. Can I pay by credit card?
R. Certainly. We take Visa, Master Card and American Express. Could you fill in this form, please?
G. Do you need my passport number?
R. No, just an address and your signature.
G. (fills in the form) Here you are.
R. Here's your key. Your room number is 212.
G. Thank you.
R. Thank you. If you need anything, dial 0 for the reception area. Have a good stay!
Check out.
R: Did you enjoy your stay with us?

G: Yes, very much. However, I need to get to the airport now. I have a flight that leaves in about two
hours, so what is the quickest way to get there?

R: We have a free airport shuttle service.

G: That sounds great, but will it get me to the airport on time?

R: Yes, it should. The next shuttle leaves in 15 minutes, and it takes approximately 25 minutes to get to
the airport.

G: Fantastic. I'll just wait in the lounge area. Will you please let me know when it will be leaving?

G: Of course, I will.

R: If you like, you can leave your bags with the porter and he can load them onto the shuttle for you when
it arrives.

G: That would be great, thank you.

R: Would you like to sign the hotel guestbook too while you wait?
G: Sure, I had a really good stay here and I'll tell other people to come here.

R: That's good to hear. Thank you again for staying at our hotel.

Ex.6. Read the story and try to choose the right words from the list below to complete it.
En suit, form, left, receptionist, filled in, a clerk, the bar, small change, a participant of, reservation,
lobby, checked in.
When I arrived at the hotel I entered the (....1....) and immediately I walked up to the (....2...). I spoke to
the hotel (....3....) and I asked her to see if I had a (....4....).
I wanted a single room with an (....5....) bathroom. The receptionist asked me 'Are you (....6....) the
Mayfair conference?'.
Then I (....7....). I signed a blank (....8....). Then I (....5....) a new registration form. But after I found out
that I had (....6....) my passport in the taxi.
The porter carried my bags to my room, but I didn't have any (....7....) to tip him. Finally, I decided to
order a sandwich but (....8....) was closed.

Ex.7. Vocabulary quiz.

1. When breakfast and dinner in the hotel are included with the price of the room, it is _____________.
2. A different way to say the 'customers' at a hotel, is ___________.
3. A phrasal verb that means somebody leaves a hotel and pays for the room, is ____________________.
4. A phrase that is used to tell a customer/guest that their room is not available for them to occupy/enter
yet, is _________________.
5. A different way to say 'reserve' a hotel room, is ___________________.
6. A different way to say 'bags' or 'suitcases', is ____________________.
7. When only breakfast in the hotel is included with the price of the room, is _________________.
8. A piece of paper that shows how much money somebody has to pay for staying in a hotel, is
________________.
9. When a hotel has no rooms available to stay in, it is _____________.
10. When no food or meals in the hotel are included with the price of the room, is ________________.
11. The public area in a hotel where people can sit down and wait for people or relax, is called the
______________________.
12. When breakfast, lunch and dinner in the hotel is included with the price of the room, is ___________.
13. A phrasal verb that means to arrive and register (give your details) at a hotel, is ________________.
14. When no meals in the hotel are included with the price of the room and you can cook your own food,
is ___________________.
15. The place in a hotel where you check in and check out, is called the ________.
 GRAMMAR
NOUNS
Ex.1. Give the plural of the following nouns.
a) Fog, apple, face, quiz, list, cucumber, master, horse, spoon, tongue, bell, eye, bridge, game, banana,
idea, pen, set, bed, tip, lip, test, pin, net, seed, lid, pie, type, pine, page, cage, story, baby, lady, bag,
city, day, army, party, fly.
b) Glass, month, brush, box, fox, bench, lunch, bush, bath, witch, mouth, path, tax, match, cough, louse,
truth, boss, patch, dish.
c) Concerto, tomato, cuckoo, potato, photo, mango, echo, hero, piano.
d) Tooth, man, woman, mouse, goose, heir, child, knife, shelf, deer, ox, fish, chief, basis, woman-worker,
forget-me-not.

Ex.2. Choose countable nouns and give their plural form.

Porridge, daughter, salt, sugar, butter, milk, tea, cake, bacon, toast, pleasure, tea-pot, water, egg,
marmalade, mustard, watch, sausage, bread, pepper, soup, fruit, waitress, knife, discussion, chop, beer,
potato, orange, export, information, research, accountant, figure, turnover, capital, sales.

Ex.3. Give the singular of the following nouns where possible.

Languages, lilies, ranches, suburbs, watches, echoes, gates, quizzes, means, ladies, pyjamas,
figures, heroes, countries, plaice, scissors, oases, pence, elves, benches, sleeves, flies, sheep, sciences,
theses, vegetables, oxen, outskirts, sledges, headquarters.

Ex.4. Define the number (singular/plural) of the following nouns.

Hair, watch, onions, boss, athletics, police, analysis, meat, scissors, weather, deaths, people, fruit,
passers-by, physics, butter, mass media, darkness, furniture, halves, macaroni, journey, news, trousers,
rice, phonetics, grapes, kilo, dress, spaghetti, cattle, jeans, billiards, oats, progress, buckwheat, clock,
women, opportunity, ink, tobacco.

Ex.5. Read the sentences. Write all the nouns in four groups: countable singular (C), countable
plural (CP), uncountable singular (U) or uncountable plural (UP).

1. A gifted conversationalist seems to remember every name, every time.

2. With a little help and some practice, you can too.
3. Gather your wits before you meet a new group of people.
4. If you can, do your homework ahead of time with a list of names that you will then connect to faces.
5. When you are introduced, pay attention to the other person's name.
6. Say it out loud as you make eye contact, say it at least once during the conversation, and say it again
when you part.
7. Say the name over a few times in your mind and link it to a visual image: if her name is Mary Jane,
imagine her wearing Mary Jane shoes.
8. Or connect the person with others who have that name; visualize the Ben Lincoln you've just met
standing next to Abe Lincoln.
9. Use rhyming: "Tall Paul" or "Nate the waiter." (Just don't say it out loud.)
10. Follow up. Reinforce your memory by looking at his name tag, asking him for a card, and writing his
name down as soon as you get home.

Ex.6. Complete the sentences using the noun in brackets in the plural form.
1. Please cut this melon in two ________ (half).
2. King Henry VIII had six ________ (wife).
3. The ________ (thief) broke into the house without attracting attention of ________ (passer-by).
4. Shakespearean ________ (hero) are generally the victims of circumstance.
5. The police called for _______ (eyewitness) to come forward and give evidence.
6. Many teachers in schools are ________ (woman) but some are________ (man).
7. Victor fell off his bicycle and broke two ________ (tooth).
8. These shoes are too small: my ________ (foot) hurt.
9. Many kinds of ________ (sheep) are raised for the wool, meat, milk, and skin.
10. The eyes are sometimes ________ (index) of character.
11. He agreed that these were strange ________ (phenomenon).
12. We cannot proceed on such unlikely ________ (hypothesis).
13. He wished to place certain ________ (memorandum) before the committee.
14. Television and newspapers are mass ________ (medium) of information.
15. I like different flowers, especially ________ (forget-me-not).

Ex.7. Complete the sentences using the noun in brackets in the singular or plural.
1. It is easy when we are in prosperity to give (advice) __________ to the afflicted.(Aeschylus)
2. Abundance of (knowledge)__________ does not teach men to be wise. (Heraclitus)
3. Wise (man) __________ talk because they have something to say. (Fool) __________ talk because
they have to say something. (Plato)
4. I don't believe in (miracle) __________. I rely on them.(Unknown)
5. To repeat what others have said requires education, to challenge it requires (brain) __________
(Mary Pettibone Poole)
6. The big (thief) __________ hang the little ones. (Czech proverb)
7. (Mathematics) __________ is the queen of the sciences. (Carl Friedrich Gauss)
8. Greedy eaters dig their graves with their (tooth) __________. (French proverb)
9. One kind word can warm three winter (month) __________. (Japanese proverb)
10. Democracy must be something more than two (wolf) __________ and a sheep voting on what to
 have for dinner. (James Bovard)

Ex.8. Choose the correct word.

1. There _______ (is, are) natural phenomena that can harm man.
2. A pair of designer jeans __________ (costs, cost) about $200.00.
3. A thorough knowledge of economics _______ (is, are) necessary for investing money wisely.
4. It's said that politics _______ (is, are) very boring.
5. At the end of a lane there _______ (is, are) a house and a barn.
6. One hundred dollars _______ (is, are) too much to pay for a pair of gloves.
7. TV news __________ (sensationalizes, sensationalize) all important events.
8. The jury _______ (is, are) meeting now; a decision should be reached soon.
9. ‘Two Gentlemen of Verona’ _______ (is, are) one of Shakespeare's plays.
10. Physics _______ (is, are) the most difficult course I've ever taken.
11. Marriage _______ (is, are) an important step in every person's life.

Ex.9. Choose the correct word and explain your choice.

1. Advice is/are what we ask for when we already know the answer but wish we didn't. (Erica Jong)
2. Clothes makes/make the man. Naked people has/have little or no influence on society. (Mark Twain)
3. Wisdom begins/begin in wonder. (Socrates)
4. Beauty is/are internal; looks means/mean nothing. (Unknown)
5. The first 90 percent of the task takes/take 90 percent of the time, the last 10 percent takes/take the other
90 percent. (Murphy's Law)
6. I am still a victim of chess. It has/ They have all the beauty of art -- and much more. (Marcel Duchamp)
7. Too bad the only people who knows/know how to run the country is/are busy driving cabs and cutting
hair. (George Burns)
8. Don't lend people money. It gives/ they give them amnesia. (Unknown)
9. For most folks, no news are/is good news; for the press, good news is/are not news. (Gloria Borger)
10. I'm not against the police; I'm just afraid of it/them. (Alfred Hitchcock)

Ex.10. Choose the correct verb according to the noun form (singular or plural).
1. Twenty dollars (seem, seems) a fair price.
2. A hundred dollars (is, are) a lot of money.
3. The news (is, are) wonderful.
4. Their wages (is, are) high.
5. His trousers (is, are) a bit short.
6. Politics (is, are) interesting for everyone nowadays.
7. Darts (is, are) a game played in British pubs.
8. Her clothes (is, are) luxurious.
9. Linguistics (has, have) developed rapidly in modern times.
10. A reward of $500 (has, have) been offered for his article.
11. The Times (has, have) a half-inch front page article.
12. The police (is, are) investigating this theft.
13. Your advice (was, were) very useful.
14. Your hypothesis (is, are) very interesting.
15. The fruit (was, were) fresh.

Ex.11. Complete the following text by choosing the sutable alternative to each noun.
1. Every year/years the company publishes its annual account/accounts in a report for the
shareholder/shareholders.
2. The main detail/details concern the financial report.
3. It contains information/informations about sale/sales, turnover/turnovers, cost/costs and profit/profits.
4. The document also reports the asset/assets that are held by the company, and the liability/liabilities.
5. These ones are any debt/debts or cash/cashes that the company owes.
6. All this data/datas is presented in the profit and loss/profits and losses account and the balance sheet.

Ex.12. Correct the mistakes if any.

1. The informations you need is in the post.
2. There’s three hundred people coming to take part in the conference.
3. The company’s headquarters is in Kyiv.
4. We have had a lot of troubles with this equipment.
5. This company makes good quality furnitures.
6. The travel agency gave very useful advices.
7. The premises was built in 2001.
8. Economics are interesting.
9. The news are very surprising.
10. This is an expensive equipment.
11. People you don't know are not a big, amorphous crowds of strangers.
12. When you introduce yourself by saying your own names, don't use your title.
13. If another persons is introducing you, just make eye contact and offer to shake hands when you are
being introduced.

Ex.13. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate nouns (plural or singular).
1. I have a ________ but I don’t take many photos.
2. There are seven ________ in a week.
3. There are twelve ________ in a year.
4. A vegetarian is a person who doesn’t eat ________.
5. There was a good ________ on at the cinema.
6. There are sixty________ in an hour.
7. He is not very good at writing ________ .
8. There were very few ________ at University today.
9. I want to water the flowers. I need some ________ .
10. I can speak two foreign ________ .
11. Victor travels a lot. He has been to many ________ .
12. Our house is very small. We don’t have many ________ and there is not much ________ in it.
13. I have a lot of ________ in my group. They all are very nice.
14. John works for a company that makes agricultural ________ .
15. Please can you help me with these ________ ? They are very heavy.

Ex.14. Translate into English.

1. Дозвольте мені відправити цього листа з Вашого комп’ютера.
2. Дозвольте мені зустріти Віктора та його братів.
3. Знайди мої контрольні роботи на тих полицях.
4. Ваші поради дуже корисні, але я не можу ними скористатися.
5. Інформація була дуже важливою для них.
6. Яка чудова погода!
7. У мене для вас свіжі фрукти.
8. Ви сьогодні слухали новини?
9. Я вважаю, що лише напружене навчання може допомогти успішно скласти іспити.
10. Я люблю каву з молоком.
11. Це не мої гроші, я не можу вам їх позичити.
12. Поліція ще не спіймала злодія.
13. Приємно провести відпустку біля моря, якщо погода сонячна.
14. Мама принесла свіжих овочів та фруктів з магазину.
15. Хто надав вам такі цікаві дані?

Ex.15. Give the feminine of the following nouns.

Host, prince, male, actor, son, bull, heir, bachelor, emperor, steward, monk, gentleman, duke, gander, sir,
earl, lion, husband, nephew, stallion, bridegroom, hero, king, drake, stepfather, god, tiger, boy-friend,
boar, father-in-law, barman, landlord, cock, count, salesman, prince, uncle, policeman, conductor.

Ex.16. Give the masculine of the following nouns.

Landlady, doe, policewoman, queen, nun, barmaid, ewe, countess, heroine, mother, empress, leopardess,
conductress, niece, sow, manageress, aunt, duchess, queen, widow, hostess, actress, stewardess, waitress.
Ex.17. Rewrite the following phrases as compound nouns (remember that the first noun is normally in
the singular).
1. a holiday which lasts 3 days
2. a report on an accident
3. a court of law
4. a licence to export
5. research into the market
6. a person who pays taxes
7. the manager responsible for sales
8. a publisher of newspapers
9. the launch of the product
10. the campaign of advertising
11. information about products
12. list of prices
13. services for customers
14. message by telephone
15. a person who holds shares

Ex.18.Make compound nouns from the following words.

weather share
credit clock
inflation holder
alarm forecast
market card
satellite software
container washer
card research
hotel ship
computer room
identity rate
dish number

Ex.19. Match English compounds with Ukrainian equivalents.

1. Outbreak a) спалах, раптовий початок
2. Break out b) бійня, прорив
3. Upturn а) покращення
4. Turn up b) щось загорнуте, відігнуте
5. Outlook а) погляд, краєвид
6. Lookout b) перспектива, оглядовий майданчик

7. Upset а) ситуація, становище

8. Set up b) план, змова

9. Outline а) контури, план-схема

10. Lineout b) пересаджування рослин

11. Overlay а) серветка

12. Layover b) тонкий шар покриття

13. Turnover а) грошовий обіг

14. Overturn b) переворот

Ex.20. Choose the correct form. In some cases, two variants are possible.
1.
a) the house of Nina b) Nina’s house c) Nina’s house
2.
a) the car of the Chief Executive b) the Chief Executive’s car c) the Chief Executives’ car
3.
a) the market share of NTL is 12% b) NTL’s market share is 12% c) NTLs’ market share is 12%
4.
a) the newspaper of yesterday b) yesterday’s newspaper c) yesterdays’ newspaper
5.
a) the students’ canteen b) the canteen of the students c) the student’s canteen
6.
a) the design of the computer b) the computer’s design c) the computers’ design
7.
a) Dr Audley’s job b) Dr Audleys’ job c) The job of Dr Audley
8.
a) the cat’s food b) the cats’ food c) the food of the cat
9.
a) Ukraines’ economy b) the economy of Ukraine c) Ukraine’s economy
10.
a) the companies’s results b) the companies’ results c) the results of the companies

Ex.21. Complete the sentences according to the following information.

Anna and Victor are married. They have two children, Katherine and Bob. Katherine is married to Andrew.
Katherine and Andrew have a daughter, Helen.
1. Anna is ________wife.
2. Victor is________ husband.
3. Katherine is________ sister.
4. Bob is ________uncle.
5. Bob is ________brother.
6. Helen is ________niece.
7. Katherine is ________wife.
8. Katherine is ________mother.
9. Victor is ________father.
10. Victor is ________grandfather.
11. Helen is ________granddaughter.
12. Andrew is ________husband.

Ex.22. Put the nouns from the brackets into Possessive Case.
1. When is ____________(your mother / birthday)?
2. Do you like ____________(your father / car)?
3. What is ____________(telephone number / Helena)?
4. ____________is near the city centre. (the flat / my friend).
5. ____________is very good. (Silvia / knowledge / history).
6. The ____________(report / Research Director) was very positive.
7. We hope that all _________(customers / our company) will like the new product.
8. We think it will meet ____________(needs / our customers).
9. I agree with ____________(opinion / our Sales Manager).
10. With this new product ___________(performance / next year) will be very good.

Ex.23. Give answers to the questions. Put the nouns in brackets into Possessive Case.
1. Whose bag is this? (my brother)
2. Whose daughter lives in L’viv? (my neighbour)
3. Whose book is on the desk? (my friend)
4. Whose marks are good? (their son)
5. Whose name is Vanessa? (my sister)
6. Whose car is this? (his father)
7. Whose is this umbrella? (Trinity)
8. Whose is this idea? (Michael)
9. Whose are these clothes? (his brother)
10. Whose poetry do you like best? (Byron)
11. Whose are these uniforms? (the soldiers)
12. Whose is this pen? (her friend).

Ex.24. Choose the correct variant.

1. I stepped on (the tail of the dog, the dog’s tail).
2. (The test of Maria, Maria’s test) was written without mistakes.
3. (The leaves of the trees, Trees’ leaves) are green.
4. Have you seen (the newspapers of yesterday, yesterday’s newspapers)?
5. Where is (the cat’s food, the food of the cat)?
6. When is (the doctor’s visit, the visit of the doctor) arranged?
7. Be careful, (the back of the car, the car’s back) is very close to the building.
8. The students have (two months’ holidays, holidays of two months) in summer.
9. Where did you last see (the glasses of your mother, your mother’s glasses)?
10. Is that (his father’s car, the car of his father) over there?
11. (The house’s roof, The roof of the house) is red.
12. (The sun’s rays, The rays of the sun) are very hot at the equator.

Ex.25. Correct the mistakes if there are any.

1. Always forgive your enemys, but never forget their names. (R. Kennedy)
2. The only place where success come before work is in a dictionary. (Vidal Sassoon)
3. Many complain of their looks, but none of their brains. (Yiddish proverb)
4. Wise men don't need advices. Fools won't take it. (Benjamin Franklin)
5. There are three ways to get something done: do it yourself, employ someone, or forbid your childrens
to do it. (Monta Crane)
6. The USA are a superpower with highly developed industry and agriculture.
7. The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet. (Aristotle).
8. The best man for a job is a women.
9. Heat the oil in the pan and fry the onion and garlics for about two minutes.
10. I am more afraid of an army of 100 sheeps lead by a lion than an army of 100 lions lead by a sheep.
(Talleyrand)

Ex.26. Translate into English.

1. Чоловік вашої подруги добре говорить англійською?
2. Це зошити наших студентів.
3. Ви знаєте дітей ваших сусідів?
4. Дружина нашого сусіда – вчителька.
5. Як називається книжка твого брата?
6. Волосся моєї сестри темного кольору.
7. Здобуті в університеті знання допомогли йому отримати хорошу роботу.
8. Племінниця герцога не вірила тим пліткам, що розповідали про її нареченого.
9. Ці новини були опубліковані у вчорашній газеті.
10. Влітку ми споживаємо набагато більше фруктів і овочів, ніж взимку.
11. Його поради допомагають мені в роботі.
12. На відміну від лева, левиця не має гриви (mane).
13. Поліція шукає злодіїв, які обікрали будинок спадкоємиці графа.
14. Одяг мого брата був розкиданий по всій кімнаті.
15. Ці макарони несмачні. Я не буду їх їсти.

ARTICLES
Ex.1. Decide which article you should put before the noun while translating into English.
1. До будинку під’їхав автомобіль.
2. Автомобіль уже під’їхав до будинку.
3. Книга була дуже цікава.
4. Це була дуже цікава книга.
5. Газети і журнали принесли вчасно.
6. Йому принесли газети і журнали.
7. Вони живуть у великій сучасній квартирі.
8. Квартира їм дуже сподобалася.
9. На станцію прибув поїзд.
10. Поїзд прибув із запізненням.
11. Діти люблять цукерки.
12. Цукерки були дуже смачні.
13. Це будинок.
14. Будинок дуже великий.
15. Це великий зелений десятиповерховий будинок.

Ex.2. Read the sentences. Say what the people’s jobs are. Choose from the list.
The first sentence has been done as an example for you.
Cook, driving instructor, journalist, nurse, pilot, plumber, poet, travel agent, waiter.
1. Andrew drives a taxi. – He is a taxi driver.
2. Mike works in a cafe, he brings the food to the tables. – _______________.
3. Mary arranges people’s holidays for them. – _________________.
4. Andrew works for an airline. He flies airplanes. – _______________.
5. Victor teaches people how to drive. – _______________.
6. Indy fits and repairs water pipes. – _________________.
7. Olaf writes articles for a magazine. – _______________.
8. Brian writes poems. – _______________.
9. Hanna cooks food at a restaurant. – ___________________.
10. Nina looks after patients in a hospital. – _______________.

Ex.3. Fill in the gaps with a/an or – (no article).

1. It's ____ honour to work with you.
2. I read ____ humorous article in the paper.
3. She is ____ O.A.P. (old age pensioner).
4. The IRA want ____ united Ireland.
5. He stayed in ____ hotel in the city centre.
6. That's ____ elitist point of view.
7. You'll find ____ information on the subject in the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
8. I like ____ coffee.
9. In Britain people don't have ____ ID cards.
10. ____ thing of beauty is ____ joy forever.
11. Peter lives in ____ old village in England.
12. In the centre of the village, there is ____ nice little church.
13. In front of the church, there is ____ old and beautiful park.
14. Herbert, ____ teacher of English from Dusseldorf, visits the village for the first time.
15. He says, "I'd like to live in such ____ little village".

Ex.4. Insert a/an, - or some.

1. I’ve seen ____ good films recently.
2. What's wrong with you? Have you got ____ headache?
3. I know a lot of people. Most of them are ____ students.
4. When I was ____ child, I used to be very shy.
5. Would you like to be ____ actor?
6. ____ birds, for example the penguin, cannot fly.
7. I don't feel very well this morning. I've got ____ sore throat.
8. Do you enjoy going to ____ concerts?
9. When we got to the city centre, ____ shops were still open but most of them were closed.
10. I don't believe him. He's a liar. He's always telling ____ lies.
11. Jane is ____ teacher. Her parents were teachers too.
12. Could you buy ____ stamps for me, please?
13. We have brought our camera. We'll be able to take ____ photographs of the building.
14. I'd like ____ cornflakes, please.
15. This is ____ excellent test.

Ex.5. Fill in the gaps with some, any or a/an.

1. I’m really thirsty. I need ____ water, please.
2. I went to the library, but I couldn’t find ____ books about art.
3. Can you give me ____ coffee, please?
4. She sent ____ postcards to her friends, but she didn’t make ____ phone calls when she was in Britain.
5. It’s very sunny but there is only ____ child playing in the street.
6. I bought ____ coffee, but I didn’t buy ____ tea.
7. Have you got ____ chocolate biscuits? I’m sorry, there are ____ biscuits left.
8. Mary, I’m afraid there isn’t ____ juice in the fridge but there’s ____ pineapple.
9. They ate ____ apples, ____ mango, but they didn’t eat ____ oranges.
10. Would you like ____ cheese? It’s delicious. - Ok, give me ____ .
11. Is there ____ olive oil in the kitchen? No, there isn’t ____ but there’s ____ butter.

Ex.6. In each sentence, choose the best phrase to complete the gap from the choices below (a, b, c, or
d).
1. The receptionist at the front desk gave me two ____ .
a) informations b) information c) pieces of information d) lots of information
2. My cousin is very beautiful. She has green eyes and ____ .
a) long hair b) long hairs c) a long hair d) a long length of hair
3. ____ have you got in the bank? Is it enough to buy a house?
a) How many moneys b) How many money c) How much money d) How much moneys
4. On Saturday, my friend Paul went fishing and he caught ____.
a) three fish b) three fishes c) three items of fish d) three of fish
5. Can I borrow ____ from you? I've left mine at home and I want to make some notes.
a) paper b) a paper c) a slice of paper d) a piece of paper
6. How much ____ did the teacher give us today? He always gives us a lot to do.
a) homework b) homeworks c) a lot of homework d) pieces of homework
7. Every morning before I come to University, I spend thirty minutes doing ____.
That's how I stay so slim.
a) exercise b) an exercise c) some exercises d) some pieces of exercise
8. Your sister is a great pianist. She played ____ at the party.
a) a lovely music b) some lovely musics c) lovely musics d) a lovely piece of music

Ex.7. Give answers to the questions.

Example: How often do you have your English classes? – Twice a weak.
How much does it cost to go by metro? – Two dollars a trip.
1. How often do you go to the cinema?
2. How much does it cost to go by tram?
3. How often do you have holidays?
4. What’s the speed limit on motorways?
5. How much sleep do you need?
6. How often do you eat out?
7. How much does a loaf of bread cost?
8. How often do you phone your parents?
9. What is the price of potato?
10. How often do you go to the theatre?

Ex.8. Decide whether to use the definite article the or not.

1. My grandmother likes ____ flowers very much.
2. I love ____ flowers in your garden.
3. See you on ____ Wednesday.
4. I always listen to ____ radio in the morning.
5. Alex goes to work by ____ bus.
6. Don't be late for ____ school.
7. Listen! Dennis is playing ____ trumpet.
8. We often see our cousins over ____ Easter.
9. She has never been to ____ Alps before.
10. What about going to Australia in ____ February?
11. Last year we visited ____ St. Paul's Cathedral and ____ Tower.
12. Mount Everest is ____ highest mountain on earth.
13. Loch Ness is ____ most famous lake in Scotland.
14. ____ most children like sweets.
15. ____ summer of 1996 was hot and dry.

Ex.9. Put the definite article the where necessary.

1. ____ Chicago River runs through the heart of the city.
2. ____ Rocky Mountains separate the West from the rest of the U.S.
3. ____ Mount St. Helens erupted with the force of a nuclear explosion on May 18, 1980.
4. ____ Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world, it is also the world's largest single physical
feature.
5. ____ Mediterranean Sea attracts tourists during the summer.
6. ____ Lake Tahoe is located on the border between California and Nevada.
7. I live on ____ West Coast.
8. I live on ____ Kamchatka Peninsula.
9. ____ Bryce Canyon is in Utah.
10. We visited ____ Galapagos Islands.
11. Have you ever been to ____ British Museum?
12. ____ Hyde Park is a very large park in ____ central London.
13. ____ Grand Hotel is in ____ Baker Street.
14. We flew to ____ New York from ____ Gatwick Airport near ____ London.
15. ____ Statue of Liberty is at the entrance to ____ New York harbour.

Ex.10. Read Peter’s letter to his friend and correct it inserting the definite article the where
necessary.
Hi John,
I arrived in ____ USA last Monday. We left ____ Rome, flew over ____ Alps and made a quick stop
in ____ London. There we went shopping in ____ Harrods, visited ____ Tower and enjoyed ____ sunny
afternoon in ____ Hyde Park.
On __ following day we left for __ New York. ___ time on board wasn't boring as there were two films to
watch on monitor. ___people on ___plane were all Italian.
Before we landed at ____ JFK airport, we saw ____ Statue of Liberty, ____ Ellis Island and ____ Empire
State Building.
____ hotel I stayed in was on ____ corner of ____ 42nd Street and ____ 5th Avenue. I don't like
____ hotels very much, but I didn't have ____ time to rent ____ apartment.
Please say hello to ___ Tom and ___ Kate.
Yours,
Peter

Ex.11. Fill in the gaps with the, possessive adjectives her/their/your or - .

1. John and Jane like ____ house very much.
2. With ____growth of global trade, many companies need ____foreign currencies to pay
____producers in other countries.
3. Can’t you look me in ____eye?
4. Fax machines have replaced ____letters for most daily business transactions.
5. ____problem of controlling access to ____Internet needs to be addressed.
6. Control of access to ____Internet poses ____problems.
7. Nowadays, Internet users have access to information from around ____world.
8. Be careful not to cut ____finger.
9. The report will discuss ____marketplace changes.
10. The speakers discussed ____social problems.
11. Kate broke ____arm two weeks ago.
12. The speaker warned of ____declining living standards of rural families.
13. I can't believe I failed ____yesterday's test!
14. I recommend you to try ____tomato soup at this restaurant.
15. We need to be at ____university in an hour.
Ex.12. Fill in a/an, the where necessary.
1. This flat is very nice. Has it got ___ sitting room?
2. He is going on holiday for ___ month in summer.
3. Lillian has a part-time job. She works three days ___ week.
4. There isn’t ___ railway station near where she lives.
5. His train was late. He had to wait at___ railway station for___ hour.
6. Can you tell me how to get to___ railway station?
7. I read ___ very interesting article yesterday but I don’t remember ___ name.
8. Can you recommend___ good book for reading?
9. It is___ best book I have ever read.
10. He is eating___ apple.
11. How often do you go to___ dentist?
12. Could you open___ window, please?
13. It was___ mistake.
14. My sister has just got ___ job in ___ bank in ___ Manchester.
15. Please meet me at the train station in ___ hour from now.

Ex.13. Read the story and fill in the gaps with a/an, the, or zero article.
1. In ___ autumn of 1935, when I was ___ young man, I was travelling in ___ north-west of ___ India.
2. One evening, after hunting in ___ forest all day, I was returning alone to ___ place where I had put
up my ___ tent.
3. It was getting dark, and I was walking along ___ narrow path.
4. On my right was ___ wide river, on my left ___ thick dark forest.
5. Suddenly I saw two green ___ eyes looking at me from among ___ trees.
6. ___ man-eating tiger was ready to jump on me.
7. What could I do? Should I jump into ___ river and hope to save my life by swimming?
8. I turned my head to ___ right.
9. In ___ river there was ___ immense crocodile waiting to welcome me with its mouth wide open.
10. I was so frightened that I shut my ___ eyes.
11. I heard branches moving as ___ tiger jumped.
12. I opened my eyes. What do you think had happened? The tiger had jumped right over me and was
now in ___ jaws of ___ crocodile.
13. That’s ___ true story, believe it or not!

Ex.14. Fill in the gaps with a(n), the if necessary.

1. I am ___ international student from ___ Philippines.
2. I decided that if I wanted to improve my English skills I should study English in ___ English
 speaking country.
3. First of all, I researched ___ all English speaking countries and considered many factors including
tuition fees, cost of living, approval to work part-time and climate.
4. I decided that I would like to study in ___ Australia.
5. Then, I applied for ___ student visa.
6. ___ application process was complex and I had to wait ___ long time for ___ decision.
7. However, it was worth ___ long wait because finally I was approved.
8. Once I received ___ visa I made my arrangements: airfare, accommodation, institution and start date.
I was so excited.
9. Before too long I was on ___ airplane flying to Australia.
10. I arrived on ___ glorious sunny day.
11. I took ___ taxi to my accommodation.
12. ___ taxi driver was very friendly and welcomed me to Australia.
13. ___ family I am staying with is very nice.
14. They are ___ Australian family and they usually have two international students staying with them at
any one time.
15. I had two days to explore my new city and then I started this course. Today is ___ very special day
for me. I am nervous but I am happy!

Ex.15. Read the sentences and complete them with a, an, the or - (no article).
1. What’s ___ date today? It’s ___ 9th of June.
2. She wants to be ___ architect but she isn’t good at ___ Maths.
3. Please clean up ___ bathroom. You left ___ terrible mess there.
4. He is fourteen but he behaves like ___ small child.
5. Let’s wait for ___ others. Perhaps they will want to go to ___ cinema with us.
6. What is ___ capital city of ___ Czech Republic?
7. She is not working at ___ moment. She is ___ unemployed technician.
8. We arrived ___ home at ___ six o’clock in ___ morning.
9. Don’t make ___ noise. I have ___ headache.
10. She bought ___ American car.
11. She lives in ___ north of ___ Spain but her parents live in ___ east.
12. Do you like ___ exams?
13. Do you need ___ degree in Economics or ___ degree in finance to be a better manager?
14. ___ Mt. Everest is ___ highest mountain in ___ world.
15. Do you like ___ weather here? Isn't it too hot during ___ day but it is very cold at ___ night?

Ex.16. Correct the mistakes if there are any.

1. Children learn easily what they see.
2. The sugar has lots of calories.
3. Where is the sugar I bought?
4. Life is difficult in this area because there isn’t enough water.
5. The life of the people in this area is difficult because there isn’t enough water.
6. The music makes me happy.
7. The music we’re listening to isn’t modern but it is very catchy.
8. The friends should help you when you need it.
9. The friends I was waiting for arrived this morning.
10. The Japanese is a difficult language.
11. The Japanese language is difficult.
12. The Japanese are really hard-working.
13. The Japanese people are really hard-working.
14. I can’t play piano.
15. She plays basketball in a famous team.

Ex.17. Translate into English.

1. Вона працює вісім годин на день шість днів на тиждень.
2. Кілограм картоплі коштує гривню.
3. Ми ходимо до театру двічі на місяць.
4. Він працює у центрі міста.
5. Я не люблю ходити до дантиста.
6. Мені потрібно сьогодні сходити до банку та на пошту.
7. Я хотів би поговорити з менеджером.
8. Я взяв таксі, щоб дістатися до залізничного вокзалу.
9. Чи не могли б Ви відчинити вікно?
10. Я виключив телевізор і почав читати книжку.
11. Коли ми були студентами, ми не могли дозволити собі вечерю в ресторані.
12. Французи відомі своїм гумором, англійці – коректністю, а німці – пунктуальністю.
13. Київ – столиця України, незалежної європейської держави.
14. Ви вмієте грати на гітарі?
15. Хлопці з нашої групи кожен вечір грають у футбол.