Acta Scientific Otolaryngology (ISSN: 2582-5550)

Volume 4 Issue 7 July 2022

Review Article

Logoaudiometry, a Study of Auditory Perception of the Word

Julio Miguel Linares Marcell*

Received: April 20, 2022
Medical Specialist in Medicina General Integral, Specialist of First Degree in Speech
Published: June 13, 2022
Therapy and Phoniatrics, Provincial Clinical Hospital - Faustino Pérez Surgical,
© All rights are reserved by Julio Miguel
Matanzas, Cuba
Linares Marcell.
*Corresponding Author: Julio Miguel Linares Marcell, Medical Specialist in
Medicina General Integral, Specialist of First Degree in Speech Therapy and
Phoniatrics, Provincial Clinical Hospital - Faustino Pérez Surgical, Matanzas, Cuba.

Abstract
Introduction: Logoaudiometry or verbal audiometry tests evaluate the patient’s hearing ability to understand the spoken word by
hearing. These consist of lists of words that have been perfected over time to ensure their quality, repeatability and reliability.
Objectives: To inquire about the methodology, procedures, techniques, and applications of Logoaudiometry.
Methods: A review was made in the literature on the subject. 20 references were used to better fit the theme. The Google search
engine, Google Scholar and the MEDLINE and SciELO databases were used.
Analysis and Synthesis of Information: Verbal audiometry is the study of hearing in which you have to respond to verbal signals
such as phonemes, words, phrases or continuous speech. This test seeks to find the uptake and discrimination of the ear for language,
establishing the percentage of words understood correctly with the necessary intensity so that they are measured and expressed in
relative decibels. Lists of balanced words phonetically presented loudly or in recording are used as material.
Conclusions: Within the auditory studies, logoaudiometry is a complex but important test that has clinical applications for people
with prostheses, cochlear implants and/or brainstem implants, children and adults with hearing deficit in general. It complements
conventional tonal audiometry.
Keywords: Logoaudiometry; Verbal Audiometry; Tests

Introduction balance). In a short time, these refined and recorded lists (PAL pb-
The spoken word is a complex acoustic signal, which is 50) were being used for audiometric testing [3].
linguistically organized and allows verbal communication.
Verbal audiometry or logoaudiometry is any study of hearing
Logoaudiometry or verbal audiometry tests evaluate, from lowest
in which the stimuli to which it has to respond are verbal signals,
to greatest difficulty, the patient’s hearing ability to discriminate,
whether phonemes, words, phrases, continuous speech etc. Its
identify, recognize and understand this spoken word aurally [1,2].
purpose is to determine a person’s ability to perceive spoken
The first verbal audiometry tests were created in the United language. Its main clinical application is in the localization and
States not for medical purposes, but to check the quality of quantification of a dysfunction in the auditory system. In the
communication equipment during World War II. They were lists prosthetic adaptation it is essential both for the selection of the
of 50 words that tried to represent the spoken language (phonetic characteristics of the hearing aid and for the verification of the

Citation: Julio Miguel Linares Marcell. “Logoaudiometry, a Study of Auditory Perception of the Word". Acta Scientific Otolaryngology 4.7 (2022): 16-25.
Logoaudiometry, a Study of Auditory Perception of the Word

17

quality of the adaptation. In studies conducted in children, we must A formant is the peak of intensity in the spectrum of a sound
bear in mind that the objective of verbal audiometry is to measure where more energy is concentrated at a certain frequency. The
auditory perception, and not their linguistic knowledge [4]. formants make it possible to distinguish the sounds of human
speech, especially vowels and other sound consonant sounds.
Conventional logoaudiometry and sensitized logoaudiometry
(S/R) are intended to measure the discrimination of spoken The former with the lowest frequency is designated F1, the
language inside and outside a noisy environment, so it is necessary second F2, the third F3, etc. Normally only the first two formants
to understand what it is and what its function is in language are necessary to characterize a vowel, especially in languages
discrimination. with less than six vowels such as Spanish (Table 1). In vowels, the
first two formants are mainly determined by the position of the
Language fulfills multiple functions, both individually in the language. F1 has a higher frequency the lower the tongue, that is,
general development of the individual, and collectively in relation the greater the aperture a vowel has, the higher the frequency at
to the integration of people in the social environment, therefore, an which F1 appears (/a/is open, /i u/are closed). The F2 has greater
alteration in language, especially in the discrimination of it, affects frequency the more forward the tongue is positioned, that is, the
the person in both spheres: personal and social. more anterior a vowel is, the greater the F2 (/i/is anterior,/u/
is posterior). The upper formants, from the fourth to the sixth,
Also with the development of sound recording and analysis
are believed to characterize each person’s individual speech, the
technology, the emergence of new materials was promoted, which
timbre [1,2].
comply with the regulations of application in this field, standards
whose objective is to guarantee the quality, repeatability and
Vowel formants
reliability of the same.
Vocal Forming F1 Forming F2
According to international regulations, if you want to obtain u 320 HZ 700 Hz
reliable and stable results, you should always prefer to use verbal o 500 Hz 800 Hz
material recorded with the highest quality [4]. a 800 Hz 1.200 Hz
e 500 Hz 1.800 Hz
This diagnostic procedure should constitute an essential
i 320 HZ 2.100 Hz
examination in the auditory examination of children and patients
with presbycusis, so the objective of this work is to inquire about Table 1: First and second formant of the vowels in Spanish.
the methodology, procedures, techniques, and applications of Martinez Celdrán 1986.
Logoaudiometry.
In consonants the formants are less clear, perceived mostly
Methods thanks to the effect on adjacent vowels. In the case of voiceless
A review was carried out on the subject in the literature, using consonants, produced without vibration of the vocal cords, the
internet sources and texts of the specialty by selection of the author, acute frequency components predominate.
50 articles were consulted of which 20 were used to better fit the
With the formants and/or points of greater energy of the
theme. The Google search engine, Google Scholar and the MEDLINE
different phonemes of the language, a graphic representation
and SciELO databases were used.
of the different phonemes is drawn in the clinical audiogram,
Analysis and synthesis of information considering the frequency of the same and their intensity, creating
To identify the phonemes of the spoken word, the ear relies on with this information a graph that resembles a banana (Figure 1).
frequency bands where most of the sound energy of a sound, called This correlates in the tonal audiogram, the auditory perception
formants, is concentrated. of the different phonemes in frequency and intensity, helping to
understand the limitations that a person with different degrees of
hearing loss can present in their discrimination of the spoken word
[1].

Citation: Julio Miguel Linares Marcell. “Logoaudiometry, a Study of Auditory Perception of the Word". Acta Scientific Otolaryngology 4.7 (2022): 16-25.
Logoaudiometry, a Study of Auditory Perception of the Word

18

Registration technique
The methodology, the necessary equipment and the
composition of the verbal material for these tests are regulated
by the international standards IEC 645/2 on equipment for verbal
audiometry and ISO 8253-3 on tests for verbal audiometry [1-4]
and AEDA-2: 2-4 [3].

The material that composes them, for standardized use, is the

word isolated in phonically balanced lists at different intensities
[3,7,8]. It should be borne in mind that lists of bisyllabic words,
which are the most used in Spanish-speaking countries, perform
better than monosyllables due to the greater number of bisyllables
in the Spanish language and a greater extrinsic redundancy that
Figure 1: Audiogram with speech sounds. Note in the
translates into greater ease of recognition of the word.
abscissas the number of decibels (dB) and in the ordered
frequencies (Hz). Currently many authors propose different lists, but the phonetic
material used to measure discrimination must meet requirements
such as: having equal audibility or ability to be heard, be
From the above figure it can be understood how it is universally
phonetically balanced and different, and be constituted by words
accepted [3] the relationship between the tonal mean between
familiar to the subject [4]. The use of different lists in different
the frequencies 500.1000 and 2000 Hz (called conversational
healthcare centres leads to logoaudiometric results that are not
frequencies) and the intensity at which the language is perceived.
comparable to each other.
Through logoaudiometry, it is sought to find the uptake and
Although word lists have many advantages for clinical practice
discrimination of the ear for language, establishing the percentage
(they are an international standard method, they are relatively
of words understood correctly with the necessary intensity so
fast and practical, etc.), however, they have some shortcomings,
that they are measured and expressed in relative decibels. In
recognized since their creation, the main one of which is that
this way it allows us to know if auditory commitment affects
they do not attend to suprasegmental phenomena (intonation,
the communication process. It explores the sensorineural and
rhythm), absolutely essential in the decoding of speech. Among its
neurophysiological aspects of hearing [4-6].
disadvantages, we can also highlight the lack of naturalness of the
It can be said that logoaudiometry consists of two fundamental task: with few exceptions, in no daily communicative situation we
tests: the discrimination percentages test, applied in a normal communicate by separating the words by pauses, and using only
audiometry and the logoaudiometric threshold search test. Usually nouns.
in the clinic the term logoaudiometry is used to refer to this last
However, they are simpler units to evaluate than sentences or
test [4,7] (Figure 2).
texts, because variables such as the different syntactic structures of
each language do not intervene in them; the processing of isolated
words requires less intervention of higher cognitive processes
than that of more complex units, such as sentences. In any case,
the appropriate thing is to be able to have audiometric tests that
use both the lists of words and the continuous speech in Spanish,
as is the case with most of the languages of our environment [3,9].

Figure 2: Logoaudiometry graph. Note in the abscissas is The person to be examined is placed in a soundproof booth,
placed the system of percentage of words captured, repeated where verbal or logoaudiometric tests will be performed through
correctly, and on the ordered decibels of intensity to which an audiometer.
each list was read.

Citation: Julio Miguel Linares Marcell. “Logoaudiometry, a Study of Auditory Perception of the Word". Acta Scientific Otolaryngology 4.7 (2022): 16-25.
Logoaudiometry, a Study of Auditory Perception of the Word

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The mode of presentation of the same can be live voice, through to perform a motor action, such as pointing to an image, with less
speakers (free field), insertors and/or headphones depending on difficulty than repeating words that are presented to him [1].
the objective to be achieved. This is useful mainly for the elderly,
children and people with associated pathologies, since the rhythm Some of these tests used in the Spanish language are:
of presentation is adapted to the needs of the subject examined • Test the Ling.
or in recording that provides greater stability, greater comfort, • Early Speech Perception test (ESP)
better calibration, greater simplicity and avoids lip-reading [1,7].
A mode of realization by air (with vibrator on the mastoid) is also Test the ling
described [8,10]. This is a simple test, used mainly in children, which uses 6
phonemes (“A”, “I”, “U”, “S”, “SH”, “M”), different frequency, covering
With the aim of discriminating, identifying, recognizing and
the spectrum of the word, the person examined must identify the
auditorily understanding the spoken word, logoaudiometry tests
sound and repeat it or point it out in the drawings in front of him
last from 15 to 20 minutes, although they can be prolonged more
[1]. Evaluates detection, discrimination, identification and sound
depending on the collaboration of the same and can be passed in a
recognition.
closed or open context, with or without support of lip reading and
must be adapted to maturing development, cognitive and linguistic It can be performed even at home, by parents, every day to
of the child and/or adult [7]. determine if the child is consistently responding to language,
noticing any changes in hearing levels due to malfunctions of
A closed context is understood as the condition in which
hearing aids or infections in the middle ear.
the patient has the possibility to choose, from among several
previously selected answers, the one on which he is questioned. The examiner should be seated at the level of the child and with
These closed choice tests involve auditory identification of the his hand in front of the mouth, avoiding labiofacial reading, sounds
elements presented and are less difficult than those presented in are initially pronounced in a normal tone of voice. As more ability
an open context. They are frequently used in children with hearing to respond to sounds is gained, the distance between the two is
impairments and in the follow-up of people implanted with increased to one meter trying not to leave the same time interval
cochlear implants and/or brainstem implants mainly. between each sound. It’s easy for children to recognize a pattern
and respond automatically, even if they don’t hear the sounds.
The open context implies that the patient does not have
previously limited answers, nor does he have in front of him any Even if the infant is less than twelve months old, the test may be
written material that helps him to answer the question raised, applied to see if he or she is able to detect the sounds. When they
therefore, he requires at least the auditory recognition of the spoken are able to consistently detect sounds they are taught to imitate
word. These are the ones that are used in a routine consultation for them, in this way you will be sure that they can discriminate them.
diagnosis, also useful in the follow-up of implanted people and/or
carriers of hearing aids. The results can be compared with the following table (Figure 3).

Logoaudiometry in closed context

The test is carried out in a soundproof booth, with an audiometer,
either with headphones/insertors or in free field with hearing
aids/cochlear implant/middle ear implant, placing the examinee
one meter from the speaker/speakers. The test is performed by
voice or by means of a CD recording at intensity controlled by the
examiner.

Graphic support is always present in the performance of the

test because the young child with suspected hearing loss is able
Figure 3

Citation: Julio Miguel Linares Marcell. “Logoaudiometry, a Study of Auditory Perception of the Word". Acta Scientific Otolaryngology 4.7 (2022): 16-25.
Logoaudiometry, a Study of Auditory Perception of the Word

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Early word perception test has been understood by the child. At least 4 objects are selected
Aimed mainly at children, it is designed by J. Moog and A. Geers based on the child’s interests. It will take 6 correct answers to move
of the “Central Institute for the Deaf” and has an adaptation to the to the top category [1,2].
Spanish language. 2 versions have been developed: standard, for
Logoaudiometry in open context
children aged between 4 and 15 years and simplified, for children
from 2 to 4 years. Its objective is to categorize the perception of the The test is performed in a soundproof booth, the person is
word in those patients with profound hearing loss [1,2]. There are tested using headphones or insertors or in the free field without/
four categories defined by the following characteristics: with hearing aids or cochlear implant or middle ear implant. In the
latter situation, the patient is located one meter from each speaker.
• Category 1: No perception of auditory patterns. Children The intensity of stimulation is controlled by the examiner. The test
are unable to discriminate audibly even between words that is performed loudly in patients under 10 years of age or by means
differ in their duration (e.g., sun vs. ball). of a CD recording in those over this age and the presentation is
• Category 2: Perception of auditory patterns. This includes unique, without allowing the repetition of the item.
children who have developed minimal skills in word
Each list of words and/or phrases are presented at different
perception. At the lower level children begin to discriminate
intensities and the child or adult upon hearing them should repeat
between words from a closed series that differ in duration. At
them. It is considered a correct answer when the examinee repeats
the upper level they perform this discrimination of duration
the same word without altering any phoneme and correctly repeats
and also of words with different accentuation (e.g., duck vs.
the words that make up the sentence, the results are expressed
baby).
in percentages, no support of lip reading is used, nor of graphic
• Category 3: Limited word identification. It includes material. In Spanish the most frequent words are bisyllables. It is
children who demonstrate a minimal ability to use spectral noted in each intensity, the number of terms understood, which
information or intonation. They are able to discriminate will allow to build the Intelligibility curve [1,11-13].
between words of stress and similar duration when
presented in closed series and when the words contain It begins in a norm-listening subject at an intensity of 40dB at
highly differentiated vowels (e.g., dog vs. chair). which a normal subject captures 100% of the words. Progressively
• Category 4: Consistent word identification. It demonstrates the intensity is lowered from 10 to 10 dB until it commits some
a great facility for the use of spectral information in the failure in its repetitions. Then you increase 15dB and the words
discrimination of monosyllabic words. They differentiate are presented, you go down from 5 to 5 dB until you reach 50% of
between monosyllables presented in a relatively large closed correct repetitions and you continue to go down until you reach
series (e.g., 12 possibilities). 0% of correct repetitions. An italic S-shaped curve is obtained,
called the Intelligibility curve. This curve is represented in a
Standard version graph, in which the axis of abscissas is determined by the intensity
Consists of 3 graphics with 12 images each. in decibels of the auditory stimulus and the axis of ordinates is
determined by the percentage of words repeated correctly [1-3,14].
Simplified version
The following thresholds are defined and should be noted on
As in the previous version, the same objectives are evaluated. It
this curve:
is an emergency test in which those objects, toys, that are familiar
to the child (ball, car, etc.) are used, and there is no prepared list. • Voice detectibility threshold
Before starting, it is necessary to carry out a pre-training in order
• Audibility Threshold
for the child to discriminate pairs of objects of different lengths,
• Verbal Reception Threshold
starting with visual and auditory support. You must respond
correctly to 6 consecutive items, before considering that the task • Percentage of Discrimination
• Threshold of discrimination or maximum understanding.

Citation: Julio Miguel Linares Marcell. “Logoaudiometry, a Study of Auditory Perception of the Word". Acta Scientific Otolaryngology 4.7 (2022): 16-25.
Logoaudiometry, a Study of Auditory Perception of the Word

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Threshold or liminal tests dB and present another. Continue to go down and present a
They look for the point of minimum intensity to which the word until the answer is incorrect. The discrimination thus
subject responds according to what we expect from him. Usually obtained will be the maximum discrimination of that patient.
each ear is studied separately and the result obtained is recorded The result should indicate the percentage of discrimination
in decibels or decibels (dB) of intensity [3]. Below will be detailed and at what intensity it has been obtained [4,17].
about the different nominations and the methodology for each of • Threshold of discrimination or maximum comprehension,
them. which is defined by the order that marks the percentage of
• Threshold of detectibility of the voice or speech awearness maximum discrimination at the peak [1]. In the subject with
Thershold (SAT) which translated means “level of voice normal hearing it reaches 100% and represents the largest
perception”: the person evaluated listens to the auditory number of words repeated correctly [9]. In many cases it is
stimulus provided, but does not understand it since it only appropriate to measure discrimination at low intensities. To
manages to capture murmurs. This threshold is located do this, 10 dB is lowered from the lowest intensity tested
in individuals without hearing problems around 5 dB HL [4,18].
[5,9,10].
The normal form of intelligibility curve of the word in S italic will
• Hearing Detection Threshold (UDP): It is the minimum vary depending on the type of hearing loss. Thus, in transmission
intensity at which the subject notices that he is being spoken, or conductive hearing loss, the recognition of isolated bisyllabic
but does not understand the language [3]. The person words will reach a recognition greater than 90% of the words
answers the first word correctly. presented at a higher intensity, that is, the morphology of the
• Threshold of uptake, intelligibility or Speech Reception normal hearing curve is maintained, displaced in intensity.
(URV) or speech reception Threshold (SRT), which is
the minimum auditory level at which 50% of the words In sensorineural hearing loss, the recognition of isolated
presented can be identified, which is approximately 15 dB bisyllabic words is limited, even raising the intensity to a
above the tonal threshold of conversational frequencies. For comfortable level, the auditory recognition of the words is not
the determination of the threshold of verbal reception, it is increased, as the time factor and/or frequency factor are affected.
recommended to use polysyllabic words in Spanish, which are When the lesion is retrocochlear, the maximum intelligibility
of high frequency of use, have great redundancy and similar obtained at the lowest possible intensity decreases by more than
difficulty between the words with all this they manage to go 20% with increasing intensity (roll over effect) [1].
from with few dB of difference of very low discriminations
The verbal reception threshold (URV) greater than 15 dB in
(20%) to very high discriminations (80%) [1,5,9]. The
relation to tonal audiometry, indicates a dissociation between
purpose of the SRT is: to corroborate the result obtained
tonal and verbal audiometry, which orients towards simulator, not
in the audiometry, to provide an indication of the auditory
good collaboration on the part of the subject examined, not correct
sensitivity in the perception of language and also serves as a
calibration [1,19,20].
basis for being able to find the speech Discrimination (SD) or
level of discrimination of the language [10,15,16]. Material verbal:
• Percentage of discrimination or sensitivity, or speech We must take into account the importance of sound formants in
discrimination that is the proportion of words included phonematic identification (Table 1) and that the sound spectrum
at a level of intensity located at 35 dB above the threshold of the spoken word extends from the low frequencies to the high
of intelligibility [1,9]. During this test, monosyllabic and frequencies, being those between 250-4,000 Hz, the ones that offer
bisyllabic words are used in order to find the highest level the most information of the different phonemes [1] and the most
of discrimination (SRT and SD) and trisyllabic words to find important tones 500, 1000 and 2000 Hz [1,9].
the minimum levels, i.e. the SAT [10]. We present the subject
with a list of 25 words, if he repeats them correctly, lower 10

Citation: Julio Miguel Linares Marcell. “Logoaudiometry, a Study of Auditory Perception of the Word". Acta Scientific Otolaryngology 4.7 (2022): 16-25.
Logoaudiometry, a Study of Auditory Perception of the Word

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To perform this test, the patient must repeat the words and/ List of words by Tato and others: [11,12]
or phrases once heard. In this sense there is a marked difference It consists of 12 lists of 25 bass balanced phonetically balanced
depending on the type of patient to be evaluated. bisyllabic words. For this, 10,000 words taken from newspaper
articles, stories, pieces of magazines were used.
The use of recorded material allows a standardization of the
evaluation conditions, however, the live presentation allows greater
CID sentences test: [1]
flexibility during the evaluation, which is particularly useful in
young children. The advantages of a recorded material are: visual It consists of 100 sentences distributed in 10 lists, which the

communication between the hearing care professional and the patient has to repeat without any visual or graphic help. The

patient without risk of the latter reading the lips, repetition of the answers are valued, counting each of the keywords that make up

test without the examiner being exhausted, absence of regional the sentence and that are underlined in the lists. The results are

accent in the words [13,14]. presented in the form of percentages. The test is an adaptation to
the Spanish language of the “Every day sentences test” (CID). It
In Spanish-speaking countries such as Mexico, Argentina, has been carried out by the ENT Department of the University of
others in Latin America and Spain, the pioneers in the design of this Navarra following the guidelines and supervision of J. Moog and A.
type of lists were Tato, Lorente, Sanjurjo and Bello [10,11]. Aurelia Geers of the “Central Institute for the Deaf” (St. Louis, USA).
Cancel, Quirós, Morgante, Rosenblut and De Cruz also deserve
mention [3,13]. HINT phrases: [1]
It consists of noise phrases presented through a CD and the
Later Berruecos and Rodríguez in 1967 established 4
adult/child must repeat the phrase presented. Used in children
phonetically balanced lists taking into account the idioms of
from 6 years of age. Developed by Nilsson and adapted to Spanish
the Mexican population [9,10]. Based on Colombian research
by Huarte. It consists of 240 phrases in Spanish, 20 phrases in 12
focused on the validation of a list of words taking into account
lists.
the Colombian sociocultural environment, Oramas and Rodríguez
stand out, who designed the Ibero Speech Recognition Thershold They are presented with/without noise through a CD and
Lists (LI-SRT) [10]. the subject must repeat the phrase presented. The peculiarity of
these lists is that the noise is adaptive and determine the level of
The lists of standardized bisyllabic words developed by
intensity necessary to reach 50% recognition of the sentences. The
Marrero-Cárdenas [1] as well as lists of words from the P.I.P. Test
lists maintain the phonemic distribution. It is available in several
of Furmanski and collaborators (word identification test) are also
languages.
recognized [11,12,21].
Sensitized speech therapy (speech discrimination in noise):
In recent years, in Chile, according to surveys, the known terms
[1,15,16]
are the preferred material for the pediatric population unlike
It is all kinds of special logoaudiometry that uses some artifice to
adults where the Farfán and Palacio lists are mainly used [13].
modify or distort some quality of the voice or the spoken message

Bisyllabic test (Marrero-Cárdenas): [1,8] (Quirós 1980).

This acoustic material is made up of lists of standardized It is aimed at identifying deficits in sensory processing that
bisyllabic words belonging to everyday vocabulary, developed affect hearing and comprehension of the spoken word. Studies
by Marrero-Cárdenas in Spanish. Composed of 15 lists with 20 such as that of Amaya E., et al. [17] suggest that the use of this test
bisyllabic words each, for children and 20 lists with 25 bisyllabic in conjunction with tonal audiometry is necessary for an annual
words each for adults. The words are from everyday vocabulary, audiological control. In these patients, a dissociation between
must have the same number of syllables, a similar difficulty and liminal tonal audiometry and verbal audiometry is observed, which
appear on the list with the same proportion as in spoken language determines a non-peripheral auditory pathology or an auditory
(>20%); all phonemes of spoken language must be represented. processing disorder.

Citation: Julio Miguel Linares Marcell. “Logoaudiometry, a Study of Auditory Perception of the Word". Acta Scientific Otolaryngology 4.7 (2022): 16-25.
Logoaudiometry, a Study of Auditory Perception of the Word

23

It includes a series of tests in which verbal stimuli higher than performance of the different technical aids such as cochlear
the threshold of verbal reception are used. The presentation is in implants or middle ear implants or hearing aids, and guides in
monotic listening, that is, a stimulus or two stimuli in the same the follow-up of the users of these devices, being important for
ear, simultaneously. Or didicotic listening, where they present a the prosthetic adaptation and the selection of the characteristics
stimulus or two stimuli in both ears, simultaneously. of the hearing aid. It is part of the evaluation of central auditory
processing disorders. Its results can be crossed with those of tonal
To carry out these sensitized verbal tests, different parameters audiometry comparing them to verify the finding of an alteration.
must be modified using filters, reductions and masking noises Study the existence of central hearing loss using special vocal tests
[1]. Some of these tests are: Carhart logoaudiometry, Alternating [1,4,18].
voice test, Lombard test, Logoaudiometry with filters, Speech
compression test, acentual_BOCCA logoaudiometry, Calearo and Conclusions
Lazzaroni logoaudiometry and message speed, Speech in noise Within the auditory studies, logoaudiometry is a complex and
test, Binaural integration test. important test with clinical applications of interest for the study
and follow-up of people with prostheses, cochlear implants and/
Masking in logoaudiometry
or brainstem implants, children and adults with hearing deficit
The evaluation of language decoding in noise is necessary in general. It is a complementary test to conventional tonal
because very few real conversational exchanges take place in audiometry.
environmental conditions such as those of soundproof cameras,
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Citation: Julio Miguel Linares Marcell. “Logoaudiometry, a Study of Auditory Perception of the Word". Acta Scientific Otolaryngology 4.7 (2022): 16-25.