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Experiment No. 1
THE MICROSCOPE

Objective: To be familiarized with the microscope as a basic tool in evidence

examination.
To learn the correct technique of using and caring for the microscope.
Materials: Microscope, glass slides and cover glass or glass slip.
Discussion: The microscope is a laboratory appliance that is able to magnify specimens
when viewed under its objectives. In evidence examination, magnification
is necessary to allow users to study and analyze in greater detail the
specimens and to identify if there are any details for differentiation,
similarities or aberrations that may prove significant in the investigation
process.
Observation: Draw and label the parts of the microscope.

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Conclusion: Answer the following question:

1. Enumerate the different parts of the microscope and discuss their functions.
________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

2. Enumerate at least 5 ways in the proper care of the microscope.

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

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Experiment No. 2
FAMILIARIZATION WITH INVESTIGATIVE TOOLS
Objectives: To be familiarized and to develop an appreciation of the value of tools
used in the investigative process.
Materials:

1. Collection Devices Forceps, Tweezers, Gloves

2. Measuring devices Calipers, Rulers, Tapes
3. Safety Gear Tapes Protective Glasses, Shoes, Clothes,
Head gear
4. Documentation Cameras, Sketching Pads, Notebooks
Devices
5. Evidence Bottles, Bags, Envelopes, Vials, Boxes, Crates
Preservation
6. Identification, Sealing Labels, Tags, Adhesives, Permanent markers
Devices & Markers

Discussion: Investigative tools are necessary to aid investigators in their responsibility

to collect, handle and preserve evidence. Since the value of physical
evidence has to be safeguarded and preserved proper collection,
handling and preservation has to be observed using appropriate tools.
Observations: Familiarize yourself with the above materials and make a drawing of the
same.

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Conclusion:
1. Discuss the 4 basic principles that govern collection, handling and preservation of
evidence.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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Experiment No. 3
COLLECTION, PRESERVATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD
AND BLOODSTAINED EVIDENCE

Objective: To acquire the skill in collecting, packing and preserving blood and
bloodstained evidence.
Materials: Blood pools, bloodstains on hard objects, clothing’s and fabrics. Gauze,
medicine dropper, glass slide, test tube, glass vial, kraft envelope, razor
blade, clean bond paper, scotch tape, marking pens, Sodium Fluoride.
Discussion: Blood and bloodstains are common pieces of evidence especially in crimes
of violence involving sharp instruments, guns and explosives. To be able to
preserve this type of evidence requires an understanding of the nature of
blood and bloodstains - that it is relatively fragile and can be easily corrupted
by such elements as heat and growth of microorganisms. For this type of
evidence to hold value in a court of law, it has to be preserved without
substantial change from its original condition, identifiable by way of proper
labeling and sealed to protect it from accidental or intentional manipulation.
Procedure:
A. Liquid Blood
1. Make a general description of the location and condition of the blood or
bloodstains found. What is the color or condition of the bloodstain?
2. From blood pools, hold sterile gauze with clean forceps and soak in the blood
pool. Exercise care so that the gauze is in contact only with the blood and not
with the surface to minimize contamination.
3. Air-dry the gauze. Do not use direct heat to dry nor expose to direct sun. Pack
material only when completely dry.
4. Transfer the dried gauze to a clean piece of bond paper, make a
pharmaceutical fold of the paper over the gauze and keep in a kraft envelope,
seal and sign across the flap of the envelope. Write down name, date, source
of sample, and case information if available.
5. When practicable, collect blood using a clean dropper and transfer into a test
tube containing a little amount of Sodium Fluoride (NaF).
a. Cover the test tube with stopper and seal
b. Label the test tube with name of investigator, date of collection and
sealing. Secure your seal to ensure that the evidence is secure from
any tampering or destruction.
6. Alternatively, transfer blood to a glass slide and a cover slip. Label
accordingly.

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B. Bloodstains on Large Solid Surfaces

1. Obtain a clean knife or razor blade. Use the bladed portion to scrape loose
the dried blood from the surface and con same into a clean piece of paper as
it breaks from the Collect and pack scrapings from different areas separately.
2. If blood has crusted, care must be exercised to remove it will be breaking it if
possible.
3. Gently tap the paper to move the scrapings to the center of paper then
perform a pharmaceutical fold as demonstrated by the instructor.
4. Seal thoroughly the folded paper using scotch tape and place inside a kraft
envelope. Seal the envelope with tape and affix your signature across the flap
and other information as in (A.4).

C. Bloodstain on Clothing and Fabrics

1. Wet clothing or fabric must be air-dried completely at room temperature and
not under direct sunlight or heat.
2. When completely dry, use chalk to encircle the stains found but at a distance
from the stain so as not to cause contamination.
3. Items should be packed separately. Wrap and pack in paper bags, seal and
label as in (A.4).
4. Secure the bag containing the items in a dry facility until ready to be sent to
a laboratory for testing.

D. Bloodstain on Hard & Smooth Objects

1. Air dry the object. Do not expose to direct sunlight or heat.
2. Using marking pens, place identifying marks directly recovered object but at
a safe distance from the stain to avoid contamination. Provide label or string
tag bearing following:
a. Case Number
b. Date and Time specimen was collected
c. Name and Description of Specimen
d. Location where specimen was recovered
e. Name and Signature of Investigator
f. Witness to attest to the evidence.
3. Wrap the object in paper and place in a paper or board container. Seal
accordingly and affix tag.

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Conclusion: Answer the following questions:

1. What is the purpose of adding Sodium Fluoride to liquid blood samples
collected?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. What is the purpose of packing bloodstained articles found in different
locations separately?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

3. Why should direct heat not be applied to blood evidence during the drying
process?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

4. What is the purpose of completely drying bloodstained clothing before

packing?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

5. Why is a kraft envelope used for packing bloodstained clothing or fabric

instead of plastic bags?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

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Experiment No. 4
COLLECTION & PRESERVATION OF SEMEN
& SEMEN-STAINED SAMPLES

Objectives: To acquire the skill in collecting, packing and preserving seminal fluid
evidence and semen-stained clothing.
Materials: Fresh semen, semen-stained clothing, cardboard or similar materials, paper
bag or a large box, tying material, chalk, 10% formalin solution.
Discussion: Semen is a viscous whitish to greyish secretion of the male reproductive
system that may contain spermatozoa, enzymes, secretions of the testes,
the seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands. In cases involving
rape and sexual assault and other sexual offenses this type of evidence may
be encountered. This is a perishable type of evidence so the need to
maintain its evidential value hinges on proper handling and preservation
after it is collected.
Semen may be found fresh in the vagina or rectal contents of a victim. It may
also be found as dried secretions adhering to pubic hair and skin around the
genitals or sometimes as dry stains in undergarments, linen and other
objects.
Procedure:
A. Fresh Semen
1. Transfer fresh semen into a glass vial and add a few drops of 10% formalin
solution.
2. Cover the glass vial and secure the cover with adhesive tape in such a manner
that it cannot be opened without breaking the seal.
3. Label or tie a tag to the container. Write your name and pertinent information
of the case.
B. Semen-Stained Clothing
1. Air-dry the stained clothing if still moist. Do not dry under direct sun or apply
heat.
2. To identify the stain, encircle with chalk the area. Mark with date your initials
as far away from stained area as possible.
3. When completely dry, transfer the clothing bearing stain between two sheets
of cardboards or similar material. Secure the cardboards over the sandwiched
evidence using a piece of string. Do NOT fold over the semen could damage
the evidence.
4. Place the packed clothing in a paper bag or large not use plastic bags or plastic
boxes.

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5. Label the container by inscribing thereon the case and other pertinent
information.
Conclusion: Answer the following questions:
A. What is the purpose of drying the semen-stained clothing prior to packing?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

B. Semen-stained clothing should NOT be rolled. Why?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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Experiment No. 5
COLLECTION & PRESERVATION OF HAIR,
TEXTILE, FIBER AND PAINT SAMPLES
Objectives: To acquire the skill in collecting, handling and preservation of trace
evidences such as hair, textile, fiber, paint and ink samples.
Materials: Tweezers or forceps, envelopes, scotch tape, cellophane, paper wrapper,
trace evidences of hair, textile, fiber, paint and ink.
Discussion: Trace evidences are also known as transfer evidence because these are
materials that are easily exchanged between people, places and objects
upon contact and can range between very small to microscopic amounts.
Because they are very small and sometimes microscopic, they could be
easily missed during evidence collection. Trace evidence is material
evidence and should be treated with the same importance as other types of
evidence.
Procedure:
1. Hair, Textile and Fiber
1. Use tweezers to gather hair, textile or fiber samples from different locations
of the crime scene.
2. When extracting trace evidence adhering to fabric, pull gently to avoid
undue stress that may break or distort the sample.
3. Treat hair, textile, fiber, found at different locations as individual samples.
4. Place samples in separate sheets of paper. Perform a pharmaceutical fold
over the evidence.
5. Transfer the sheet of paper with the trace evidence to a white envelope and
secure with scotch tape by sealing the flap.
6. Affix your signature across the flap. This is to discourage attempts to tamper
with the evidence.
7. Write on the envelope the date, time of collection, type of evidence, location
where the specimen was obtained, and case number of available.
Notes:
a) Do not secure hair to the sheet of paper using adhesive tape. This can
damage the hair strand, or result to the loss of valuable material if the hair
root is damaged.
b) Where hair or fiber are found attached to an object such as hammer or
wrench do not attempt to remove it from the object. Wrap the whole object
containing the evidence and forward to the laboratory for testing.
c) Obtain representative sample of hair from the victim as well as the suspect
and pack accordingly.

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2. Paint
1. Use the sharp edge of a knife or razor to scraper from the objects where
paint adhered.
2. Collect the scrapings in a clean piece of paper and fold in the evidence
careful not to lose any scrapings.
3. Seal the envelope with scotch tape over the flap, and sign across the seal.
Any attempt to break the seal will disrupt the writings on the seal and will be
an indicator that the evidence has been tampered or there have been
attempts at tampering.
4. Write all pertinent information regarding the case as in previous labeling.

Conclusion: Answer the following questions:

1. What information can one obtain from a hair evidence?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. What are the components of paints that will characterize and differentiate it?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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Experiment No. 6
COLLECTION & PRESERVATION OF
GLASS SHARDS, ARSON & EXPLOSIVE RESIDUES
Objectives: To acquire the skill in collecting, handling and preserving glass, glass
fragments, arson and explosive residue type of evidence.
To determine the direction of the breaking force caused by a bullet on glass.
Materials: Crime scene, gloves, forceps, packing materials, markers, scotch tape.
Discussion: Glass is a strange substance in that it is not a solid, nor a gas, and not quite
liquid either. Generally, it is classified as a rigid liquid, maintaining liquid
properties while acting like a solid. Heat can return it to a liquid and workable
form, making it easy to reuse and recycle. It is manufactured from a mixture
of silicates and oxides. Other materials may be added to create 'frosť or
'haze' or produce color. A batch of glass will differ considerably from another
batch regardless if they are of the same composition. And more importantly,
different glass materials can be differentiated by their mechanical, optical
properties, refractive indices, etc. making it a significant piece of evidence
when encountered at the crime scene.
Accidental fire can be differentiated from arson by the presence of
accelerants or other flammable substances in large amounts as well as other
pieces of evidence that are collected at the crime scene. Also, explosive
residues can help investigators to determine the type of explosive or link
suspects to a crime, thus its proper collection, handling and preservation is
material to the crime being investigated.
Procedure:
A. In Cases of Vehicular Hit and Run

1. Before removing any evidence, photograph and make a sketch of the crime
scene.
2. Collect all broken parts of the window, headlight, reflector lenses. Obtain
representative samples from remaining glass as close as possible to the
point of breakage.
3. Observe individuality of samples. Pack evidence in separate containers and
label accordingly.
4. Collect victim's clothing and submit to the laboratory for testing. Do not
attempt to remove glass or other articles that may be on the victim's clothes.
5. Collect the suspect's shoes and clothing and individually. Examine for the
presence of glass fragments.

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B. In Cases of Burglary

1. Before removing any evidence, photograph and make a sketch of the crime
scene.
2. Observe for undisturbed pieces of glass on the window, broken glass on the
floor.
3. Note for the presence of dirt, paint, or any other material points of entry and
exit.
4. Collect all available glass fragments. Pack separately the smaller pieces of
glass from the larger articles.
5. The larger articles may be processed for latent fingerprints.
6. Label accordingly.

C. Glass Fractures from Bullet Impact

1. Before removing any glass fractures from the crime scene, photograph and
sketch crack patterns, flaking and fractures.
2. From the radial and concentric cracks, determine from what point the gun
was fired, and which is the front and rear side of the glass.
3. Collect glass evidence. Pack the smaller fragments separate from the larger
ones.
4. Process the larger fragments for possible latent prints po to packing.
5. Label the containers accordingly.

D. In Cases of Fire and Arson

1. In cases of fire of arson, one is expected to encounter a mixture of materials

such as wood, glass metal concrete, plastic, accelerants, flammable
substances and their container.
2. Before removing any materials from the crime scene, document by
photographing and sketching.
3. Gather all evidence available and treat each one individually. Pack
separately and label accordingly.
4. Remnants of accelerants, flammable substances and their containers must
be secured and labeled.

E. In Cases of Explosions

1. Expect to encounter a mixture of materials such as wood, glass, metal,

concrete, plastic, and residues of the explosives.
2. Gather all evidence available and treat each one individually. Pack in
separate containers and label accordingly.

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Conclusion:
1. What is the preferred container for packing and preserving remnants bomb
explosion? Why?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. Discuss the pattern of glass breakage consistent with the point of entry of a
bullet or the point of impact/force.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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Experiment No. 7
TEST FOR HAIR
Objectives: To be able to distinguish human hair from animal hair.
Human Hair, Animal hair, microscope, glass slide, glass slip
Materials: Crime scene, gloves, forceps, packing materials, markers, scotch tape.
Discussion: Hair is a filamentous biomaterial that grows out of the pores of the skin and
covers different parts of the body except for the palm and the soles of the
feet. It is made out of keratinous material similar to that material which
makes up nails. It consists of a bulb, root and shaft. Of interest for DNA
tests is the hair bulb which contains living epithelial cells. But even the hair
shaft without the bulb can provide material information regarding its source.
Hair are trace evidences that could be transferred by contact of two persons
or with the environment. It is possible to differentiate human hair from
animal hair by way of their structure, scale pattern and color distribution. But
even among samples of human hair, it is also possible to tell one sample
apart from another by their characteristics.
Procedure:
A. Physical Examination
Position human hair and animal hair in separate clean white plain bond paper.
Study its qualities as to color, texture, appearance, length, and width and diameter.

B. Microscopic Examination
On separate slides place human hair and animal hair. Add a drop of water and
cover. Observe under a microscope.

Observations:
1. Draw both human and animal hair as seen under the microscope.

Human Hair Animal Hair

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2. Draw the human hair medulla contrasted to the animal hair medulla.

Human Medulla Animal Medulla

3. Draw the cuticle scale pattern of the human hair contrasted to the animal.

Human Hair Pattern Animal Hair Pattern

Conclusion:
1. How does human hair differ from animal hair based on your observations
of the scale pattern, color distribution and structure?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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2. Is it possible to determine whether a hair sample is human rather than

animal hair?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. Is it possible to tell the source of a hair sample among a group of
individuals?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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Experiment No. 8
PREPARING A POSITIVE IMAGE
FROM IMPRESSIONS
Objectives: To study the method of reproducing impressions made on soil.
Materials: Soil, Plaster of Paris, beaker, shellac, spray bottle, machine oil or vegetable
cooking oil, wooden frame approximately 2 inches in height.
Discussion: Marks that are left in a crime scene are negative impressions of the object
that caused it when pressed against a receiving surface. These impressions
are helpful details that could be used by investigators to piece together a
crime. Recovery of the same is done by creating a cast out of the impression
using Plaster of Paris. This cast is also referred to as a positive image.
Procedure:
1. Inspect the shoe impression at the crime scene. Brush off foreign material
on the surface but do not remove those that are embedded on the shoe
impression.
2. Enclose the shoe impression with the wooden frame. Secure so that it is
stable during the procedure.
3. Spray the imprint with shellac sparingly but thoroughly. Allow to dry then
spray the surface with oil to facilitate separation of cast from the imprint.
4. Estimate the amount of Plaster of Paris needed for the procedure and
transfer to a beaker. Add water slowly to create a thick slurry. Do not add
too much water as this will delay setting of the cast.
5. Pour the mixture over the imprint at a low level. Distribute evenly over the
whole impression by allowing the slurry to flow down the glass rod.
6. When a depth of 1" plaster of paris has been poured, reinforce the cast by
adding a piece of fine mesh wire or pieces of wood into the slurry.
7. Pour the remaining mixture.
8. Allow the cast to set for approximately an hour. When the cast is firm but
soft, scratch the date, case number, initials of investigator and other
pertinent information on the cast.
9. Leave overnight to completely harden.

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Conclusion:
1. What is the property of Plaster of Paris that makes it the most widely used
acceptable casting material for tool impressions?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

2. What is the chemical name of Plaster of Paris? Write the chemical formula
for Plaster of Paris.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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Experiment No. 9
PROPERTIES OF METALS
Objectives: To understand the properties of metals and how they affect the character of
products that are made out of them.
Materials: Copper wire, aluminum wire, alloyed wire, alloyed sheet, aluminum sheet,
iron nails, magnifying lenses. metal balls, transparent 2"x2" pipe with
graduations, micrometer, vernier caliper.
Discussion: The atoms of metals allow them to glide over each other. This characteristic
is the basis for its properties of ductility, etc. Metallurgy is the science that
deals with metals. Working on the properties of metals, metallurgy has
improved the performance of metals through the technique of alloying
(mixing at certain proportions certain metals and elemental additives] to
meet the requirements of the industry. Depending on the end use of the
material, metal alloys can be hard, ductile, dense, conductive, tough,
fusible, etc. Industrial failure of materials is caused primarily by processes
involved in its manufacture and not by the inherent characteristic of the
metal.
Procedure:
A. Obtain the metal sheets provided and perform the following tests:

1. Using a micrometer, measure the thickness of the materials. Record results.

2. Position the transparent pipe on top of a metal sheet. Drop a metal ball into
the pipe and allow to bounce. Measure the height by which the ball bounces
up before it falls.
3. Repeat the procedure on all metal sheet samples. Record results.
4. Bend metal sheet to an angle of 90°.
5. Repeatedly return to original and bend several times counting how many
times necessary to cause the metal sheet to break
6. Using magnifying lenses, compare the grains of the metal where stress/force
was applied with the grains of the area where no stress/force was not
applied.

B. For wire samples, do the following:

1. Cut a length of 10cm wire.

2. Measure its diameter using a micrometer.
3. Obtain its weight using an analytical balance.
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4. Compute for density or weight/volume.

5. Obtain a longer wire sample. Using a vernier caliber the wire at a length of
50cm somewhere in the middle
6. Using two pieces of iron nails, wrap the wire iron nails at both ends beyond
the 50cm marks. (Note: nails provide points by which you can grip and exert
on the wire.)
7. Pull the iron nails in opposite directions and observe the characteristic of the
wire as it elongates until it breaks.
8. Use scotch tape to put the broken pieces of wire in approximation of its
length prior to breaking.
9. Use the vernier caliper to measure from the original 50cm marks for the
degree of elongation. Record your data. Compute for percent elongation.

C. For foil/sheet samples:

1. Cut a 10cm x 10 cm square.

2. Measure its thickness using a micrometer.
3. Obtain its weight using an analytical balance.
4. Compute for density or weight/volume.

Observations:
For Metal Sheets

Height of Number Characteristics

Caliper
Metal Samples Bounce of Bends of Metal Grains
(mm)
(cm) to Break at Stress Point
Aluminum Sheet
Iron Sheet
Alloyed Metal Sheet

For Wire Samples

Thickness Weight Density Elongation

Material %Elongation
(mm) (gms) (w/v) (mm)
Copper Wire
Aluminum Wire
Alloyed Wire

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For Foil Samples

Thickness
Material Weight (gm) Density (w/v)
(mm)
1
2
3
4
5
Average

Conclusion:

1. What are metals? What are the characteristics of metals?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. Comparing the grains at the points of stress and absence of stress happened to
the grains? What properties of metals allowed these to happen?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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3. From the results above, compare the different metal sheet samples. Compare also
the different metal wire samples.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. What is density? What does it signify when one material has a higher density than
another?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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Experiment No. 10
DETERMINATION OF COLOR AND TEXTURE OF SOIL
Objectives: To learn to discern color and texture of different soil samples and grade
them according to a standard color chart.
Materials: 3 samples of soil obtained from different locations, Munsell color chart,
magnifying glass, microscope, surgical gloves, plastic spoon scoops, paper
plates.
Discussion:
1. Color. The Munsell color chart [Appendix C.2] is the official color system
used for soil research in the United States. It grades based on three
color dimensions: hue, value(lightness) and chroma(color purity).
2. Texture. Soil texture is determined from the relative proportion in which
sand, silt and clay are found in the sample. Texture refers to the size of
the individual soil particles or grains of the soil.

Sand is gritty and individual grains can be discerned by the naked eye.
Sandy soil is coarse. When there is a higher percentage of sand in soil
it is classified as a sandy soil.

Silt is smooth and slippery to touch. It has the characteristic feel like flour
when pitted between two fingers. The individual grains of silt are much
smaller than that of soil and can only be seen with the aid of a
microscope. When silt predominates, the soil is classified as silty soil.

Clay is sticky when wet. When rolled into balls it will hold and not break.
Compared to silt, clay particles are much smaller and a higher
magnification is necessary to see the individual grains such as an
electron microscope. Soil that has a high percentage of clay is classified
as clay.
Procedure:
A. Color

1. Put on protective gloves.

2. Use a plastic spoon to scoop a small amount of soil from the crime scene.
3. Observe the color of the soil sample and record results in your Worksheet.
4. Using the Munsell color chart, assign the color samples being analyzed.

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5. Record your observations in the table provided.

B. Texture

1. Use your touch, your naked eyes, the aid of magnifying ne the texture of your
lenses and a microscope to determine the texture sample.
2. Classify your soil sample whether it is sandy, silt or a combination.
3. Record your observations.

C. Foreign Materials

1. Using a magnifying glass, note for the inclusion of other materials such as
vegetation, roots, hair, fibers, etc. and record the same under your
observations.
Observation:

Sample Color grade Texture Foreign Materials

1
2
3

Conclusion:
1. Are the types and color grades of your samples the same? Can color grade and
texture be used as a differentiating tool in crime investigation?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. From the foreign materials present in your soil sample, what do these tell you about
the type of soil?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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Experiment No. 11
SIZE DISCRIMINATION OF SOIL SAMPLES
Objectives: To be able to size sort soil samples and determine how many sizes make
up the sample.
Materials: 3 samples of soil obtained from different location, mesh screen 14" and 1/8"
size, plastic spoon scoops, paper plates, Aluminum semirigid containers,
beam balance, sample bags.
Discussion: Soil samples can be discriminated by the relative size of its components
and use the mass weight of each particle range as a fingerprint for that soil
type.
Procedure:
1. Weigh out 50 grams of soil on the balance by transferring soil sample to an
aluminum semi-rigid container.
2. Place the 14" screen (the screen with the larger sieve holes) over the paper plate
and pour out the soil into the screen.
3. Gently roll the soil around the screen, lifting the screen a few inches from time to
time to allow the smaller grains to fall onto the plate. Shake the screen softly but
DO NOT FORCE the material through the screen.
4. Transfer the soil left on the screen back to the Aluminum container and weigh over
the beam balance.
5. Record its weight. Transfer the material to a sample bag and label as follows:
> Weight: _________
> Particle Size: > 1/4"
6. Place the 1/8" screen (the screen with the smaller sieve holes) over a second
paper plate and pour out the soil from (3).
7. Repeat procedure (3), (4) (5).
8. Finally, transfer the soil that was collected in the paper plate into the aluminum
container. Obtain weight and perform procedure (5).
Observation:
Sample 1

Size Weight %Weight

< or = 1/8”
> 1/8” but < or = ¼”
> than ¼”

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Sample 2

Size Weight %Weight

< or = 1/8”
> 1/8” but < or = ¼”
> than ¼”

Sample 3

Size Weight %Weight

< or = 1/8”
> 1/8” but < or = ¼”
> than ¼”

Conclusion:
1. From results on the 3 samples sorted above, is size sorting of soil a helpful tool to
discriminate the type of soil?
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2. From the foreign materials present in your soil sample, what do these tell you about
the type of soil?
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Experiment No. 12
pH DETERMINATION OF SOIL SAMPLES
Objectives: To determine the acidity of the soil sample using a pH test.

Materials: soil samples taken from different locations, pH paper with pH color chart,
distilled water, 10 ml test tubes, pipette, plastic spoon, beaker, test tube
stopper.

Discussion: Soil samples can be differentiated by their relative pH. PH corresponds to

the acidity or basicity of a sample. Soil obtained from different locations will
exhibit different pH values and can be a discerning piece of information in
trying to solve a crime.

Procedure:

1. Scoop a small amount of soil directly into a test tube.

2. Using a pipette, transfer approximately 6ml of distilled water into the test tube.
3. Stopper the test tube and turn it upside down for 2-3 seconds. Do this only once.
DO NOT SHAKE.
4. Allow the solution to settle for about 1 minute.
5. Dip the tip of the pH paper to the solution and observe for the color change.
6. Compare the color on the pH paper with the pH color chart to determine the acidity
of the soil.
7. Repeat procedure (1) to (6) for the other soil samples.

Observations:

Sample pH
1
2
3

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Conclusions:
1. From the results of the pH test, what conclusions can be drawn as to the relative
acidity/ basicity of soil from different locations.
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Experiment No. 13
BLOOD SPATTER ANALYSIS
Objectives: To learn how to analyze blood spatters by studying their appearance and to
perform calculations to determine angles and direction from which the blood
stains came from.
Materials: Pre-made blood stains on 4 pieces of paper using red latex paint pencil,
ruler, calculator.
Discussion: Analyzing blood spatter can help investigators piece together the events of
a crime. From the shape and size of blood drops, it is possible to reconstruct
what happened during an attack. The following information shall be helpful
in understanding blood spatters.
Passive Bloodstains - formed due solely to the effect of gravity. These
include drips, pools, and clots.
Transfer Bloodstains - similar to the way a stamp transfers ink from an
inkpad onto another surface, and the ink stain takes the shape of the stamp,
blood from a hand or shoe will leave behind that impression.
Projected Bloodstains - due to a force, either within the body like arterial
spurts or from outside the body such as cast offs which is greater than the
force of gravity, thus allowing the blood to travel in a path other than merely
one due to gravity.

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Convergence:

Stain Size & Velocity of Projected Blood:

Low Velocity Medium Velocity High Velocity
Less than 5 feet/second 5 to 25 feet/second Over 100 feet/second
Stains larger than 4 mm Stains 1 - 4 mm Stains smaller than 1 mm

Procedure:
1. Each of the patterns provided shall be numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
2. Determine the angles and directions from which the stains came.
3. Determine whether the stains are passive, transfer or projected.
4. Determine the velocity of the projected spatter.
5. Determine the origin of the projected spatter.
6. Determine the convergence of the trajectories.
7. Repeat the steps 1-6 with each of the blood patterns.
Observation:
Your data will be diagrams of each of the four patterns of blood stains, showing
your measurements and calculations to arrive at angles, direction convergence,
types of bloodstains and their velocities.

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Conclusion:
Write a narrative reaction of each of the 4 scenarios and theory of how the blood
spatters were made. Use additional sheets of paper if necessary.
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Experiment No. 14
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF
HUMAN & ANIMAL BLOOD
Objectives: To examine human blood and animal blood by the use of a microscope.
Materials: Microscope, fresh blood of both human and anin.al blood, glass slides,
cover slips.
Discussion: Human blood cells are very similar to those of animal blood, though there
are a few significant differences. Human blood consists of three types of
blood cells: red blood cells or erythrocytes, white blood cells or leukocytes,
and platelets or thrombocytes. Red blood cells in humans differ from those
of many animals in that they do not have nuclei. Most animals have nuclei
in their mature red blood cells. Erythrocytes are round in all mammals.
Platelets and leukocytes do not differ significantly between humans and
animals. Platelets, which also have no nuclei, help the blood clot to prevent
excessive bleeding. Platelets of different animals can be more adhesive
compared to human platelets.
Procedure:
1. Into two separate glass sides, transfer a drop of human blood and animal
blood. Use a cover glass to spread the blood into a thin film.
2. Cover the blood sample with a cover glass.
3. Observe each one under a comparative microscope.
4. Draw and identify the components of human blood as seen under the
microscope. Repeat the same procedure for animal blood.
Observation:

Human Blood Animal Blood

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Conclusion:
Compare and contrast the red blood cells of human blood from animal blood. By
microscopic examination of samples, is it possible to conclude that human blood or animal
blood?
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Experiment No. 15
PRELIMINARY TEST FOR BLOOD
Objectives: To determine whether a liquid or stain sample is blood with the use of
preliminary color tests.
Materials: Fabric or paper with stains, spot plate or porcelain dish, glass rod, Benzidine
solution, Hydrogen peroxide Solution, Phenolphthalein solution.
Discussion: Blood is a highly complex fluid that consists of cells, enzymes, proteins, and
inorganic substances circulated by the heart through the vascular system.
It is usually found in a crime scene when a victim suffers from injuries such
as gunshot wounds and cuts caused by sharp instruments. The relative
ease of testing blood is its reactivity to certain reagents whereby the reagent
is oxidized and would be observed as a color change
Procedure:
A. Benzidine Test
1. Cut out a small portion of the stained material and place it in a spot plate.
Dip the end of a glass rod into the benzidine solution and transfer a drop on
the stained material
2. Add a drop of hydrogen peroxide solution on the same.
3. Observe color changes for (1) and then (2)
4. Repeat for all the stained materials provided you.

B. Phenolphthalein Test
1. Cut out a small portion of the stained material and place it in a spot plate.
Dip the end of a glass rod into the phenolphthalein solution and transfer a
drop on the stained material.
2. Add a drop of hydrogen peroxide solution on the same.
3. Observe color changes for (1) and then (2).
4. Repeat for all the stained materials provided you.
Observation: Tabulate your results below:

Preliminary Color Test

Stain Number
Benzidine Test Phenolphthalein Test
1
2
3
4

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Conclusion: Answer the following questions:

1. Based on the on the above results, which of the stains maybe blood?
_____________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________
2. What substance of blood reacted with the reagents in the above tests to cause
the color change?
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_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. What is the Guaiacum Test for Blood? What color change will denote positive
test for blood?
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_____________________________________________________________
4. What is the Leucomalachite Test for Blood? What color change will denote
positive test for blood?
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Experiment No. 16
THE TAKAYAMA CRYSTAL TEST
FOR BLOOD
Objectives: To gain knowledge of a microcrystalline confirmatory test for blood.
Materials: Microscope, fresh human be Microscope, fresh human blood glass side,
glass slip Takayama Reagent, Saline Solution, medicine dropper, alcohol
burner
Discussion: The Takayama Crystal Test is a con The Takayama Crystal Test is a
confirmatory Test for Blood. This is based on the formation of distinctive
hemochromogen crystals when pyridine reacts with the hemoglobin in
blood. These crystals have a predictable shape characteristic for blood. Any
other shape is not blood.
Procedure:
1. Cut a piece of the human bloodstained material and place on a glass slide.
2. Using a medicine dropper, transfer 3 drops of saline solution onto the
bloodstained material. Allow to soak for a while and then use a needle to tease
the bloodstain. Add 3 more drops of saline solution.
3. Use the needle to spread the solution over the glass slide to have a very thin
layer.
4. Use a medicine dropper to add Takayama reagent on the stain. Cover with a glass
slip and heat gently over an alcohol burner.
5. Observe the specimen under the microscope.
Observations:

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Conclusion:
1. Describe the shape of the crystals? What is the color of the crystals?
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2. What are these crystals formed when blood reacted with Takayama reagent?
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3. What are the limitations of the Takayama Test?

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4. Aside from Takayama test, what other microchemical tests that can be applied to
identify blood?
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5. Explain: There is NO test in the forensic laboratory to prove that a substance is

NOT blood.
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Experiment No. 17
BLOOD TYPING
Objectives: To be able to identify the different blood types and to test for their specific
blood type.
Materials: Human blood, test tubes, medicine droppers, anti-A serum, Anti-B serum,
Anti-Rh serum, centrifuge, capillary tubing’s, glass slides

Discussion: Red blood cells possess certain proteins called antigens. Antigens are
responsible to trigger the production of antibodies. Type A blood have anti-
B antibodies, and those with type B blood have anti-A antibodies. Type AO
blood obtains both types of antibodies. Rh factor is a substance on the
surface of red blood cells. The presence of this substance is interpreted as
Rh+ (positive) and the absence of the same is interpreted as Rh-(negative).

Procedure:

1. Clean with antiseptic the area where the blood is to be collected preferably the tip
of any of the fingers
2. Using a sterile lancet, puncture the skin and collect blood using a capillary tube.
3. Transfer the blood onto glass slides, test strips or into test tubes. Label for
identification.
4. Apply bandage to the puncture if there is any bleeding or simply a cotton ball
dipped in ethyl alcohol.
5. Using a medicine dropper, transfer 2 drops of Anti-A serum to 1 test tube. To
another test tube, transfer 2 drops of Anti-B serum. To a 3rd test tube, transfer 2
drops of Anti-Rh serum.
6. Observe for reaction that will be observed as the presence or absence of clumping.
7. Perform a second step called back typing. The liquid part of the blood referred to
as serum is isolated by centrifugation. Insert the capillary tubing with blood
samples in the centrifuge and turn on machine for 2 minutes.
8. Extract the serum from the capillary tubing and mix with blood that is known to be
type A and type B.
9. Observe for reactions.
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Observations: Tabulate your results as follows:

Reaction to Reaction to Reaction to

Sample Blood Type
Anti-A Anti-B Anti-Rh

Sample Reaction to Type A Reaction to Type B Blood Type

Conclusion:

1. Complete the table below for the blood type that one can receive in a blood
transfusion:

Blood Type Compatible for Transfusion

A
B
AB
O

2. Can a Rh+ mother (with a Rh- father) have a normal pregnancy? Why?
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Experiment No. 18
TEST FOR SEMEN & SEMINAL STAINS
Objectives: To acquire the skill and knowledge in testing for semen and seminal stains.
Materials: Fresh semen, semen-stained cloth, microscope, glass slide and glass slip,
UV light, litmus paper, methylene blue, Florence reagent, saline solution.
Discussion: Rape, sexual assaults and other sexual crimes are among the most
common crimes against persons. Successful prosecution of such cases is
anchored on material evidence such as the presence of semen and
identification of seminal stains. No matter how old the stains are, there is a
need to detect these stains precisely.
Semen is a human body fluid present in human males. It is viscid,
mucilaginous with a faint yellow color and characteristic odor known as
seminal odor. Semen consists of spermatozoa, seminal plasma and
epithelial cells. Spermatozoa, on the other hand, contain lipids, proteins like
protamine and histonine, and enzymes like dehydrogenises and
transaminases, etc. The reaction of these components to staining and
specific chemical reagents is the basis for the tests for semen and seminal
stains.
Procedure:
A. Fresh Semen

1. Transfer about 1 ml of fresh semen to a test tube. Observe for odor, color,
appearance, and reaction to litmus paper.
2. Transfer to a glass slide and add a drop of saline solution. Then cover with
a cover slip.
3. Examine under a microscope. Observe the spermatozoa

B. Semen Stains

1. Smear fresh semen on a piece of cloth.

2. Air-dry the cloth until the semen stain is completely dry.
3. Observe under UV light for the appearance of the semen stain.

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C. Florence Test [Test for Choline]

1. Cut a portion of the stained cloth and soak in a solution. Macerate the cloth
using a glass rod.
2. Extract a few drops of the saline solution and transfer glass slide.
3. Add a drop of Florence Reagent and cover with a slip.
4. Observe under the microscope.
5. A positive test will show dark brown crystals of choline periodide that are
needle shaped.

D. Barberio's Test [Test for Spermine]

1. From the extract in (C), transfer a drop to a glass slide and add a drop of
Barberio's Reagent.
2. Observe under the Microscope.
3. A positive test will be observed as crystals that are needle shaped, rhombic
and of yellow color.

E. Acid Phosphatase Spot Test

1. From the extract in (C), transfer approximately 2 ml into a porcelain spot

plate.
2. Add 2 drops of citrate buffer (pH 4.9) and 2 drops of aqueous solution of
disodium Phenyl Phosphate.
3. Let stand for 10 minutes. Then add 2 drops of phenol reagent and 2 drops
of sodium carbonate solution.
4. A positive test will show a blue color develop indicative of the presence of
acid phosphatase.
Observation: Draw all your observations.

Fresh Semen Semen Stain under UV

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Acid Phosphatase Spot

Florence test Barberio's Test
Test

Conclusion: Answer the following questions:

1. Describe the odor, color, feel, and appearance of fresh semen.
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2. Describe the color, appearance and reaction under ultraviolet light of semen-
stained cloth.
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3. If no spermatozoa are observed under the microscope, can we conclude that there
is no semen? Explain your answer.
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4. What are the reasons why both the Florence Test and Berberio's Test are not
universally accepted?
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5. What other tests are performed to identify that a sample is semen or contains
semen? Briefly discuss the procedure involved in each test and what presence it
specifically tests for.
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Experiment No. 19
TEST FOR FIBERS
Objectives: To study fibers and different tests in identifying kinds of fiber.
Materials: Fibers of Cotton, Wool, Silk, Rayon, Abaca, Nylon, Asbestos, UV light
source, Microscope, Bunsen Burner, Litmus paper, test tubes, test tube
holders, Picric Acid, Millon's Reagent, NaOH, H2SO, Lead Acetate.
Discussion: Fibers and Threads are trace evidences that are transferred through
personal contact, struggle or impact. In such crimes as homicide, assault,
sexual offenses, hit and run, cross transfers may occur between people and
their environment such as the carpeting, upholstery or bedding. Fibers may
be in small amounts but nonetheless their value is of great import in the
investigative process. Fibers are sourced from any of the following: animals,
plants and minerals. This contributes to its physical, chemical and
microscopic characteristics and can be used for its differentiation and
identification.
Procedure:
A. Non-Technical Tests
1. Feeling Test

• Obtain textile made from wool, cotton, linen, rayon, silk, asbestos.
• Use your thumb and forefinger to make a sliding motion over the fiber.
• Compare the feel of each fiber and record results in the table provided.
2. Burn or Ignition Test

• Obtain single fibers from wool, cotton, linen, rayon, silk, asbestos.
• Apply flame at one end of the fiber over a Bunsen burner.
• Note how the fiber burns, the characteristic odor emitted during the
burning, the appearance of the burnt end and the color of the ash.
• Obtain pieces of textile made from cotton, wool and synthetic material.
• Place in separate test tubes and heat over a Bunsen burner until fumes
are emitted.
• Dip red litmus and blue litmus paper in distilled water and position at the
mouth of the test tubes. Observe reaction of fumes emitted with litmus
paper.

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• Dip a strip of filter paper in lead acetate solution and position at the
mouth of the test tubes as in (vi). Observe the reaction of the fumes with
the lead acetate filter paper.
3. Fluorescence Test
• Obtain single fibers from wool, cotton, linen, rayon silk, asbestos.
• Observe above fibers under Ultraviolet Light as to color and
fluorescence

B. Technical Tests
1. Chemical Test
• Place on two separate watch glasses few fibers of wool and silk. Add
picric acid solution and allow to soak. Observe what happens after
an hour.
• Repeat the procedure using Millon's reagent.
• In two separate test tubes place wool and silk fibers. Add 10% w/v
Sodium Hydroxide sufficient to immerse the sample. Heat gently for
3-5 minutes. Observe what happens.
• Repeat the procedure using concentrated Sulfuric Acid.
2. Microscopic Examination
• Place cotton, wool, and silk fibers on separate slides. Loosen then
spread the fibers using needles. Cover the fiber with glass slip.
Observe under the microscope.
Observation:
A.a. Feeling Test

Fiber Feel
Cotton
Wool
Silk
Nylon
Rayon

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A.b. Burn or Ignition Test

Observations Cotton Wool Silk Nylon Rayon

Manner of Burning
Odor of Fumes Emitted
Appearance of Burnt End
Color of Ash
Red Litmus Paper Reaction
Blue Litmus Paper Reaction
Lead Acetate Reaction
A.c. Fluorescence Test

Material Color and Fluorescence under Ultraviolet Light

Cotton
Wool
Silk
Rayon
Nylon

B.a. Chemical Analysis

Reaction to
Reaction to Reaction to Reaction to
Fiber Millon’s
Picric acid NaOH H2SO4
Reagent
Wool
Silk

B.b. Microscopic Examination

Cotton Wool Silk

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Conclusion: Answer the following questions:

1. Of the various tests for fibers, which is the most reliable test? Why are the
other tests not considered universally acceptable?
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2. If there is only a very small amount of fiber specimen, what test should be
used to identify it? Why?
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Experiment No. 20
DIFFERENTIATION OF PAPER SAMPLES
Objectives: To be familiar with the physical characteristics of paper.
To know the composition of paper.
To be able to differentiate paper samples through physical and chemical
tests.
Materials: 4 Pieces of paper of different makes, Ultraviolet lamp, microscope, teasing
pins, porcelain dish, glass slides, beakers, 5% Sodium Hydroxide, ethyl
alcohol, acetic anhydride, conc. Sulfuric Acid, Ether, Iodine solution and
Millon's reagent, Drying Oven.
Discussion: Paper comes into the province of forensics when documents are involved
in such crimes as falsification of documents, forgeries, ransom notes,
alleged suicide notes, etc. Paper samples can be differentiated by way of
their physical and chemical properties. Physical properties are observable
properties such as odor, color, texture, gloss, opacity, translucency,
thickness, etc. On the other hand, chemical properties is a test of its
composition using reagents that act specifically with components when they
are present.
Procedure:
A. Physical Properties

1. Physical Examination
Examine the paper samples as to odor, color, texture and tabulate
your observations.

2. Grammage.
Using a 10cm x 10cm template, cut paper samples and obtain their
weight. Record their individual weights and compute for grammage as
follows: weight in grams/square
area.

3. Examination by Transmitted Light

Hold the paper samples before a strong transmitted light and note
for: color, gloss, wire marks, translucency, opacity. Tabulate your
observations.

4. Examination by Ultraviolet Light

Use a dark room to examine the same paper samples. Under a
UV lamp, observe for: color of fluorescence, and the presence of
watermarks. Tabulate your observations.

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5. Microscopic Examination
Use the high objective of the microscope to view the paper
samples. Observe the fiber patterns, foreign materials and the presence of
any imperfections.

6. Accelerated Aging
Heat the paper samples in a drying oven at a temperature of 105
to 110oC for 1 to 2 hours. Observe for any cha color. Tabulate your
observations.

7. Absorption Test
Cut strips from the different paper samples the of which will not
touch the sides of a test tube and the length just barely touching the surface
of the solution suspended. Note the time it takes for liquid to reach another
end.

B. Chemical Properties
1. Determination of Fiber Composition.
a. Using separate 150 ml beakers containing 5% Sodium Hydroxide
solution, place the paper samples and bring to a boil over a water
bath heated over a Bunsen burner.
b. Pour off the liquid and wash the paper samples repeatedly with
distillated. Throw away the washings.
c. Transfer the digested paper to glass slides. Prepare 3 glass slides
for every paper sample. Use filter paper to dry off the samples.
d. Using teasing pins, loosen the paper fibers on each slide and then
perform a staining test by dipping the end of a glass rod in the
staining reagent then transferring the reagent to the digested paper
sample. Stain as follows and view under the microscope:
Slide 1 - Stain with iodine solution
Slide 2 - Stain with Phloroglucine reagent
Slide 3 - Stain with Aniline Sulfate solution
e. Tabulate your observation
2. Analysis of Sizing Materials
a. Test for Rosin
a. Soak paper sample in beaker containing Ethyl Alcohol.
b. Put over a water bath and allow to soak for at least 30
minutes.
c. Evaporate to dryness then add Acetic Anhydride.
d. Allow paper sample to dissolve.
e. Cool and transfer to an evaporating dish.
f. Using a medicine dropper, add a few drops of conc H2SO4.
g. Observe for color changes.
h. Add one or two drops of ether on the paper. Observe for color
changes.
i. Repeat procedure for other paper samples.

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2.2. Test for Starch

a. Transfer paper sample to a beaker and add distilled water.
b. Bring to a boil over a water bath.
c. Cool the solution and add dilute solution of tannic acid.
d. Observe for any color change.
e. Repeat the procedure on other paper samples.

2.3. Test for Gelatin

a. Transfer a piece of paper to a watch glass.
b. Dip a glass rod in a dilute iodine solution and transfer one drop of
the solution to the paper.
c. Observe for any color change.
d. Repeat the procedure on other paper samples.

2.4. Test for Casein

a. Transfer a piece of paper to a watch glass.
b. Dip a glass rod in Millon's reagent and transfer one drop of the
reagent to the paper.
c. Observe for any color change.
d. Repeat the procedure on other paper samples.
Observation:
A. Physical Properties
Physical Examination
Caliper Weight Grammage
Material Odor Color Texture
(mm) (gm) Gsm
1
2
3
4

Examination by Transmitted and Ultra Violet Light

Wire Color of
Material Gloss Translucency Opacity Watermarks
Marks Fluorescence
1
2
3
4

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Microscopic Examination
Presence of
Material Fiber Patterns Imperfection
Foreign Material
1
2
3
4

Accelerated Aging and Absorption Test

Material Color Absorption Time
1
2
3
4

B. Chemical Properties
Determination of Fiber Composition
Sample Iodine Stain Phloroglucine Aniline Sulfate
1
2
3
4

Sizing Material Analysis

Sample Rosin Gelatin Starch Casein
1
2
3
4

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Conclusion:
1. What are wire marks? What are watermarks?
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2. What are sizing materials? What is the purpose of sizing materials?

________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________

3. What are loading materials? What is the purpose of loading materials in paper?
________________________________________________________________
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4. When there are questioned documents, is it always necessary to conduct a

chemical examination? Will physical examination be sufficient testing?
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Experiment No. 21
ANALYSIS OF INK SAMPLES BY PAPER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
Objectives: To analyze ink by paper chromatography.
Materials: Glass vials, Large Test Tubes, cork stopper to fit the mouth of the test tube,
capillary tubes, Whatman Filter Paper No. 3 Methanol reagent grade, black
ballpen with pen ink, questioned document, paper clips.
Discussion: Substances such as ink are made up of several components that could be
separated by paper chromatography. Separation by this method follows the
chemical principle that lighter molecules travel faster than heavier
molecules across a material through capillary action or diffusion. Application
of this test method can prove helpful in analysis of ink samples in
questioned documents.
Procedure:
1. Cut a small portion from the end of a word contained in the questioned document
and standard paper and place them in separate glass vials that contain a small
amount of methanol.
2. If the ink does not dissolve in methanol, clean out the test tubes and repeat the
procedure using a small amount of pyridine.
3. Straighten out the paper clip and insert into the middle of the cork until it goes
through. Make a hook of the paper clip wire at the tapered end of the cork.
4. Fill the large test tubes with 10ml of solvent.
5. Cut out strips of filter paper, the width of which must not touch the sides of the test
tube and would go all the way but not touch the bottom of the test tube.
6. Use separate capillary tubes to obtain samples of the ink extract in (1) or (2). Spot
the ink extracts approximately two (2) cm from the bottom of separate strips of filter
paper. Allow the spots to dry.
7. Suspend the strips from the hook of the paper clips and lower the strip to the
solvent. Do not immerse the spot. Make the strip hang straight and not curl.
8. Allow the solvent to come up over the spot by capillary action until it reaches
approximately 1.0 cm from the cork.
9. Remove the strip and suspend until it dries.

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Observations:

Observation Questioned Document Standard Document

No. of colors observed
No. of colors observed

Color / Distance
Questioned Document Standard Document
Travelled

Conclusion:

Define chromatography.
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Experiment No. 22
DIPHENYLAMINE-PARAFFIN TEST ON HANDS
Objectives: To learn the technique of taking paraffin cast as a means of extracting the
nitrate residue from the hand.
To detect the presence of nitrates by employing the diphenylamine test.
Materials: Paraffin wax, beaker, glass rod, cotton, forceps, Bunsen burner, medicine
dropper, diphenylamine reagent.
Discussion: When a gun is fired the gunpowder inside the bullet cartridge is ignited and
the pressure of the ignition will propel the slug out of the barrel of the gun
towards the target. The product of burning gunpowder escapes through the
barrel of the gun and with the interplay of environmental elements is
embedded in the victim as well as the person who fired the gun. Testing for
the presence of gunpowder residue which is extracted from the pores of the
skin by hot paraffin is done by reaction with diphenylamine.
Procedure:
A. Taking the Cast
1. Wash hands of the subject with tap water prior to obtaining the cast. Do not
use soap. Air dry the hands.
2. Melt the paraffin wax over slow fire using a bunsen burner. Cool down the
paraffin wax provided it does not set.
3. Place hands of the subject flat on the table with palms facing down.
4. Drop the molten paraffin on the hands from a height of about 15 inches
using the glass rod to glide down the paraffin. Cover the hand surface from
wrist joints to the fingertips.
5. Stretch out a thin cotton layer over the paraffin covered surface.
6. Coat the cotton layer with hot paraffin and press gently with a piece of cotton
to even the surface.
7. When the paraffin has set, lift off gently.
8. Write down the case number, date and time cast was taken, name of
subject, nature of case, name and signature of person who took the cast on
a clean sheet of paper.
9. Wrap the casts in a clean sheet of paper to avoid contamination. Attach the
label in (8) to (9).

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B. Performing the DPA test

1. 1. Peel off the wrappings from the paraffin wax. Set aside the label.
2. Apply Diphenylamine Reagent to the surface of the paraffin in contact with
the Skin by means of a medicine dropper. Observe the reaction for any color
change.
Observation:
Submit the paraffin cast of both left and right hand mounted and labeled
accordingly in clean bond paper.

Conclusion:
1. Why do you have to wash the hands of the subject prior to obtaining the cast?
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2. What is the purpose of the cotton layer added during paraffin wax casting?
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3. Is the Diphenylamine Test a Conclusive Test? If not, why not?

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Experiment No. 23
CHEMICAL TEST ON FIREARMS
Objectives: To learn the technique of testing a gun to determine if it was recently fired.
To detect the presence of nitrates by employing the diphenylamine test.
Materials: Cotton, forceps, medicine dropper, diphenylamine reagent. Lucas reagent.
Discussion: When a gun is fired, gunpowder is burned that is responsible for propelling
the slug towards the target. The burning gunpowder is not only deposited in
the hands of the person who fired the gun but traces are also left in the
barrel of the gun. The burning gunpowder also has a characteristic smell
that will indicate if a gun has been recently fired or not.
Procedure:
A. Empty the cartridge of the newly-fired gun to ensure safety in the laboratory. Hold
the gun barrel opening to your nose. Describe the odor that is emitted from the
barrel of a newly fired gun. Try to associate the odor to a familiar odor you have
encountered before.

B. Lucas Test

1. Cut a fine strip of filter paper that would fit the barrel of the gun.
2. Prepare another piece of filter paper approximately 2 inches in diameter.
Moisten these pieces of filter paper with Lead Acetate.
3. Cover the opening of the barrel of the gun with the moistened filter paper
and observe for any color change.
4. After you remove the filter paper in (3), repeat the test but this time using
the strip of filter paper. Try to fit the moistened filter paper into the barrel of
the gun. Cover the opening to allow for the reaction to take place. After
about 2 minutes, withdraw the filter paper and note the color change.

C. Presence of Nitrates
1. Swab the barrel of the gun with a piece of cotton the been slightly moistened
with distilled water.
2. Place the cotton in a clean petri dish.
3. Add 2-3 drops of Diphenylamine solution (DPA) to cotton swab.
4. Observe for any color change.

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Observation:
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Conclusion: Answer the following
1. Explain briefly the plain briefly the rationale of the Lucas Test and the Nitrate test
on the gun. Write down the chemical reactions involved in the Lucas Test and the
Nitrate Test.
2. ________________________________________________________________
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Experiment No. 24
SET UP FOR THE ISOLATION OF POISONS
Objectives: To prepare different distillation setups that are used in the isolation of
volatile, non-volatile and metallic poisons.
Materials: Condenser, Florence flask, glass tubing’s, file, ice bath, water bath, rubber
tubing’s, cork and cord borer, Erlenmeyer flask, tripods, wire gauze, Bunsen
burner, thermometer, iron stands, iron rings, universal clamps.
Discussion: Distillation is a process whereby liquid is changed to gas and then
subsequently collected through condensation. Distillation is a process used
to separate substances especially those mixtures of volatile and non-
volatile substances. Steam distillation is a special type of distillation that is
used when dealing with organic compounds that tend to decompose at high
sustained temperatures. Steam is introduced into the distillation apparatus
to depress the boiling points and allowing evaporation at lower
temperatures below that at which deterioration of the material becomes
appreciable. After distillation, the vapors are condensed yielding a two-
phase system of water and the organic compounds. These two phases can
be separated by decantation or by the use of a separatory funnel.
Procedure: Prepare carefully and systematically the different connections involved in
the following set-ups as shown in the illustrations below.
A. Direct Distillation (Set-up 1)

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B. Steam Distillation (Setup 2)

C. Refluxion (Setup 3)

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Conclusion: Answer the following questions:

Enumerate at least 5 applications of direct distillation, steam distillation and
refluxion.
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Experiment No. 25
SEPARATION OF VOLATILE, NON-VOLATILE
Objective: To prepare a scheme for the separation of volatile, non-volatile and metallic
poisons.
Materials: Grinder, round bottom flask, water bath, beaker, steam distillation setup,
tartaric acid solution and ethanol.
Discussion: Poisons may occur as a combination of volatile, non-volatile, metallic,
organic poisons in a victim. The organ that is responsible for processing
toxins is the liver. In suspected poisoning cases, the liver is the organ that
has to be tested. In any case where an organ is to be analyzed, sampling
has to be done prior to embalming procedures so that the possibility of
formalin's interference in the test is eliminated. Prior to specific tests for
poisons, separation must be performed to isolate volatile from non-volatile
as well as from organic poisons. This would facilitate testing and
identification of substances.
Procedure:
1. Obtain a sample of the organ to be tested. Cut into small pieces and macerate with
a mortar and pestle.
2. Transfer to a beaker and weigh. Subtract weight of beaker to determine the weight
of the sample used.
3. Transfer the macerated organ into a distilling flask. Using a wash bottle with
distilled water, clean off the beaker and transfer washings into the distilling flask.
4. Add a few drops of 10% tartaric acid solution.
5. Add porcelain clips in the distilling flask and set-up for direct distillation (as in page
263).
6. Collect a volume of distillate equivalent to 1ml for every 1 gram of sample.
7. Label the distillate as (X). Set aside.
8. Set up for refluxion (as in page 264).
9. Allow the solution to cool and pass the solution through a Buchner funnel with
fluted filter paper.
10. Collect the filtrate and label as (Y). Set aside.
11. Save the residue left on the filter paper.
12. Label the residue as (Z). Set aside.

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Conclusion:
1. What does the distillate (X) in (7) possibly contain?
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2. What does the distillate (Y) in (10) possibly contain?

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3. What does the residue (Z) in (12) possibly contain?

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Experiment No. 26
ISOLATION AND ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE POISONS
Objective: To perform chemical tests for the presence of Ethyl Alcohol and Methyl
Alcohol.
Materials: Florence flask, distilling flask, condenser, Erlenmeyer flask, Bunsen burner,
glass tubings, beakers, tests tubes graduated cylinder, copper spiral, iron
stand, wire gauze, iron clamp, rubber tubing, iron ring, urine, or blood
sample and 10% tartaric acid solution, 10% NaOH, Iodine in Potassium
Iodide solution, 10% Potassium Dichromate, conc H2SO4 and Acetic Acid
Ethyl Alcohol, Methyl Alcohol.
Discussion: Ethyl Alcohol, Methyl Alcohol Ethyl Alcohol and Methyl Alcohol are the most
common volatile poisons that are excreted with urine and therefore can be
tested for its presence or absence using various specific tests. Ethyl alcohol
is the main component of alcoholic beverages and is considered poisonous
when taken in excessive amounts. On the other hand, Methyl Alcohol is a
light, volatile, flammable, colorless liquid that is used as a solvent. It has
distinct narcotic properties and is sometimes abused like other solvents that
are inhaled. Methyl alcohol is highly poisonous.
Procedure:
1. Impregnate 30 ml urine with 10ml of Methyl Alcohol and 10ml of Ethyl Alcohol.
2. Transfer specimen into a Florence flask and acidify with 10% tartaric acid solution.
Use pH paper to check that the acidity is at pH5.
3. Connect the flask into a steam distillation setup and distill.
4. Collect approximately 30ml distillate. The distillate contains the supposed volatile
poisons.
5. Perform the following tests on the distillate. Run a parallel test on pure Ethyl
Alcohol and Methyl Alcohol respectively.
a. Ethyl Acetate Test
To separate test tubes, transfer 1 ml of distillate. Ethyl Alcohol, and Methyl
Alcohol. Add 1ml of Acetic Acid and 1 drop of conc H2SO4. Heat gently in
a water bath and observe for characteristic odor produced.
b. Iodoform Test
To separate test tubes, transfer 1 ml of distillate, Ethyl Alcohol and Methyl
Alcohol. Add a few drops of 10%. NaOH, several drops of Iodine-Kl solution
until a yellow color persists in the solution. Heat gently in a water bath and
then allow to cool. Observe for any formations during the cooling process.

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c. Copper Spiral Test

To separate test tubes, transfer 1 ml of distillate, Ethyl Alcohol and Methyl
Alcohol. Add an equal amount distilled water. Heat a copper wire over a
Bunsen flame and then plunge the red-hot spiral into the solution. Repeat
the procedure and observe the odor produced by the reaction
d. Chromic Acid Reduction Test
To separate test tubes, transfer 1 ml of distillate, Ethyl Alcohol and Methyl
Alcohol. Add a few drops of 10% Potassium Dichromate solution. Tilt the
test tube at 30degree angle and add 2ml conc H2SO4, slowly. Observe for
any color change at the juncture of contact between the acid and the
solution.
Observations:

Odor, Color and Reactions Observed

Chromic Acid
Sample Ethyl Acetate Copper Spiral
lodoform Test Reduction
Test Test
Test

Conclusion: Answer the following question:

Are the chemical tests conclusive and able to differentiate the volatile
poisons? Write down the reactions for each of the test performed.
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Experiment No. 27
EXTRACTION OF NON-VOLATILE
ORGANIC POISONS
Objective: To know the correct technique of extracting non-volatile organic poisons.
Materials: Separatory funnel, ordinary funnel, beakers, wide mouth glass bottles with
covers, glass rods, anhydrous Sodium Sulfate, Diethyl Ether, Chloroform,
Methanol, 2N HCI, dilute Acetic Acid, 2N NH4OH.
Discussion: Different organic compounds have to be separated using a variety of
organic solvents before they can be tested and identified. The common
solvents used for this purpose are ether, chloroform and methanol. Certain
organic compounds dissolve in ether, others in chloroform and still others
in methanol. The process of extraction and separation will effectively
separate organic substances and an initial classification is established.
a. The ACID ETHER extract will contain all the ether soluble acidic and
neutral drugs like salicylates, barbiturates, carbamates, pyrazolones,
phenols, etc.
b. The BASIC CHLOROFORM extract will contain all the chloroform
soluble basic drugs like antihistamines, phenothiazine, tranquilizers,
antidepressants and alkaloids.
c. The METHANOL EXTRACT will contain the water soluble, ether
insoluble and chloroform insoluble drugs.
Procedure:
1. Measure 20 ml of urine sample to a clean wide mouth glass bottle and acidify with
2N HCl. Use litmus paper to check that the desired pH has been obtained.
2. Add 15 ml Ether. Cover the bottle tightly and shake the mixture for one minute.
3. Add anhydrous Na, SO, to the mixture and let stand for a while. Decant mixture
into a separatory funnel. Allow the layers to settle. Open stopcock to release the
lower portion of the mixture. Collect in a 50-ml beaker. Position an empty 50-ml
beaker and open stopcock again to release the upper portion (second layer) of the
mixture. Label as ACID ETHER extract.
4. Neutralize the lower portion layer with 2N NaOH. Use litmus paper to check that
the mixture has been sufficiently neutralized. Transfer the liquid to a wide-mouth
glass bottle and add chloroform. Shake the mixture for one minute a then add
anhydrous Na2SO4

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5. Decant mixture into a separatory funnel. Allow the layers settle. Open stopcock
and collect the lower portion of the mixture. Collect the upper portion in a separate
container and label as BASIC CHLOROFORM extract.
6. To the lower portion of the mixture, add dilute Acetic Acid until acidic. Use litmus
paper to check that the desired pH has been obtained. Add Methanol. Decant off
the methanol layer to a 50ml beaker and label as METHANOL EXTRACT.
7. Evaporate all the filtrates completely and save the residues of each extract. Label
accordingly.
Conclusion: Answer the following questions:
1. Why do you pass the filtrate through anhydrous Na2SO4?
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Experiment No. 28
TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF METALLIC POISONS
Objective: To be familiarized with test techniques to identify some metallic poisons.
Materials: Bunsen burner, test tubes, copper strip, cotton, dilute Hydrochloric Acid
sol'n, dilute H2SO4 sol'n, Granulated Zn, Hydrogen Sulfide, Potassium
iodide and Silver Nitrate, filter paper,
Procedure:
A. Test for Arsenic (As)
Place a piece of Zn granule, and a little amount of dilute H2SO4 in 1-2ml of the
suspected material in a test tube. Bring to a boil. Moisten a strip of filter paper with
AgNO3 and position it over the mouth of the test tube. The presence of Arsenic
will be observed as a yellowish color change on the surface of the filter paper.
B. Test for Mercury (Hg)
To 5ml of urine or suspected material, add a few drops of HCl solution. Dip a
copper strip in the solution. The presence of Mercury will be observed with the
appearance of a silvery coating on the copper.
C. Test for Bismuth (Bi)
To a small amount of urine or suspected material, add Potassium Iodide solution.
The presence of Bismuth will be observed as a black precipitate of Bismuth Iodide.
D. Test for Antimony (Sb)
To 4ml of the suspected material, add solution of Na2CO3. Heat gently to increase
rate of reaction. Add in excess and observe for further complex reactions. The
presence of Antimony will be observed with the appearance of a white precipitate
formation at the bottom of the test tube.
Observations:

Test Observation
Test for Arsenic (As)
Test for Mercury (Hg)
Test for Bismuth (Bi)
Test for Antimony (Sb)

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Conclusion:
1. What are metals? Are all metals poisonous?
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2. Through what routes can metallic poisons be introduced to a victim of poisoning?

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3. Write the balanced chemical reactions for the above tests.

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Experiment No. 29
FLAME TEST
Objective: To learn to perform flame tests to identify certain substances.
Materials: Nichrome wire,10 unknown solutions prepared by the instructor, Bunsen
burner.
Discussion: The flame test can be used to determine the identity of certain substances
because of the characteristic flame emitted with the flame of a Bunsen
burner. The heat of the flame excites the ions of the substances causing
them to emit a characteristic visible light. This characteristic emission
spectra differentiates some elements.
Procedure:
1. Use a nichrome (nickel-chromium) wire with a small loop at one end. Dip in nitric
acid then in distilled water to clean the tip before dipping into the test solution.
2. Bring the loop of the nichrome wire over the oxidation zone of the Bunsen burner
flame (which is the tip of the blue flame).
3. Observe the color of the flame emitted during the burning.
4. Dip in nitric acid then in distilled water. Bring to the flame. If there is a burst of color
produced, the loop is not sufficiently clean. Repeat the cleaning process.
5. Dip the loop into the next test solution and repeat process (2) to (4) until all test
solutions are flame tested.
6. Using a flame test table (Appendix C.1) compare your results with those known
values in the chart.
Observations:

Sample no. Element Present Color of Flame

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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Conclusions:
Are the results of flame tests conclusive for the identity of substances?
helpful information are the results if they are not conclusive?
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Experiment No. 30
DANGEROUS DRUGS
Objective: To be familiarized with the qualitative test reactions of substances
classified as dangerous drugs.
Explanation: Due to restrictions in obtaining Dangerous Drugs for laboratory testing,
students have to familiarize themselves with the various color reactions
that result during drug testing.
Discussion: There are two methods of examination namely: qualitative and quantitative
examination. During raids and operations, only qualitative tests are
performed in the field. Quantitative tests are done in special laboratories.
Steps that are common to any method of examination are as follows:
Selection of method to be used; physical testing; sampling; sample
preparation; chemical test; confirmatory examination, calculation and
interpretation of reports and conclusion and writing the corresponding
report.
Summary of Qualitative Color Reactions of Drugs

DRUG TEST COLOR CHANGE

Cannabis Duquenos-Levin Violet
Fast Blue B Salt Purple Red
Cocaine Cobalt Thiocynate Blue
Scott Test or Modified
Cobalt Thiocynate Test
Reagent 1 Blue
Reagent 2 Pink
Reagent 3 Blue
Wagner Test
Diazepam Zimmerman Test Reddish Purple or Pink
Hydrochloric Acid Test yellow
Vitali-Morin Test Yellow Orange
Opium Marquis Violet
Ferric Sulfate Brownish Purple
Mecke Blue to Green
Nitric Acid Test Orange to Red to Yellow
Morphine Marquis Test Violet to Reddish Purple
Codeine Mecke Blue to Green
Nitric Acid Test Yellow to Green

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Barbiturates Dille-Koppanyi Test Reddish Purple

Methamphetamine Simon Test Blue
Hydrochloride
Marquis Test Orange to Brown
Ecstasy Simon Test Blue
Methaqualone and Cobalt Thiocynate Test Blue
Phencyclidine
LSD or Lysergide Ehrlich Violet
Mescaline Marquis Test Orange
Liebarmann Black

Note: Positive Results [color changes are NOT CONCLUSIVE). Confirmatory Tests have
to be performed to establish the presence and true identity of the Dangerous Drug.
Procedure:
1. Instructor will conduct qualitative tests on select drugs to demonstrate color
changes.
2. Note color changes observed and compare with above given table. Make a
judgment on the identity of the drug and the name of the test performed.
Observation:
Sample Color Reaction Drug Identity Test Performed
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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EXERCISE NO.1
The Human Skeleton
Objective: This activity aims to acquaint the students into the basic structure of human
skeleton to properly distinguish it from another animal skeleton.
Procedure:
1. Examine carefully the framework of bones.
2. Write the correct letter on the blanks provided
3. Label its parts

A A.
B.
C.
B
P D.
C Q E.
F.
D R
G.
E H.
S I.
F
J.
G T
H K.
L.
I
M.
J
N.
K
O.
L
P.
M Q.
R.
N
S.
O T.
U U.
V V.
W W.

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EXERCISE NO.2
The Cartographic Sketch
Materials:
A. Pencil
B. Sketch Pad if needed
Procedure:
1. Examine carefully the different facial characteristics using either Sirchie Identity Kit
or Sirchie Facial Composite Software (Computer System).
2. Draw a cartographic sketch.

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EXERCISE NO.3
Common Laboratory Equipment
and Apparatus for Fingerprint Interpretation
1. Draw the different laboratory equipment for fingerprint identification inside the box
corresponding to their names.
1. Fingerprint Comparator 2. Fingerprint Evidence Camera

3. Magnifying Lenses 4. lodine Fuming Cabinet

5. Illuminated Fingerprint Magnifier 6. Gooseneck Lamp

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7. Professional Fingerprint Magnifier 8. Penlight

9. Post Mortem Finger Spoon 10. Post Mortem Finger Stretcher

11. Fingerprint Ridge Counter 12. lodine Fuming Gun

13. Fingerprint Card Holder 14. Fingerprint Card

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15. Glass Slab 16. Fingerprint Ink

17. Fingerprint Rubber Roller 18. Finger Ink Cleaner

19. Fingerprint Powder Brush 20. Fingerprint Lifting Tape

21. Fingerprint Rubber Lifter 22. Fingerprint Hinge Lifter

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23. Fingerprint Inkless Pad 24. Scissor

25. Fingerprint Chart 26. Steel Tape

27. Latent Print Card 28. Ruler

29. Fingerprint Powder 30. Pencil

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EXERCISE NO.4
The Basic Ridge Characteristics
Procedure:
1. Draw the basic ridge characteristics of Fingerprints.
2. Draw the same individually on the opposite side of the definition.
3. Emphasize the same through letters or numbers.

DEFINITION ILLUSTRATION
FRICTION RIDGES, PAPILLARY /
EPIDERMAL RIDGES are the raised
strips of skin on the inside of the end joint
of fingers and thumb by which fingerprint
are made.

FRICTION RIDGES, PAPILLARY /

EPIDERMAL RIDGES
RECURVING RIDGES are ridges that
curve back in the direction from which
they started.

RECURVING RIDGES

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CONVERGING RIDGES are two ridges

running parallel and meeting at the point
forming an angle.

CONVERGING RIDGES
DIVERGING RIDGES are two ridges
running side by side and suddenly
separating with one going one way and
the other going another way.

DIVERGING RIDGES
APPENDAGE refers to a shortage ridge,
which runs into the one trying to recurve
at the top of the summit or the recurve at
the right angle.

APPENDAGE

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BIFURCATION is a ridge which forks or

splits into two ridges.

BIFURCATION
RIDGE ENDING refers to an abrupt end
of ridge formation.

RIDGE ENDING
ISLAND RIDGE is a ridge resembling a
dot.

ISLAND RIDGE

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LAKE OR ENCLOSURE is a bifurcation

which does not remain open but in which
legs of bifurcation after running along side
by side form a single ridge.

LAKE OR ENCLOSURE
CROSSOVER an instance crossing-over
of a ridge.

CROSSOVER

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EXERCISE NO.5
Technical Parts of Fingerprint Patterns
Procedure:
1. Draw the technical parts of the fingerprints.
2. Draw the same individually on the opposite side of the definition
3. Emphasize the same through letters or numbers.
4. Apply the same on the 'Loop Type of Fingerprint Pattern'.

DEFINITION ILLUSTRATION
PATTERN AREA is that part which lies
within the area surrounded by the type
lines in which the core, deltas and other
ridges pertaining to a particular fingerprint
pattern are found.

PATTERN AREA
TYPE LINES are the basic boundaries of
fingerprints. They are the two innermost
ridges, which run parallel, starting from
the lower corner or corners of the pattern
area where they diverge or separate, then
surrounded by the pattern area.

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TYPE LINES
DELTA is a point on the first ridge
formation at or directly in front of the
divergence of the type lines. (The outer
terminus)

DELTA
CORE is the inner terminus or focal point
inside the center or approximately center
of the pattern area.

CORE

Application of the Technical Parts on the Loop Type of Fingerprint Pattern

Points of Identification:

1.

2.

3.

4.

LOOP TYPE with the application of the technical parts of fingerprint pattern.

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EXERCISE NO.6
Rules in Determining Type Lines
Objectives: To enhance student's knowledge and skills in the application of rules in
determination of type lines.
Procedure:
1. Draw a pattern area.
2. Identify the tow type lines in the pattern area.
3. illustrate or point the flow of broken type lines as the continuation.

RULES ILLUSTRATION
RULE NO. 1 Look for the two innermost
diverging ridges.

Points of Identification:

RULE NO.2 Whenever the ridges forms

type lines that suddenly ends, the next
ridge immediately outside of it is taken as
its continuation.

Points of Identification:

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RULE NO. 3 When a type line bifurcates,

the outer branch of the bifurcation is
considered as the continuation of the type
line.
Points of Identification:

Application of Rule No. 1, 2 and 3 in Loop Pattern

ILLUSTRATION
RULE 1 RULE 2 RULE 3

Application of Rule No. 1, 2 and 3 in Whorl Type Pattern

ILLUSTRATION
RULE 1 RULE 2 RULE 3

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EXERCISE NO.7
Rules in determining the Delta
Procedure:
1. Illustrate the rules in determining the delta.
2. Illustrate the same to the loop and whorl types of fingerprint pattern.
3. Illustrate the same on the opposite side of the rule.
4. Emphasize the same in terms of numbers or letters.

DEFINITION ILLUSTRATION
RULE NO.1 Determine first the type lines.

Points of Identification:

(LOOP TYPE) RULE 1

RULE NO. 1 - Determine first the type
lines

Points of Identification:

(WHORL TYPE) RULE 1

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RULE NO.2 Look for the first ridge

formation at or directly in front of the
divergence of the type lines.

Points of Identification:

(LOOP TYPE) RULE 2

RULE NO.2 Look for the first ridge
formation at or directly in front of the
divergence of the type lines.

Points of Identification:

(WHORL TYPE) RULE 2

RULE NO. 3 Whenever there is a choice
between a bifurcation and some other
ridge formation as the location of the
delta, the bifurcation is always taken as
the delta. Provided, however, the
bifurcation must be the first ridge
formation in front of the divergence of the
type lines, and it must be open towards
the pattern area.
Points of Identification:

(LOOP TYPE) RULE 3

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RULE NO. 3 Whenever there is a choice

between a bifurcation and some other
ridge formation as the location of the
delta, the bifurcation is always taken as
the delta. Provided, however, the
bifurcation must be the first ridge
formation in front of the divergence of the
type lines, and it must be open towards
the pattern area.
Points of Identification:

(WHORL TYPE) RULE 3

RULE NO. 4 Whenever the choice is
between two or more ridge formation
other than a bifurcation the one nearer or
nearest the core is chosen as the delta.
Points of Identification:

(LOOP TYPE) RULE 4

RULE NO. 4 Whenever the choice is
between two or more ridge formation
other than a bifurcation the one nearer or
nearest the core is chosen as the delta.
Points of Identification:

(WHORL TYPE) RULE 4

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RULE NO. 5 In case of an ending ridge

running parallel in between the type line,
the following rule shall apply.

RULE NO. 5 A- if this is wholly within the

pattern area, the delta is located at the
end nearer the divergence of the type
line.

Points of Identification:

(LOOP TYPE) RULE 5-A

RULE NO. 5-A-If this is wholly...

Points of Identification:

(WHORL TYPE) RULE 5-A

RULE NO. 5 B- should this ridge
originated outside the pattern area; the
delta is located at the end nearer the
core.

Points of Identification:

(LOOP TYPE) RULE 5-B

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RULE NO. 5 B- should this ridge

originated outside the pattern area; the
delta is located at the end nearer the
core.

Points of Identification:

(WHORL TYPE) RULE 5-B

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EXERCISE NO. 8
Types of Core
Procedure:
1. Draw and illustrate all types of possible cores.
2. Illustrate the same on the space provided opposite the definition.
3. Apply the definition to the identification of points.

POSSIBLE CORE ILLUSTRATION

STAPLE CORE - is the point located on
the shoulder of the recurving ridge.

Points of Identification:

STAPLE CORE
BAR or ROD CORE - is the point located
at the tip of an ending ridge rising as high
or above the shoulder of the innermost
recurving ridge.

Point of Identification:

BAR or ROD CORE

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FRAGMENTARY CORE - is the point of

a very short ridge or ridge dot found
inside the recurving ridge rising as high or
above the shoulder of the innermost
recurving ridge.
Point of Identification:

FRAGMENTARY CORE

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EXERCISE NO. 9
Rules in Determining the Core
Procedure:
1. Apply the rules in determining the core.
2. Each rule should be illustrated on the opposite side of the definition.
3. After illustrating, indicate the location of the core.
4. Illustrations should be limited to the loop type of fingerprint pattern only.

RULES ILLUSTRATION
RULES RULE NO. 1 - If the innermost
recurving ridge does not contain any
ending ridge or rod inside it, the core is
placed on the shoulder of the innermost
recurving ridge farther from the delta.

Points of Identification:

RULES RULE NO. 1

RULE NO. 2 - If the innermost recurving
ridge contains a single ending ridge rising
as high as the shoulder of the loop, the
core is placed at the tip of the ridge
engulfed by the shoulder of the innermost
looping ridge.

Points of Identification:

RULES RULE NO. 2

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RULE NO. 3 - If the innermost looping

ridge contains an even number of ending
ridges, which rise as high as the shoulder
of the recurving ridge, the core is placed
at the tip of one of the two center ridges,
which is farther from the delta.

Points of Identification:

RULES RULE NO. 3

RULE NO.4 - If the innermost recurving
ridge contains uneven of ending ridges,
which rise as high as the shoulders, the
core is placed at the tip of the center
ridge.

Points of Identification:

RULES RULE NO. 4

RULE NO.5 - If the innermost recurving
ridge is connected at a right angle
between its shoulders by an abutting
ridge (appendage), the innermost loop is
destroyed and the next uninvolved loop
immediately outside of it shall be
considered as the innermost loop shall be
used to determine the location of the
core.

Points of identification:

RULES RULE NO. 5

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RULE NO. 6 - If there are two distinct

loops in the center of the pattern running
side by side as there is only one delta,
the recurving ridges are considered as
innermost recurving ridge the core is
placed at the shoulder of the one that is
farther from the delta.

Points of identification:

RULES RULE NO. 6

RULE NO. 7 - In the event which two
distinct loops in the center of the pattern
intersect below or above the shoulder
line, the two recurving ridges are treated
as one and the core is placed on one of
the two innermost ridges farther from the
delta.

Points of Identification:

RULES RULE NO. 7 (INTERSECT

BELOW THE SHOULDER LINE)
RULE NO. 8 - Whenever the two distinct
loops intersect in the shoulder line, the
point of intersection is considered as the
core.

Points of Identification:

51-B RULE NO. 7 (INTERSECT ABOVE

THE SHOULDER LINE) FIG. 52 RULE
NO. 8

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EXERCISE NO. 10
Types of Fingerprint Pattern
Procedure:
1. Draw the different types of fingerprint pattern.
2. Illustrate the same on the opposite side of the definition.
3. Emphasize the position of the core and the delta for the pattern that the same
could be applied.

DEFINITION ILLUSTRATION
LOOP- is a pattern in which one or more
of the ridges start at one of the lower
corners of the pattern, run toward the
upper corner on the opposite side, then
turn around (recurve) and start back
towards the side from which they came
originally, forming a loop with a core in
the center and a delta at the edge of the
pattern area.
Points of Identification:

LOOP TYPE
PLAIN WHORL - is a pattern in which
there are two deltas and at least one
ridge makes a complete circuit, which
maybe spiral, oval or any variant of a
circle. In plain whorl, an imaginary line
drawn between the two deltas must touch
or cross at least one of the circuiting
ridges within the pattern area.
Points of Identification:

PLAIN WHORL

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CENTRAL POCKET LOOP - is a pattern

which for the most part looks like a loop,
but which has a small whorl inside the
loop ridges. The F.B.I defines a central
pocket loop as a pattern which consists of
one or more recurving ridges, or an
obstruction at right angle to the inner line
of flow, with two deltas between which an
imaginary line would cut or touch no
recurving ridge within the pattern area.
Points of Identification:

CENTRAL POCKET LOOP

DOUBLE LOOP - is a pattern consisting
of two separate and distinct loop
formation. One of the loops surrounds or
overlaps the other. Besides the two loop
formations, a double loop must have two
sets of shoulders, one for each loop.
Points of Identification:

DOUBLE LOOP
ACCIDENTAL WHORL-is a pattern
consisting of two separate and distinct
loop formation. One of the loops
surrounds or overlaps the other. Besides
the two loop formations, a double loop
must have two sets of shoulders, one for
each loop.
Points of Identification:

ACCIDENTAL WHORL

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PLAIN ARCH - is a pattern in which the

ridges enter on one side of the pattern
and flow towards the other side, with rise
in the center, with not more than one of
the four requisites for a loop, and with no
recurving ridge, no angular formation and
no upward thrust.
Point of Identification:

PLAIN ARCH
TENTED ARCH - similar to plain arch,
but one or several ridges in the center of
the pattern form up thrust, or well defined
or well-defined angle, and may have two
or three of the four requisites of a loop,
but lacking one or two of the four
essentials of a loop.
Points of Identification:

TENTED ARCH FORMING AN

UPTHRUST ANGLE
Points of Identification:

TENTED ARCH FORM A WELL

DEFINED ANGLE

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Points of Identification:

TENTED ARCH HAVING TWO OR THE

FOUR REQUISITES OF LOOP

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EXERCISE NO. 11
The Rules in Ridge Tracing
Procedure:
1. Illustrate the rules in ridge tracing.
2. Illustrate the same to whorl type of fingerprint pattern.
3. Illustrate the same on the opposite side of the rule.

RULES ILLUSTRATION
RULES RULE NO. 1 - Locate the left
delta. For accidental whorls, where there
are three or more deltas, disregard the
center delta.

Points of Identification:

RIDGE TRACING OF (ACCIDENTAL

WHORL)
RULE NO.2 - If the delta is an ending
ridge or circuiting ridge, consider it as the
starting point and trace the same towards
the right delta.

Points of Identification:

ENDING RIDGE / CIRCUITING RIDGE

(AS THE STARTING POINT OF RIDGE
TRACING)

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RULE NO.3 - If the delta is an island

ridge, look for the ridge immediately
below it, and trace towards the right delta.

Points of Identification:

ISLAND RIDGE (AS THE STARTING

POINT OF RIDGE TRACING)
RULE NO. 4 - If the ridge being traced
suddenly the next ridge below it is taken
as the continuation.

Points of Identification:

RIDGE BEING TRACED SUDDENLY

ENDS
RULE NO. 5 - If the ridge being traced
bifurcates, the lower branch is considered
as the continuation.

Points of Identification:

RIDGE BEING TRACED BIFURCATES

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RULE NO.6 - In tracing a double loop or

accidental whorl wherein the ridge being
traced will have to rise and recurve near
the right delta, stop tracing at the upward
direction in line of the right delta. Do not
continue tracing down the ridge.
Points of Identification:

RIDGE TRACING OF DOUBLE LOOP

(RULE NO.6)
Points of Identification:

RIDGE TRACING OF ACCIDENTAL

WHORI (RULE NO. 6)
RULE NO. 7 - Count the ridges
intervening between the ridge traced and
the right delta. Do not include the ridge
traced and the right delta.

Point of Identification:

RIDGE COUNTING OF WHORL TYPE

FINGERPRINT PATTERN

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EXERCISE NO. 12
Ridge Counting and Ridge Tracing
Procedure:
1. Apply the ridge tracing and ridge counting.
2. Apply the ridge tracing for the whorl type and ridge counting for the loop type.
3. Illustrate the loop type of pattern with the required number of ridges.
4. Illustrate the three kinds of ridge tracing for the whorl type as required. Apply the
same for in meeting and outer.

DEFINITION ILLUSTRATION
RIDGE COUNTING - is the process of
counting ridges that touch or cross an
imaginary line drawn between the core
and the delta of a loop. The core and
delta are NOT counted only the ridges
that touch or cross the imaginary line are
counted.
Point of Identification:

RIDGE COUNTING OF LOOP PATTERN

RIDGE TRACING - is the process of
tracing the ridge that emanates from the
lower side of the left delta towards the
right delta to see where it flows in relation
to the right delta.
Point of Identification:

RIDGE TRACING OF WHORL PATTERN

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INNER(I) - the tracing is "inner" if the

ridge traced is inside the pattern area and
there are at least three (3) ridges traced
and the right delta.

Point of identification:

RIDGE TRACING (INNER)

MEETING (M) - the ridge tracing is
"meeting", if there are less than three (3)
ridges intervening between the ridge
traced and the right delta, whether or not
the ridge traced is inside the pattern area.

Point of Identification:

RIDGE TRACING (MEETING)

OUTER (O) - the ridge tracing is “outer”, if
the ridge traced is outside the pattern
area below the right delta and there are at
least three (3) ridges intervening between
the ridges traced and the right delta.

Point of Identification:

RIDGE TRACING (OUTER)

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EXERCISE NO. 13
Fingerprint Classification
Procedure:
1. Indicate the symbols of fingerprint patterns appearing on the set of prints.
2. Apply the procedures of ridge tracing for the whorl type and ridge counting for the
loop type.
3. Indicate the result of ridge tracing for the whorl type and ridge counting for the
loop type.
4. Apply the six-classification formula.
Application of Classification
A. Using the Henry-Galton system with the Federal Bureau of Investigation
modification and extension find out and give the primary and secondary
classification formula by capital letter groups of the following:

Finger nos. 1, 2 and 3 are radial loops,

nos. 4,5 and 6 are plain whorl, and nos. 7
and 8 are tented arches, while nos. 9 and
10 are accidental whorls.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

CLASSIFICATION FORMULA
Finger nos. 1 and 9 are plain whorl, nos. 2.
5 and 8 are central pocket loop, and nos.
3 and 7 are double loops, while nos. 4, 6
and 10 are accidental whorls.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

CLASSIFICATION FORMULA

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B. Find out and give the Sub-secondary and Final Classification of formula of the
following:

Finger nos. 1 to 5 are ulnar loops with the

ridge counts of 10, 11, 12, 14 and 15
respectively, nos. 6 and 10 are tented
arches, nos. 7,8 and 9 are radial loops with
the ridge counts of 11, 10 and 13
respectively.

Finger nos. 1, 5, 6 and 10 are plain arches,

nos. 2,3 and 4 are plain whorl with ridge
tracings of outer, outer and inner, while
nos. 7, 8 and 9 are central pocket loops
with the ridge tracings of inner, outer and
outer respectively.

SUB-SECONDARY AND FINAL

CLASSIFICATION FORMULA

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C. Find out and give the key and major classification formula on the following:

Finger nos. 1, 2 and 3 are ulnar loops with

the ridges count of 17, 9 and 10
respectively, nos. 4 and 5 are plain arches,
nos. 6, 7 and 8 are double loops with the
ridge tracing of inner, inner and inner
respectively, nos. 9 and 10 are tented
arches.

Finger nos. 1, 5, 6 and 10 are radial loops

with the ridge counts of 14, 7, 16 and 12,
respectively, nos. 2, 3 and 4 are plain
whorls with the ridge tracings of outer,
inner and outer respectively, nos. 7, 8 and
9 are accidental whorls with the ridge
tracings of inner, outer and inner
respectively.

KEY AND THE MAJOR

CLASSIFICATION FORMULA

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Application of the Six Division of Classification and its Proper Sequence in the
Classification Line

K M P S SS F
6 5 1 2 3 4

W C D
2 \ / 6 10
M 17 10 I O

RT RI RM RR RL

C W X
3 A 2 \ 5
1 M 13 I

LT LI LM LR LL

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EXERCISE NO. 14
Fingerprint Taking
Equipment:
A. Fingerprint Ink Roller
B. Card Holder
C. Inking Slab
D. Fingerprint Ink
E. Hand Cleaner
F. Slab and Roller Cleaner
Procedure:
Place the inking slab and cardholder on a flat surface 3 % feet from the floor.
A. Inking Plate:
Use two separate areas of the plate, one for inking the ruler, the other for inking
the fingers. These will be referred to as the back and front strip.
1. Squeeze 12" fingerprint on the back strip.
2. Roll the K" of ink with ink roller, until the roller is covered with a thin film of ink.
The back strip is used for replenishing ink. DO NOT move the roller back and
forth; lift the roller off the slab after each stroke. Return the roller to the starting
point and roll again.
3. Now place the roller on the front strip and roll ink for 10 seconds across the
length of the slab. The strip should be 3 or 4 inches in width. This strip is used
for inking the fingers. Continue rolling (do not roll back and forth) until a smooth,
uniform coating is apparent.
B. Inking and Rolling the Fingers:
The subject must stand to the right and to the near of the operator. The operator
grips the subjects' right hand with his right hand. The operator cups his fingers over
the fingers of the subject, holding those fingers not being inked or rolled tucked
under. The operator's left hand is used to guide each individual finger of the
subject. The finger to be inked (and rolled) is gripped at the nail by the thumb and
forefinger of the operator.
a. It is recommended that each finger be inked and rolled individually; that is,
ink the thumb and immediately roll it. Some operators prefer to ink all fingers
on one hand and then roll the 7 fingers. The problem here is that if an inked
finger touches the palm when it curled out of the way, some of the ink will
be transferred and this area of the finger will print lightly when rolled.
b. Ink and roll the thumb. The thumb is rolled toward the body.
c. Ink and roll the forefinger. The fingers are rolled away from the body.
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d. Ink and roll each of the remaining fingers. The fingers not being inked and
rolled should be tucked under. Allow the finger being handled to protrude
between the operator's fingers.
1. Left Hand:
The subject now stands at the left and at the rear of the operator. The operator's
left hand over the subject’s left hand. The operator grips each finger to be inked
and one with his right thumb and index finger. Ink and roll the finger as previously
described in Section 1.
2. Taking Plain Impressions:
The fingers on each hand recorded at the bottom of the standard fingerprint record
card. DO NOT ROLL the fingers when inking or taking the impression. Have the
subject remove any excess in from his fingers prior to taking plain impressions.
a. Use the same position as when rolling the fingers. When taking plain
impressions of the right hand, the subject stands to the right and to the near
of the operator, reverse this position when recording the left hand.
b. Ink the right thumb by pressing it straight down into the ink surface (do not
roll). Press the thumb in the square provided on the record card (do not roll).
c. Ink the remaining four fingers simultaneously by pressing them straight into
the ink surface Keep the fingers close together (touching). Take the
impression of all four fingers simultaneously in the area provided on the
record card.
d. After changing positions, repeat this procedure with the left hand. When
inking and rolling the fingers, always begin the motion from the position of
most difficult and move in the direction of least resistance. Thus, the thumbs
are rolled toward the body and the fingers away from the body. Before the
procedure starts, make sure that the subject's hands are clean.
Special Notes
1. When inking the fingers for the rolling step, the inked area should extend below
the first joint.
2. When taking plain impressions, ink should extend to the second joint.
3. The most comfortable height for mounting fingerprint taking equipment has been
found to be approximately 36" above the floor. Short subjects may require elevated
platform.
C. General:
Excess ink on the inking slab can be used for couple of days if properly covered
while not in use.
D. Care of Equipment:
Use slab and roller cleaner to clean the slab and roller. Use waterless magic
cleaner om cleaner towelettes to remove ink from fingers.

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EXERCISE NO. 15
The Filing System
Procedure:
1. Apply the orderly arrangement of cards containing recorded finger impressions of
different individuals that have been classified.
2. Indicate the result of the Fingerprint Classification by strictly following the
sequence of filing.
3. Apply the same on the space provided, opposite the given fingerprint classification.

M 12 M 16

W X a a \

16 16 8 8 4
19 O o 9

/ D a c /

4 2 2 1 1

1. Primary Classification

2. Secondary Classification

3. Sub – secondary Classification

4. Major Classification

5. Key Classification

6. Final Classification

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M 18 M 8

A W c a \

16 16 8 8 4
13 o 9

a R t d /

4 2 2 1 1

1. Primary Classification

2. Secondary Classification

3. Sub – secondary Classification

4. Major Classification

5. Key Classification

6. Final Classification

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EXERCISE NO. 16
Lifting of Latent Prints by Powdering Methods
Procedure:
1. Place a small quantity of fingerprint powder on a piece of paper on any object.
2. Apply small quantity of fingerprint powder in the suspected area.
3. Developed the latent prints by using duster or feather brushes.
4. Cut a scotch tape about 2 inches in size or width, or fingerprints lifter materials to
a proper size.
5. Direct the adhesive face toward the fingerprint. Press one corner of the paper firmly
to the object
6. Press it lightly and evenly with your palm, etc. less air should be trapped.
7. Peel it off, after lifting.
8. Transfer the same to the crime scene search paper.

ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION Inc.

CAINTA RIZAL
College of Criminology and Administration
Requesting Party: ______________________________________________________
Alleged Case: _________________________________________________________
Time and Date Committed: ______________________________________________
Weather: _____________________________________________________________

Initial Initial Initial

Questioned Questioned Questioned
Print Print Print
No. 1 No. 2 No. 3

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Description where the latent prints were lifted:

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Witness: ______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Prints lifted by: ______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Date: ______________________________________
______________________________________

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EXERCISE NO. 17
Improvised Fingerprint Brush
and Candle Flame Soot
Applicable to any surface which is relatively smooth and clean.
Materials:
a. Soft chicken feathers
b. String
c. Bamboo Stick
d. Candle
e. Saucer / Plate
f. Camera
g. Fingerprint lifting tape
h. Crime scene search proper

Procedure:
1. Select or choose at least 10-15 pieces of soft chicken feathers.
2. Fix the feathers with the string on the end portion of the bamboo stick.
3. Light the candle.
4. Place the saucer / plate over the flame of the candle at least 1-inch distance from
the flame to produce soot.
5. Use improvised chicken brush to extract the candle soot from the saucer / plate.
6. Process the evidence by using this brush with candle flame soot.
7. Photograph useful fingerprints.
8. Then lift the developed prints, normally by using fingerprint lifting tape (scotch tape)

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Attach here your Photographs:

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EXERCISE NO. 18
Fluorescence Examination Laser
or Ultraviolet Examination
Introduction:
Fluorescence is the property that some chemicals possess of being able to absorb
light of a specific color and then emit some of this absorbed energy as light of a different
color of longer wavelength. Delayed time between absorption and emission is only a
fraction of second so that when the illuminating light is removed the emission apparently
stops.

Equipment:

A. Camera
B. Laser or ultraviolet light (light sources)
C. Gloves
D. Apron
E. Face shield
F. Goggles
G. Fluorescent Powder
H. Gelatin sheet
I. Powder palletes
J. Blower brush

Procedure:

1. Switch on light source.

2. Place article in viewing cabinet or switch off room light.
3. Select excitation wavelength and safe viewing filter.
4. Illuminate the article. Observe through viewing filter.
5. Photograph useful fingerprints.
6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 with other combination of illuminating color and viewing filter
as appropriate.

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Recording of Results
A full record should be kept of articles examined, the illumination and viewing
wavelengths, power used, the method of photography and the results. This may then be
used as guidance for further examinations.

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EXERCISE NO. 19
Chemical Development of
Latent Impression Ninhydrin Method
Introduction:
Ninhydrin is a very effective reagent for paper and same other porous surfaces. It
reacts with amino acids and possibly other components of fingerprints. An intermediate-
colored image which may vary from orange to purple may be produced depending on
donor and development conditions. The final compound produced is called "Rehemann's
Purple”. Using heat and humidification will not only accelerate the reaction, so that the
majority of the fingerprints will be visualized within a few minutes, but will develop many
more fingerprints. A small percentage of fingerprints will continue to develop after
treatment and may take several weeks to develop fully. It may be used on latent
fingerprints or porous surfaces such as cardboard, raw wood, plasterboard, some matte-
emulsion painted surfaces and some wall coverings, and also blood-contaminated
fingerprints or porous surfaces.

Materials:

A. Ninhydrin E. Heating device (iron, etc)

B. Acetone F. Balance
C. Basin G. Beaker
D. Tweezers H. Graduated cylinder

Procedure:

1. Prepare 0.5 g of ninhydrin powder.

2. Mix it with 100 ml acetone.
3. Apply this prepared chemical by using brush, or by spraying over the entire surface
of the evidence or immersing the whole evidence into the prepared solution.
4. Dry the evidence by means of blower or hot iron.
5. Photograph useful fingerprints

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EXERCISE NO. 20
Superglue Fuming Gas Method
Introduction:
Cyanoacrylate is the scientific name for superglue, coats the oily residue left by a
fingerprint with a plastic-like coatings. This coating can then be dusted with powder, lifted
with tape and put onto a backing card for preservation. Superglue and other household
items can be all the tools a forensic scientist needs to identify a print.

Materials:

A. Superglue G. A tank or a clear glass or plastic

B. A soda can with a fingerprint on it container that is large enough to
C. A plastic bottle caps place your object inside.
D. Baby powder H. Clear packing tape.
E. A small paint or make-up brush I. Black heavyweight construction
F. Aluminum foil paper.

Procedure:

1. Place 3 drops of superglue in a plastic cap and place the cap in the tank.
2. Place the soda can for processing in the tank
3. Cover the tank with aluminum foil.
4. Allow the tank to sit for 15 min. the warmer the area, the faster the chemical will
react. After 15 minutes remove the foil.
5. The can should now have a coating of white or light-colored film.
6. Dust the coating using a very small amount of baby powder and a brush.
7. Smooth the clear packing tape over a section of the object being processed.
Remove the place it onto the heavyweight construction paper.
8. Repeat step no. 7 as many times as you wish.
9. Try to identify the pattern of the print.

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