Paper 1 – Medicine Through Time, c.

1250-present

Hippocrates Galen

Period: Ancient Greece Period: Ancient Rome

Lived: 460 BC-370 BC Lived: 130 AD-216 AD

Known for: Known for:

 Theory of the Four  Theory of Opposites (an

Humours extension of Hippocrates’
 Hippocratic Oath 4 Humours)
 “Father of Modern  Hundreds of books on
Medicine” anatomy

Andreas William Thomas

Vesalius Harvey Sydenham

Period: Renaissance Period: Renaissance Period: Renaissance

Lived: 1514-1564 Lived: 1578-1657 Lived: 1624-1689

Known for: Known for: Known for:

 Work on anatomy, which  Discovery of blood  Stressed the importance of

disproved many of Galen’s circulation system, 1628 observing and recording
old theories  Disproved Galen’s theory symptoms
 On the Fabric of the that blood was made in  Argued that the Four
Human Body, 1543 the liver Humours theory was wrong
 “English Hippocrates”

Antony van
Leeuwenhoek Henry VIII Charles II

Period: Renaissance Period: Renaissance Period: Renaissance

Lived: 1632-1723 Lived: 1491-1547 Lived: 1630-1685

Known for: Known for: Known for:

 Observing “animalcules”  King 1509-47  King 1660-85

(bacteria) through a  Split from Catholic Church  Keen supporter of the
microscope and closed the Royal Society
 Improved the microscope monasteries in the 1530s,  Died in 1685 after
 “Father of Microbiology” leading to most hospitals bleeding and purging
closing failed to cure him
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 Paper 1 – Medicine Through Time, c.1250-present

Louis
Robert Koch
Pasteur

Period: 19th Century Period: 19th Century

Lived: 1822-1895 Lived: 1843-1910

Known for: Known for:

 Germ theory, 1861  Expanded Pasteur’s work by

 Germ theory of infection, identifying the individual
1878 bacteria which cause diseases
 Vaccines for chicken  Identified anthrax (1876), TB
cholera, anthrax and rabies (1882) and cholera (1883)
(1870s)
 Pasteurisation

Edward James Joseph

Jenner Simpson Lister

Period: 18th/19th Centuries Period: 19th Century Period: 19th Century

Lived: 1749-1823 Lived: 1811-1870 Lived: 1827-1912

Known for: Known for: Known for:

 Developed the first  Discovery of chloroform as an  Development of antiseptic

vaccination for smallpox in anaesthetic, 1847 surgery, beginning with
the 1790s  Helped to solve the problem carbolic acid in 1865
 Encouraged Parliament to of pain during surgery  Helped to solve problem of
infection during surgery
develop vaccination further
 Based his ideas on Pasteur’s
germ theory work

Florence Edwin
Nightingale John Snow Chadwick

Period: 19th Century Period: 19th Century Period: 19th Century

Lived: 1820-1910 Lived: 1813-1858 Lived: 1800-1890

Known for: Known for: Known for:

 Nursing work during Crimean  Broad Street pump  Wrote On the Sanitary
War (1854-6) experiment (1854) which Conditions of the Labouring
 Notes on Nursing, 1859 proved cholera was spread by Classes in 1842
 School of Nursing (1860) dirty water  Encouraged more
 Encouraged better hospital  Famous anaesthetist – gave government action on public
design and conditions Victoria chloroform in 1853 health

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 Paper 1 – Medicine Through Time, c.1250-present

Karl Alexander
Paul Ehrlich Landsteiner Fleming

Period: 19th/20th Centuries Period: 19th/20th Centuries Period: 20th Century

Lived: 1854-1915 Lived: 1868-1943 Lived: 1881-1955

Known for: Known for: Known for:

 Worked as part of Robert  Discovered the first blood  Discovery of the first
Koch’s research team groups in 1900 antibiotic, penicillin, in 1928
 Developed the first magic  Co-discovered the polio virus  Shared a Nobel Prize with
bullet, Salvarsan 606, in 1909 in 1909 Florey and Chain, 1945

Howard William
Florey Ernst Chain Beveridge

Period: 20th Century Period: 20th Century Period: 20th Century

Lived: 1898-1968 Lived: 1906-1979 Lived: 1879-1963

Known for: Known for: Known for:

 Carried out the first human  Carried out the first human  1942 Beveridge Report, which
trials of penicillin in 1941, trials of penicillin in 1941, created the basis for the
with Ernst Chain with Howard Florey welfare state
 Persuaded companies in the  Suggested the setting up of a
US to start mass-producing national health service, paid
penicillin for by taxes

Aneurin James
Bevan Watson Francis Crick

Period: 20th Century Period: 20th Century Period: 20th Century

Lived: 1897-1960 Lived: 1928- Lived: 1916-2004

Known for: Known for: Known for:

 Minister of Health (1945-51)  Discovered the structure of  Discovered the structure of

 Oversaw the establishment DNA with Francis Crick, DNA with James Watson,
of the NHS in 1948 Rosalind Franklin and Rosalind Franklin and
Maurice Wilkins, 1953 Maurice Wilkins, 1953
 Helped establish the Human
Genome Project (1990)

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