Mathematics FINALS

CDU – CN
MATH / Lecture / First Semester

Module 4: Apportionment and Voting

Contestant First-Place Votes

Topic Outline A 147
B 50
4.1 Voting C 175
4.2 Voting Systems D 0
4.3 Apportionment E 140
4.4 Apportionment Methods
*Therefore, using the plurality method, it is clear that
Contestant C wins since it has the most number of
4.1 VOTING first-preference votes.

 Voting - is a tool used by groups of people in making THE PLURALITY WITH ELIMINATION (NO RANKING)
a collective decision
 A good example is an election wherein one can select  Each person votes for a candidate.
a particular candidate out of a set of candidates  A candidate with majority of votes is the winner.
 In the Philippines, voting is an exercise of rights and  If NO candidate has majority votes, then the
duties as a citizen candidate/s with the fewest votes are eliminated and
 Voting is also applicable on reality shows or election a new election is held. This process continues until a
in any organization candidate receives a majority of votes
 The number of votes dictates the winner of the
election THE PLURALITY WITH ELIMINATION EXAMPLE

4.2 VOTING SYSTEMS  Scenario: 512 people ranked their preferences of the 5
contestants in a singing contest, using 1 as favorite and
THE PLURALITY METHOD OF VOTING 5 least favorite. The results of the text votes are as
follows:
 The candidate with the most number of votes or with
the most first-preference votes wins Contestant Rankings
 The winning candidate does NOT need to have a A 5 1 4 3 1
majority of votes (over 50% of votes) B 4 5 1 2 2
 In case of tie, a special runoff election may be held. If C 3 4 5 1 3
votes are ranked, the candidate with the greatest D 2 3 2 5 4
number of first-place votes is declared the winner E 1 2 3 4 5
 Alternative choices are NOT considered in this No. of Votes 140 98 50 175 49
method making it limited
 First Elimination
THE PLURALITY METHOD EXAMPLE
Contestant First-Place Votes
 Scenario: 512 people ranked their preferences of the 5 A 147
contestants in a singing contest, using 1 as favorite and B 50
5 least favorite. The results of the text votes are as C 175
follows:
D 0
E 140
Contestant Rankings
A 5 1 4 3 1
B 4 5 1 2 2
*Contestant D is eliminated since it didn’t get any vote
for first-preference and a new election will be held
C 3 4 5 1 3
because no candidates got majority of the votes
D 2 3 2 5 4
E 1 2 3 4 5
No. of Votes 140 98 50 175 49

Apportionment and Voting | 1

Mathematics FINALS
CDU – CN
MATH / Lecture / First Semester

Module 4: Apportionment and Voting

INSTAND RUN-OFF EXAMPLE

 Second Elimination
 Scenario: 512 people ranked their preferences of the 5
Contestant Rankings contestants in a singing contest, using 1 as favorite and
A 3 1 2 2 1 5 least favorite. The results of the text votes are as
B 3 4 1 2 2 follows:
C 2 3 3 1 2 Contestant Rankings
E 1 2 1 3 3 A 5 1 4 3 1
No. of Votes 140 98 50 175 49 B 4 5 1 2 2
C 3 4 5 1 3
Contestant First-Place Votes D 2 3 2 5 4
A 147 E 1 2 3 4 5
B 50 No. of Votes 140 98 50 175 49
C 175
E 190  First Elimination

*Contestant B is eliminated since it has the fewest Contestant First-Place Votes

votes among the other three contestants, and a new A 147
election will be held because no candidates got B 50
majority of the votes C 175
D 0
 Third Elimination E 140

Contestant Rankings *Contestant D is eliminated since it didn’t get any vote

A 3 1 2 2 1 for first-preference
C 2 2 2 1 1
E 1 1 1 2 2  Second Elimination
No. of Votes 140 98 50 175 49
Contestant Rankings
Contestant First-Place Votes A 4 1 3 3 1
A 147 B 3 4 1 2 2
C 224 C 2 3 4 1 3
E 288 E 1 2 2 4 4
No. of Votes 140 98 50 175 49
*Therefore, using the plurality method with elimination
(no ranking), it is clear that Contestant E wins since it *Adjustments were made in the rankings of the
has the majority number of first-preference votes. contestants

PLURALITY WITH ELIMINATION (WITH RANKING) OR Contestant First-Place Votes

INSTANT RUN-OFF VOTING A 147
B 50
 Each votes ranks all the candidates C 175
 If no candidates receives a majority of first choice E 140
votes, then the candidate with the fewest first choice
votes is eliminated and those votes are given to the *Contestant B is eliminated since it has the fewest
next preferred candidate votes among the other three contestants
 If a candidate now has a majority of first-choice
votes, that candidate is declared the winner

Apportionment and Voting | 2

Mathematics FINALS
CDU – CN
MATH / Lecture / First Semester

Module 4: Apportionment and Voting

 Third Elimination Contestant Rankings

A 5 1 4 3 1
Contestant Rankings B 4 5 1 2 2
A 3 1 2 2 1 C 3 4 5 1 3
C 2 3 3 1 2 D 2 3 2 5 4
E 1 2 1 3 3 E 1 2 3 4 5
No. of Votes 140 98 50 175 49 No. of Votes 140 98 50 175 49

*Adjustments were made in the rankings of the *All 1st choice votes will be multiplied by 5
nd
contestants *All 2 choice votes will be multiplied by 4
rd
*All 3 choice votes will be multiplied by 3
th
Contestant First-Place Votes *All 4 choice votes will be multiplied by 2
th
A 147 *All 5 choice votes will be multiplied by 1
C 175
E 190  Results
o Contestant A:
*Contestant A is eliminated since it has the fewest 140(1) + 98(5) + 50(2) + 175(3) + 49(5) = 1500
votes among the other two contestants o Contestant B:
140(2) + 98(1) + 50(5) + 175(4) + 49(4) = 1524
o Contestant C:
 Fourth Elimination
140(3) + 98(2) + 50(1) + 175(5) + 49(3) = 1688
o Contestant D:
Contestant Rankings
140(4) + 98(3) + 50(4) + 175(1) + 49(2) = 1327
C 2 2 2 1 1
o Contestant E:
E 1 1 1 2 2 o 140(5) + 98(4) + 50(3) + 175(2) + 49(1) = 1641
No. of Votes 140 98 50 175 49
*Therefore, using the borda count method it is clear
*Adjustments were made in the rankings of the that Contestant C wins since it received the most
contestants number of points.

Contestant First-Place Votes PAIRWISE COMPARISON VOTING METHOD

C 224
E 288
 Each candidate is compared on-on-one with each of
the other candidates (Head-to-Head Method)
*Therefore, using the plurality method with elimination  A candidate receives 1 point for a win, 0.5 for a tie,
(with ranking), it is clear that Contestant E wins since and 0 points for a loss
it has the majority number of first-preference votes.  The candidate with the greatest number of points
wins the election.
BORDA COUNT METHOD OF VOTING
PAIRWISE COMPARISON EXAMPLE
 If there are n candidates or issues in an election,
each voter ranks the candidates by giving:  Scenario: 512 people ranked their preferences of the 5
* n points to the voter’s first choice contestants in a singing contest, using 1 as favorite and
* n-1 points to the voter’s second choice, and so on, 5 least favorite. The results of the text votes are as
with the voter’s least choice receiving q point follows:
 The candidate or issue that receives the greatest
total points is the winner Contestant Rankings
A 5 1 4 3 1
BORDA COUNT METHOD EXAMPLE B 4 5 1 2 2
C 3 4 5 1 3
 Scenario: 512 people ranked their preferences of the 5 D 2 3 2 5 4
contestants in a singing contest, using 1 as favorite and E 1 2 3 4 5
5 least favorite. The results of the text votes are as No. of Votes 140 98 50 175 49
follows:

Apportionment and Voting | 3

Mathematics FINALS
CDU – CN
MATH / Lecture / First Semester

Module 4: Apportionment and Voting

 Contestant A vs B  Contestant D vs E
o A: 98 + 49 = 147 o D: 50 + 49 = 99
o B: 140 + 50 + 175 = 365 E = 140 + 98 + 175 = 413

*Contestant B gets 1 point *Contestant E gets 1 point

 Contestant A vs C  Tally of Points

o A: 98 + 50 + 49 = 197
o C: 140 + 175 = 315 Contestant Total Number of Points
A 2
*Contestant C gets 1 point B 3
C 2
 Contestant A vs D D 1
o A: 98 + 175 + 49 = 322 E 2
o D: 140 + 50 = 190
*Therefore, using the pairwise comparison it is clear
*Contestant A gets 1 point that Contestant B wins since it received the most
number of points.
 Contestant A vs E
o A: 98 + 175 + 49 = 322 4.3 APPORTIONMENT
o E: 140 + 50 = 190
 Apportionment - a method of dividing a whole into
*Contestant A gets 1 point various parts
 Distributing several items proportionally into several
 Contestant B vs C
groups based on population sizes
o B: 50 + 49 = 99
 This method can be used to determine the number of
o C: 140 + 98 + 175 = 413
representatives a city should have based on its
*Contestant C gets 1 point present population
 This mathematical analysis originated with the U.S.
 Contestant B vs D Constitution wherein the House of Representatives
o B: 50 + 175 + 49 = 274 attempted to apportion itself.
o D: 140 + 98 = 238
SOME TERMS
*Contestant B gets 1 point
 Standard Divisor
 Contestant B vs E Standard Divisor = Total Population
o B: 50 + 175 + 49 = 274 No. of Items or Persons to
o E: D: 140 + 98 = 238 be Apportioned
 Standard Quota – the whole number part of the
*Contestant B gets 1 point quotient of the population divided by the standard
divisor
 Contestant C vs D  Lower Quota – the standard quota rounded down to
o C: 175 + 49 = 224 a whole number
o D: 140 + 98 + 50 = 288  Upper Quota – the standard quota rounded up to the
next whole number
*Contestant D gets 1 point

 Contestant C vs E
o C: 175 + 49 = 224
o E: 140 + 98 + 50 = 288

*Contestant E gets 1 point

Apportionment and Voting | 4

Mathematics FINALS
CDU – CN
MATH / Lecture / First Semester

Module 4: Apportionment and Voting

4.4 APPORTIONMENT METHODS State Population Quotient Standard Final

Quota Quota
THE HAMILTON METHOD A 58,805 6.0022 6 6
B 32,780 3.3459 3 3
1. Determine the standard divisor. C 109,111 11.1369 11 11
2. Divide the population of each state by the standard D 78,900 8.0533 8 8
divisor. Round down the quotient. E 67,430 6.8826 6 7
3. Determine the total of apportioned items. If the F 44,862 4.5791 4 5
computed apportioned items is less than the required, Total 391,888 - 38 40
then assign one representative with the largest
remainder, repeat as needed until the required *Adding 1 seat to State E and then adding 1 seat to
apportioned items is met State F which completes the total number of seats of
40.
THE HAMILTON METHOD EXAMPLE
THE JEFFERSON METHOD
 Consider the following:
o A country composed of six states with a total
 The method is quite similar to the Hamilton Method.
population of 391,888 A standard divisor is determined, and then the items
o 40 seats in the House of Representatives will
to be apportioned is computed
be apportioned accordingly  If the total of the apportioned item is NOT equal to
o The distribution of the total population is found
the required items. Then, the standard divisor will be
on the table modified which is less than the computed standard
divisor.
State Population
 From the example using the Hamilton Method, the
A 58,805 standard divisor = 9797.2; then a number is chose by
B 32,780 trial and error as the new standard divisor until the
C 109,111 required items is satisfied.
D 78,900
E 67,430 THE JEFFERSON METHOD EXAMPLE
F 44,862
Total 391,888  Consider the following:
o A country composed of six states with a total
 Standard Divisor: 391,888 (total population)/40 population of 391,888
(seats) = 9797.2 o 40 seats in the House of Representatives will
be apportioned accordingly
 Quotient = Population / Standard Divisor o The distribution of the total population is found
on the table
State Population Quotient Standard
Quota (L) State Population
A 58,805 6.0022 6 A 58,805
B 32,780 3.3459 3 B 32,780
C 109,111 11.1369 11 C 109,111
D 78,900 8.0533 8 D 78,900
E 67,430 6.8826 6 E 67,430
F 44,862 4.5791 4 F 44,862
Total 391,888 - 38 Total 391,888
*The total seats is only 38 instead of 40. In this case,
 Standard Divisor: 391,888 (total population)/40
add 1 seat for the state with highest decimal
(seats) = 9797.2
remainder, and so on UNTIL 40 seats is completed.
 Quotient = Population / Standard Divisor
 Trial 1
Standard Divisor = 9797.2

Apportionment and Voting | 5

Mathematics FINALS
CDU – CN
MATH / Lecture / First Semester

Module 4: Apportionment and Voting

State Population Quotient Standard o 40 seats in the House of Representatives will

Quota be apportioned accordingly
A 58,805 6.0022 6 o The distribution of the total population is found
B 32,780 3.3459 3 on the table
C 109,111 11.1369 11
D 78,900 8.0533 8 State Population
E 67,430 6.8826 6 A 58,805
F 44,862 4.5791 4 B 32,780
Total 391,888 - 38 C 109,111
D 78,900
 Trial 2 E 67,430
F 44,862
Standard Divisor = 9300
Total 391,888
State Population Quotient Standard
Quota  Standard Divisor: 391,888 (total population)/40
A 58,805 6.3231 6 (seats) = 9797.2
B 32,780 3.5247 3
C 109,111 11.7323 11  Quotient = Population / Standard Divisor
D 78,900 8.4838 8
E 67,430 7.2505 7 State Population Quotient Rounding Final
F 44,862 4.8238 4 off Quota
Total 391,888 - 39 A 58,805 6.0022 6 6
B 32,780 3.3459 3 3
C 109,111 11.1369 11 11
 Trial 3
Standard Divisor = 9000 D 78,900 8.0533 8 8
E 67,430 6.8826 7 7
State Population Quotient Standard Final F 44,862 4.5791 5 5
Quota Quota Total 391,888 - 40 40
A 58,805 6.5338 6 6
B 32,780 3.6422 3 3 HUNTINGTON-HILL METHOD
C 109,111 12.1234 12 12
D 78,900 8.7666 8 8  Uses geometric means to round standard quotas
E 67,430 7.4922 7 7 until the total quota is achieved
F 44,862 4.9846 4 4  There may be a need to modify the standard divisor
Total 391,888 - 40 40  To find geometric mean (in 2 decimals), multiply the
upper quota and lower quota and get the square root.
WEBSTER METHOD o if the standard quota is less than the
geometric mean, round down the quota
o if the standard quota is greater than or equal
 Apply the rules of rounding off on the quotients after
to the geometric mean, then round up the
dividing with the standard divisor. Example: 2.49 is 2
quota
and 2.5 is 3.
 If the quota is NOT equal to the required items, then
THE HUNTINGTON-HILL METHOD EXAMPLE
a standard divisor is arbitrarily chosen. The new
standard divisor may be less than or more than the
 Consider the following:
computed standard divisor ~ whichever may satisfied
o A country composed of six states with a total
the required items.
population of 391,888
o 40 seats in the House of Representatives will
THE WEBSTER METHOD EXAMPLE
be apportioned accordingly
o The distribution of the total population is found
 Consider the following: on the table
o A country composed of six states with a total
population of 391,888

Apportionment and Voting | 6

Mathematics FINALS
CDU – CN
MATH / Lecture / First Semester

Module 4: Apportionment and Voting

State Population
A 58,805
B 32,780
C 109,111
D 78,900
E 67,430
F 44,862
Total 391,888

 Standard Divisor: 391,888 (total population)/40

(seats) = 9797.2

 Quotient = Population / Standard Divisor

 Standard Divisor = 9797.2

Geometric
State Population Quotient Lower Quota Upper Quota Final Quota
Mean
A 58,805 6.0022 6 7 6.48 7
B 32,780 3.3459 3 4 3.46 4
C 109,111 11.1369 11 12 12.49 12
D 78,900 8.0533 8 9 8.49 9
E 67,430 6.8826 7 8 7.48 7
F 44,862 4.5791 4 5 4.47 5
Total 391,888 40 44

*Need to modify standard divisor

 Standard Divisor = 9500

Geometric
State Population Quotient Lower Quota Upper Quota Final Quota
Mean
A 58,805 6.1900 6 7 6.48 6
B 32,780 3.4505 3 4 3.46 3
C 109,111 11.4853 11 12 12.49 13
D 78,900 8.3052 8 9 8.49 8
E 67,430 7.0978 7 8 7.48 7
F 44,862 4.7223 4 5 4.47 5
Total 391,888 42

*Need to modify standard divisor

Apportionment and Voting | 7