DEVELOPING A 50 ITEMS ACHIEVEMENT TEST IN MATHEMATICS

(SOME SELECTED TOPICS IN SS2) WITH THEIR PSYCHOMETRIC

PROPERTIES

STEP 1: PREPERATION OF CONTENT OUTLINE: The content for this test include the
following topics

S/N TOPIC CONTENT

1 Logarithms of i. Logarithm of numbers greater than one.
numbers
ii. Characteristics of logarithm of numbers greater than one and
less than one.

iii. Multiplication, division, power and roots of numbers

iv. Solution of simple logarithmic equations, accuracy of result

of logarithm table and calculations.

2. Approximation and i. Rounding up and down of numbers to significant figures,

errors decimal places and nearest whole numbers

ii. Application of approximation to everyday life

iii. Percentage error

3. Algebraic Fractions i. Simplification of fractions

ii. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of

algebraic fractions

iii. Equations involving fractions

iv. Substitution in fractions

v. Finding the values of unknown to make a fraction undefined.

vi. Fractions equal to zero

4. Sequence and i. Sequence and series (pattern of sequences)

Series
ii. Sequence as a function

iii. Arithmetic progression (AP) / Linear sequence

iv. The nth term of an A.P

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 v. Series

vi. Sum of A.P

vii. Geometric Progression (GP) / Exponential sequence

viii. The nth term of a GP

ix. Sum of a Geometric progression (GP)

x. Sum of G.P to infinity

5 Linear Inequalities i. Solution of Linear Inequalities in one variable and graphical

representation

ii. Solution of inequalities with two inequality symbol

iii. Graphical solution of inequalities

iv. Graphical solution of inequality in two unknowns

6. Coordinate i. Distance between two points

Geometry
ii. Midpoint of two points on a straight line

iii. Gradiant of a line

iv. Various forms of equation of a straight line

v. The circle and equation of a circle

7. Angles of Elevation i. Angles of Elevation

and Depression
ii. Angles of Depression

8. Statistics I i. Mean of discrete data

Measure of central
tendency ii. Mean of group data

iii. Mode of discrete data

iv. Mode of group data

v. Mode from histogram

vi. Median of discrete data

vii. Median of group data

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9. Statistics II i. Mean deviation
Measure of
Dispersion ii. Standard deviation

iii. Variance

iv. Calculation of mean, variance and standard deviation using

assumed mean.

10. PROBABILITY i. Definition of probability

ii. Tossing a coin

iii. Tossing of two coins

iv. Tossing of three coins

v. Throwing of a dice

vi. Throwing of two dice

vii. Combined probability

viii. Independent events

ix. Cases of replacement and cases without replacement

NERDC (2008)

STEP 2: SPECIFICATION OF OBJECTIVES

At the end of these contents, the students should be able to:

S/N TOPIC INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES`
1 Logarithms of i. Use logarithm and anti-logarithm tables in multiplication of
numbers numbers greater than 1
ii. Use logarithm and antilogarithm tables in division of
numbers greater than 1
iii. Use logarithm and anti-logarithm tables in evaluating powers
and roots of numbers
iv. Use logarithm and anti-logarithm tables in multiplying
numbers less than 1
v. Use logarithm and anti-logarithm tables in dividing numbers

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 less than 1
vi. Use logarithm and anti-logarithm tables in evaluating the
powers and roots of numbers less than 1
vii. Without tables, use the rules of logarithm to simplify
logarithmic expressions
viii. Without tables, use the rules of logarithm to solve
logarithmic equations.

2. Approximations i. Approximate decimal numbers to whole numbers

and errors
ii. Approximate or correct numbers to various significant
figures
iii. Carryout approximation of given numbers to a number of
decimal places
iv. Calculate percentage error

3. Algebraic Fractions i. Add algebraic fractions using the concept of LCM

ii. Subtract algebraic fractions
iii. Multiply algebraic fractions
iv. Divide algebraic fractions
v. Differentiate between defined and undefined fractions
vi. Simplify algebraic fractions
vii. Determine the values of an unknown to make an algebraic
fraction defined and undefined
viii. Determine the values of an unknown to make an algebraic
fraction equal to zero.

4. Sequence and i. Determine any term of a given sequence

Series
ii. Identify an arithmetic progression (AP)
iii. Find the first term, common difference and last terms of an
arithmetic progression
iv. Calculate the nth term and last term of an arithmetic
progression
v. Given the 2nd and the 5th term of a sequence or any two terms
of an AP, use the information given to obtain a system of
equations in two unknowns and solving to get ‘a’, ‘d’ and the

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 AP
vi. Find the sum of the first nth terms of the AP
vii. Calculate the first term, the common ratio and the nth term of
a G.P
viii. Giving three consecutive terms of a G.P and determine the
values of the unknown
ix. Find the sum (Sn) of n terms of a sequence
x. Calculate the sum of G.P to infinity.

5. Linear Inequalities i. Solve simple inequalities and represent answer graphically

ii. Recall that when both sides of an inequality are to be
multiplied or divided by a negative number, the inequality
symbols or signs at the middle must be reversed.
iii. Solve inequalities involving two symbols and indicate the
range of values graphically.
iv. Shade the region represented by an inequality
v. Obtain the table of values and solve the inequalities in two
unknowns graphically by indicating the region of solution.

6. Coordinate i. Locate points on the X – Y plane

Geometry
ii. Identify and state the coordinate of points
iii. Calculate the distance between two points
iv. Find the midpoint of two points on a straight line
v. Calculate the gradient of a given line when the coordinates
are given
vi. Recall the various forms of equation of a straight line (i.e the
gradient intercept form, gradient and one point form, two
points form and the general form of equations of a straight
line).
vii. Find the equation of a straight line when data are provided
viii. Find the equation of a circle when the coordinate of the
center and the radius are provided.

7. Angles of Elevation i. Recognize the angle of elevation and angle of depression of

and Depressions an object from a given location

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 ii. Solve trigonometric problems involving angles of elevation
and depression
iii. Calculate angles and distances involved in the problems
under consideration.

8. Statistics I i. Calculate the mean of a discrete data

Measure of Central
Tendency ii. Find the unknown number if the mean of a given data is
given and one observation is not disclosed.
iii. Find the mean in a data presented on a simple frequency
table.
iv. Determine the frequency of a particular observation when the
mean of the data is given.
v. Find the mean in a grouped frequency table.
vi. Calculate the mode when given a discrete data of the form:
x1, x2, x3, …..xn
vii. Calculate the mode when given data that is presented in a
simple frequency table
viii. Calculate the mode when given a grouped data.
ix. Calculate the median in a discrete data
x. Find the median in a data arranged in a simple frequency
table.
xi. Find the median in a grouped frequency distribution.

9. Measures of i. Find the range in a set of numbers

Dispersion
ii. Find the mean deviation of discrete and grouped data
iii. Find the variance and standard deviation of discrete and
grouped data

10. Probability i. Define probability

ii. Interpret problems and recall the general formula for solving
probability problem
iii. Find the probability of getting a head when a coin is tossed
iv. Find the probability of getting a tail when a coin is tossed.
v. Solve probability problems when two coins are tossed.

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vi. Solve probability problems when three coins are tossed.
vii. Solve probability problems when one die is rolled
viii. Solve probability problem when two dice are rolled together
ix. Interpret the use of ‘or’, ‘either’, ‘neither’, and ‘all’, ‘both’
‘and’ in probability
x. Solve probability problems involving events with
replacement and events without replacement.
xi. Recall that probability of failure is equal to 1 – probability of
success, or probability of success + probability of failure = 1
(i.e p + q = 1)

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 STEP 3: PREPERATION OF TEST BLUE PRINT/ TABLE OF
SPECIFICATION FOR A 50 ITEM TEST

Table1
Content Area Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation Total
30% 20% 22% 8% 10% 10%

Logarithms of 2 1 1 0 1 1 6
numbers 11%
Approximations 1 1 1 0 0 0 3
and errors 7%
Algebraic Fractions 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
15%
Sequence and 2 1 1 0 1 1 6
Series 10%
Linear Inequalities 2 1 1 0 1 1 6
10%
Coordinate 2 1 1 0 1 1 6
Geometry 10%
Angles of Elevation 1 1 1 0 0 0 3
and depression8%
Measures of 1 1 1 0 0 0 3
Central Tendency
9%
Measure of 1 1 1 0 0 0 3
Dispersion 7%
Probability13% 2 1 1 1 1 1 7

Total 100% 16 10 10 2 6 6 50

These are obtained using the relation

% of content ×% of objectives × 50
100 100
The Cartesian of each content and objective is taken for the calculations, that is
Knowledge under Logarithm of numbers= 11/100 x 30/100 x 50 =1.65 = 2.
This same procedure is used for others.

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 STEP 4: DETERMINATION OF TEST FORM: The items generated or
constructed here are multiple choice items with alternatives lettered A-E in which one of
the alternatives is the key, others are distracters

STEP 5: GENERATION OF TEST ITEMS

Generated Mathematics achievement Test to be used for Trial testing

1. Evaluate, using logarithm tables, log (0.65)2 (a) 2.1.6258 (b) 0.6272 (c) 0.6258 (d) ī.6258
(e) 1.6272
2. Evaluate log1025 + log1032 – log108 (a) 0.2 (b) 2 (c) 100 (d) 409 (e) 490
3. Given that log2a = log84, find a (a) 2½ (b) 41/3 (c) 42/3 (d) 22/3 (e) 23
4. Given that ½ log10P = 1 find the value of P (a) 104 (b) 103 (c) 102 (d) 101 (e) 10-1
5. Evaluate Log 8___ (a) -2 (b) -3/2 (c) ½ (d) 4 (e) 5
Log ( /4)
1

6. If log 5.957 = 0.7750, find Log 3 0.0005957 (a) 4.1986 (b) 2.9250 (c) 1.5917 (d) 1.2853
(e) 4.3041
7. Given that logx64 = 3, evaluate xlog28 (a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 12 (d) 24 (e) 25
8. If log2 (3x - -1) = 5, find x (a) 2.00 (b) 3.67 (c) 8.67 (d) 11.00 (e) 11.52
9. Evaluate log39 – log28 (a) -1/3 (b) ½ (c) 1/3 (d) -1/2 (e) 2/3
Log39
10. If Log10(2x + 1) – log10(3x – 2) = 1 find x (a) ¾ (b) ¼ (c) ½ (d) 2/3 (e) 3/5
11. Given that log102 = 0.3010 and log103 = 0.4771, calculate without using mathematical tables or
calculator, the value ofLog1054 (a) 2.7323 (b) 1.7323 (c) 3.7333 (d) 4.2373 (e) 0.7323
12. Find the value of K given that Logk – Log(k-2) = log 5 (a) 4.5 (b) 3.5 (c) 2.5
(d) 1.5 (e) 0.5
13. Simplify 0.63954 ÷ 0.003, giving your answer correct to two significant figures. (a)
213.18 (b) 213.00 (c) 213 (d) 210 (e) 21
14. Express 7/19 as a percentage correct to 1 decimal place (a) 2.7% (b) 3.7% (c) 27.1% (d)
36.8% (e) 35.3%
15. A string is 4.8m. a boy measured it to be 4.95m find the percentage error. (a) 5/16% (b) 15/16%
(c) 31/33% (d) 31/8% (e) 15%

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16. A piece of cloth was measured as 6.10m. if the actual length of the cloth is 6.35m find the
percentage error, correct to two decimal places. (a) 3.05% (b) 3.94% (c) 15.00% (d)
25.00% (e) 39.30%
17. A sales boy gave a change of N68 instead of N72. Calculate his percentage error. (a) 4% (b)
55/9% (c) 515/17% (d) 7% (e) 6%
18. Express correct to three significant figures, 0.003597 (a) 0.359 (b) 0.004 (c) 0.00360 (d)
0.00359 (e) 0.04359
19. Simplify 1-x2, where x ≠ 0, 1 (a) 1/x (b) 1-x/x (c) x-1/x (d) 1+x/x (e) 1+x/1-x
x-x2
20. For what value of y is the expression:(y+2) (a) y = 0 (b) y = 2 (c) y = 3 (d) y=5 (e) y = 10
Y2-3y-10 undefined
21. Simplify: (3 – 15) ÷ _6_ (a) 2y – 5x (b) 9(2y – 5x)(c) 2x +3y (d) 3y – 4x (e) 7x + 5
X 2y xy
22. If 8x – 4 = 6x – 10, find the value of 5x (a) -35 (b) -15 (c) -3 (d) 3 (e) 7
23. For what value of x is the expression x2+15x+50 not defined? (a) -10 (b) -5 (c) 0 (d) 5 (e)
10 x-5
24. Express as a single fraction x – x+2 (a) 2x2 – 3x -4 (b) 2x2+3x-4(c) 2____
x-2 x+3(x-2)(x+3) (x+2)(x+3) (x-2)(x+3)
(d) 3x+4 (e) 3x – 4__
(x-2)(x+3) (x-2)(x+3)

25. If q oranges are sold for t naira, how many oranges can be bought for p naira (a) p/2t (b) qt/p
(c) q/pt (d) pq/t(e) t/qp
26. Solve for t in the equation 3/4t + 1/3(21 – t) 11 (a) 9/13 (b) 5/13 (c) 5 (d) 93/5 (e) ¾
27. Given that x = 2 and y = - ¼, evaluate x2y – 2xy (a) 0 (b) 1/5 (c) 1 (d) 2 (e) 5
5
28. If P = ½ and /p-1 = /p+x, find the value of x (a) -21/2 (b) -11/2 (c) 11/2 (d) 21/2(e) 4/5
1 2

29. IfE = M N and E = 75, M =120,N =5000, find S (a) 1000 (b) 2000 (c)3000 (d) 4000 (e)70
S+N
30. Subtract ½ (a – b – c) from the sum of ½ (a – b + c) and ½ (a + b – c) (a) ½ (a + b + c) (b) ½ (a
– b – c) (c) ½ (a – b + c) (d) ½ (a + b – c) (e) a+c
31. If x = 2/3 and y = -6, evaluate xy – y/x (a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 8 (d) 9 (e) 10
32. Solve the equation 1/5x + 1/x = 3 (a) 1/5 (b) 2/5 (c) 3/5 (d) 4/5 (e) ¾
33. Find the 8th term of the A.P -3, -1, 1….. (a) 13 (b) 11 (c) -8 (d) -11 (e) -17
34. Find the sum of the first five terms of the G.P 2, 6, 18……. (a) 484 (b) 243 (c) 242 (d)
130 (e) 121

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35. Find the 4th term of an A.P whose first term is 2 and common differences is 0.5 (a) 0.5 (b) 2.5
(c) 3.5 (d) 4 (e) 4.5
36. The first term a, of an A.P. is equal to twice the common difference d. Find, in terms of d, the 5 th
term of the A.P. (a) 4d (b) 5d (c) 6d (d) a + 5d (e) 2a + 4d
37. The common ration of a G.P is 2. If the 5th term is greater than the 1st term by 45, find the 5th term
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 45 (d) 48 (e) 90
38. The nth term of a sequence is given by 3.2n -2. Write down the first three terms of the sequence.
(a) 3/2, 0, 6 (b) 3/2, 3, 6 (c) 2/3, 3, 8/3 (d) 2/3, ¾, 6 (e) 2/3, 3, 1/3
39. The nth term of a sequence is given by (-1) n-22n-1. Find the sum of the second and third terms (a)
-2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 6 (e) 12
40. The sum of the first and second terms of an A.P is 4th and the tenth term is 19. Find the sum of
the 5th and 6th terms. (a) 11 (b) 20 (c) 21 (d) 22 (e) 24
41. If 16/9, x, 1, y are in Geometric progression (G.P.), find the product of x and y. (a) 9/16 (b) ¾
(c) 1 (d) 4/3 (e) 16/6
42. Find the 9th term of the Arithmetic Progression, 18, 12, 6, 0, -6……. (a) -54 (b) -30 (c) 30
(d) 42 (e) 66
43. The 11th term of an A.P is 25 and its first term is -3, Find its common difference (a) 1 9/10 (b)
21/5 (c) 23/11 (d) 21/2 (e) 24/5
44. Find the nth term of the sequence 4, 10, 16……….. (a) 2(3n-1) (b) 2(2+ 3 n-1) (c) 2n + 2
(d) 2 (3n+2) (e) 5(n+3)
45. Solve the inequality: 3 – 4x ≤ 7x – 1 (a) x ≤ - 4/11 (b) x ≥ - 2/3 (c) x ≤ 2/3 (d) x ≥ 4/11 (e) x ≥
¾
46. The shaded portion shows the outer boundary of the half plane defined by the inequality. (a) 4x
+ 3y > 6 (b) 4x + 3y = 6 (c) 4x + 3y < 6 (d) 3y > 6 (e) 4x > 6
47. Find the co-ordinates of point B (a) (0,1½) (b) (0, 2) (c) (2,0) (d) (1½, 2) (e) (1
½, 0)
48. If x varies over the set of real numbers, which of the following is illustrated in the diagram
below? (a) – 3 < x ≤ 2 (b) – 3 ≤ x < 2 (c) – 3 < x < 2 (d) – 3 ≤ x ≤ 2 (e) x ≥ 2
49. Solve the inequality 3m = 3 > 9 (a) m > 2 (b) m > 3 (c) m > 4 (d) m > 6 (e) m > 12
50. Solve the inequality; 1/3 (2x – 1) < 5 (a) x < 5 (b) x < - 6 (c) x < 7 (d) x < 8 (e) x < 16

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51. The side of a rhombus is 10cm long, correct to the nearest whole number. Between what limits
should the perimeter P lie? (a) 39cm ≤ P ≤ 41cm (b) 38cm ≤ P < 42cm (c) 38.5cm ≤ P <
41.5cm (d) 38.5 ≤ P ≤ 40cm (e) 35cm and 39
52. Amina had m mangoes. She ate 3 and shared the remainder equally with her brother Uche. Each
had at least 10. Which of the following inequalities represents the statement above? (a) m/2
– 3 ≤ 10 (b) m/2 – 3 ≥ 10 (c) m -3/2 ≥ 10 (d) m-3/2 ≤ 10 (e) m/5
53. Find the range of values of x for which x + 2/4 – x + 1/3> ½ (a) x > 4 (b) x > - 4 (c) x < 4 (d) x
< - 4 (e) x=10
54. If x is a positive integer, list the values of x which satisfy the inequalities 3x – 4 < 6 and x – 1 >
0. (a) (1,2,3) (b) (2,3) (c) (2,3,4) (d) (2,3,4,5)(e) (5,6,7)
55. The mean of the numbers 2, 5, 2x and 7 is less than or equal to 5. Find the range of values of x
(a) x ≤ 3 (b) x ≥ 3 (c) x < 3 (d) x > 3 (e) x = 8
56. Given the graph of y = 2x2 – 5x – 3. For what values of x will y be negative? (a) –
½≤x<3 (b) – ½ < x ≤ 3 (c) – ½ < x < 3 (d) – ½ ≤ x ≤ 3(e) – ½ ≤ x ≤ 5
57. Find the gradient of the line joining the points (2, - 3) and (2,5)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) undefined (e) 8
58. The table below shows some values for a linear graph

X 0 1¼ 2 4
Y 3 5½

Find the gradient of the line

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5
59. A straight line passes through the points P(1,2) and Q(5,8). Calculate the gradient of the line PQ.
(a) 2/5 (b) 2/3 (c) 3/2 (d) 5/3(e) 7/8
60. Calculate the gradient (slope) of the joining points (-1,1) and (2, - 2).
(a) -1 (b) – ½ (c) ½ (d) -1 (e) -2
61. A curve is such that when y = 0, x = -2 or x = 3. Find the equation of the curve
(a) y = x2 – 5x – 6 (b) y = x2 + 5x – 6 (c) y = x2 + x – 6 (d) y = x2 – x – 6 (e) y = x2-3
62. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point (1, -5) and having gradient of ¾
(a) 3x + 4y – 23 = 0 (b) 3x + 4y + 23 = 0 (c) 3x – 4y + 23 = 0
(d) 3x – 4y – 23 = 0 (e) 3x – 6y – 23 = 0

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 Use the following for questions 63 – 65
A group of students took a test and the following frequency table shows the scores:

Score 0 1 2 3 4 5
Freq. 2 3 4 2 7 2

63. Find the mode (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 (e) 7

64. Find the mean score (a) 1.75 (b) 2 (c) 2.5 (d) 2.75 (e) 3
65. The median score is (a) 0 (b) 2.5 (c) 3 (d) 5 (e) 7
Use the following for question 66 – 68. For a class of 30 students, the scores of a
mathematics test out of ten marks were as follows:
4,5,7,2,3,6,5,5,8,9,5,4,2,3,7,9,8,7,7,7,3,4,5,5,2,3,6,7,7,2
66. What is the mode of the scores? (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (e) 7
67. What is the median score? (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6 (e) 7
68. What is the range of the distribution? (a) 2 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9 (e) 10
69. Which of the following is not a measure of dispersion? (a) mode (b) Mean deviation (c) Range
(d) Interquartile range (e) Standard deviation
70. The mean of 30 observations recorded in an experiment is 5. If te observed largest value of 34 is
deleted, find the mean of the meaning observations. (a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3.9 (d) 3.4 (e) 3.0
The table below shows the frequency distribution of a number of chairs in each of 40
rooms of various houses

No. of chairs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency 2 7 5 4 9 7 6

Use the table to answer questions 71 - 73

71. Find the mean of the distribution (a) 3.5 (b) 4.0 (c) 4.4 (d) 5.0 (e) 5.7
72. Find the mode of the distribution (a) 40 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d) 5 (e) 2
73. Find the median of the distribution (a) 9 (b) 6.5 (c) 5 (d) 4.5 (e) 4
74. Find the median of the following set of scores: 65, 72, 55, 48, 78
(a) 55 (b) 60 (c) 63.5 (d) 65 (e) 72

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 The data below shows the frequency distribution of marks scored by a group of students
in a class test.

Marks 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 2 4 5 3 1

Use the information to answer questions 75 - 77

75. How many students took the test? (a) 13 (b) 14 (c) 15 (d) 18 (e) 20
76. What is the modal score? (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 (e) 6
77. Find the mean mark (a) 1 (b) 1.3 (c) 2 (d) 3 (e) 3.8
78. A group of students measured a certain angle (to the nearest degree) and obtained the following
results: 75o, 76o, 72o, 73o, 74o, 74o, 79o, 72o, 72o, 77o, 72o, 71o, 70o, 78o, 73o. Find the mode. (a)
79o (b) 78o (c) 74o (d) 73o (e) 72o

The table below shows the scores of 15 students in a physics test. Use the information to
answer questions 79 and 80

Marks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No. of students 1 3 2 0 1 6 1 0 1 0

79. How many students scored at least 5? (a) 1 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 9 (e) 14
80. Find the median score (a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7 (e) 8
81. Find the median of the following set of numbers: 28, 29, 39, 38, 33, 37, 26, 20, 15, 25
(a) 33 (b) 29.5 (c) 29 (d) 28.5 (e) 28

The table below shows the scores of a group of 40 students in a physics test.

Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
No. of students 2 3 6 7 9 6 2 2 3

Use the information to answer questions 82 and 83.

82. If the mode is m and the median is n, then (m, n) is (a) (5,5) (b) 5,6) (c) (6,5)
(d) (9,4) (e) (9,5)
83. What is the mean of the distribution? (a) 4.2 (b) 4.5 (c) 4.8 (d) 5.0 (e) 5.2

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84. Find the median of the set of numbers 12, 15, 13, 14, 12, 12.
(a) 12 (b) 12.5 (c) 13 (d) 13.5 (e) 14
85. Calculate the standard deviation of the numbers 2, 5, 6, 4 and 8.
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 7 (e) 20
86. The table shows the scores of a group of students in a test

Score 1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of students 1 4 5 6 X 2

If the average score is 3.5, find the value of x. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5

The table below gives the distribution of marks obtained by a number of pupils in a class
test. Use this information to answer questions 88–90

Marks 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 4 7 12 18 11 8

87. The mode of the distribution is (a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 8 (d) 18 (e) 12
88. Find the median of the distribution (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5
89. How many pupils scored at least 2 marks? (a) 12 (b) 23 (c) 37 (d) 49 (e) 50
90. Find, correct to two decimal places, the mean of 9, 13, 16, 17, 19, 23, 24 (a) 23.00
(b) 17.29 (c) 16.50 (d) 16.33 (e) 15.60
91. Find the average of the first four prime numbers greater than 10. (a) 20 (b) 19 (c) 17 (d) 15
(e) 25
The table below gives the marks scored by a group of students in a test

Marks 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 1 2 7 5 4 3

Use the table to answer questions 93 and 94

92. What is the median mark? (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5
93. What is the probability of selecting a student from the group that scored 2 or 3?
(a) 1/11 (b) 5/25 (c) 7/22 (d) 6/11 (e) 5
94. Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency? (a) mean (b) mode
(c) range (d) median (e) All of the above

15
 The table gives the distribution of the marks of number of students in a test.

Marks 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 5 3 6 4, 2 5

95. Find the mode of the distribution (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6 (e) 7
96. If the probability of an event occurring is x, what is the probability of the event not occurring?
(a) 1 – x (b) x – 1 (c) 0 (d) 1/x(e) x
The table shows the ages (in yeas) of twenty children chosen at random from a
community. Use the information provided to answer questions 97 and 98.

Age (years) 1 2 3 4 5
Number of children 7 1 18 1 8
2 1

97. What is the mean age? (a) 4.46 years (b) 3.35 years (c) 3.30 years (d) 3.00 years
(e) 3.50 years
98. What is the median of the distribution? (a) 3.5 years (b) 3.0 years (c) 2.5 years
(d) 2.0 years (e) 5.0 years
99. Divide the sum of 8, 6, 7, 2, 0, 4, 7, 2, 3, by their mean. (a) 9 (b) 8 (c) 7 (d) 6 (e) 10
100. The mean age of R men in a club is 50 years. Two men, aged 55 and 63, left the club and the
mean age reduced by 1 year. Find the value of R (a) 18 (b) 20 (c) 22 (d) 28 (e) 30
101. The mean of th numbers 2, 5, 2x and 7 is less than or equal to 5. Find the range of value of x
(a) x ≤ 3 (b) x ≥ 3 (c) x < 3 (d) x> 3 (e) ) x > 4
102. The population of students in a school is 810. If this is represented in a pie chart, calculate
the sectorial angle of a class of 72 students. (a) 32o (b) 45o (c) 60o (d) 75o
(e) 650
103. Which of the following is used to determine the mode of a grouped data?
(a) Bar chart (b) Frequency polygon (c) Ogive (d) Histogram (e) Pie chart
104. What is the probability of having an odd number in a single toss of a fair die? (a) 1/6
(b) ½ (c) ½ (d) 2/3 (e) 5/6

16
 Use the following information for question 105 and106. The surnames of 40 children in a
class are arranged in alphabetical order. 16 of the surnames begin with O and 9 of the
surnames begin with A, 14 of the letters of the alphabet do not appear as the first letter of
a surname.
105. What is the probability that the surname of a child picked at random from the class begins
with either O or A? (a) 5/8 (b) 7/8 (c) 9/16 (d) 14/25 (e) 39/40
106. If more than one surname begins with a letter besides A and O, how many surnames begin
with that letter? (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 (e) 6
107. The table below gives the scores of a group of students in an English Language test.

Scores 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of students 2 4 7 2 3 2

If a student is chosen at random from the group, what is the probability that he scored at
least 6 marks? (a) 3/20 (b) 1/5 (c) ¼ (d) 3/10 (e) 3/5
108. What is the probability that 3 customers waiting in bank will be served in the sequence of
their arrival at the bank? (a) 1/6 (b) 1/3 (c) ½ (d) 2/3 (e) 5/6
Use the information below to answer question 6 and two groups of male students cast
their vote on a particular proposal. The results are as follows:

In favour Against
Group A 128 32
Group B 96 48

109. If the student in favour of the proposal is selected for a post, what is the probability that he is
from group A? (a) 8/19 (b) 16/35 (c) 10/19 (d) 4/7 (e) 4/5
110. If a student is chosen at random, hat is the probability that he is against the proposal?
(a) 3/19 (b) 4/19 (c) 5/19 (d) 9/19 (e) 10/19
111. A box contains 2 white and 3 blue identical marbles. If two marbles are picked at random,
one after the other, without replacement, what is the probability of picking two marbles of
different colours? (a) 2/3 (b) 3/5 (c) 2/5 (d) 7/20 (e) 3/10
112. Mrs. Jones is expecting a baby. The probability that it will be a boy is ½ and probability that
the baby will have blue eyes is ¼. What is the probability that she will have a blue-eyed boy?
(a) 1/8 (b) ¼ (c) 3/8 (d) ½ (e) ¾

17
113. A number is chosen at random from the set (1, 2, 3,… 9,10). What is the probability that the
number is greater than or equal to 7? (a) 1/10 (b) 3/10 (c) 2/5 (d) 3/5 (e) 7/10
114. What is the probability of throwing a number greater than 2 with a single fair die?
(a) 1/6 (b) 1 ½ (c) ½ (d) 2/3 (e) 7/10
115. A fair die is rolled once. What is the probability of obtaining a 4 or 6? (a) 1/12 (b) 1/6 (c)
1/3 (d) ½ (e) 2/3
116. Three balls are drawn one after the other with replacement, from a bag containing 5 red, 9
white and 4 blue identical balls. What is the probability that they are one red, one white and
one blue? (a) 5/102 (b) 5/136 (c) 5/162 (d) 5/204 (e) 5/243

The data below show the number of workers employed in the various sections of a
construction company in Lagos. Use the information to answer questions 14 and 15.
Carpenters 24, Labourers 27, Plumbers 12, Plasterers 15, Painters 9, Messengers 3,
Bricklayers 18.
117. If one of the workers is absent on a certain day, hat is the probability that he is a bricklayer?
(a) 1/12 (b) 1/9 (c) 2/9 (d 1/6 (e) ¼
118. If a worker is retrenched, what is the probability that he is a plumber or plasterers? (a) 1/27
(b) 1/9 (c) 5/36 (d) 2/9 (e) 1/3
119. What is the probability that an integer selected from the set of intergers (20,21, …, 30) is a
prime number? (a) 2/11 (b) 5/11 (c) 6/11 (d) 9/11 (e) 2/3
120. A fair die is rolled once. What is the probability of obtaining a number less than 3? (a) 1/6 (b)
1
/3 (c) 2/3 (d) ½ (e) 5/6
121. What is the probability of having an even number in a single toss of a fair die? (a) 1/6(b) 1/3
(c) ½ (d) 2/3 (e) 5/6
122. What is the probability that a total sum of seven would appear in two tosses of a fair die? (a)
5
/36 (b) 1/6 (c) 7/36 (d) 5/6 (e) 1

A die is rolled 200 times. The outcome obtained are shown in the table below. Use the
information to answer questions 20 and 21.

Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of times 25 30 45 2 40 32

18
 8

123. Find the probability of obtaining a 2. (a) 0.002 (b) 0.015 (c) 0.15 (d) 0.16 (e) 0.2
124. What is the probability of obtaining a number less than 3? (a) 0.125 (b) 0.150 (c) 0.275
(d) 0.500 (e) 0.725
125. Two cards are drawn one after the other with replacement from a well-shuffled ordinary deck
of 52 cards containing four Aces. Find the probability that they are both Aces.
(a) 1/121 (b) 1/169 (c) 1/52 (d) 1/26 (e) 1/13
126. Find the probability that a number selected from the numbers 30 to 50 inclusive is a prime.
(a) ¼ (b) 15/21 (c) 12/7 (d) 3/10 (e) ½
127. Two fair dice are tossed together once. Find the probability that the sum of the outcome is at
least 10. (a) 1/12 (b) 5/36 (c) 1/6 (d) ¼ (e) 5/18
128. From a box containing 2 red, 6 white and 5 black balls, a ball is randomly selected. What is
the probability that the ball is black? (a) 2/13 (b) 5/13 (c) 5/11 (d) 5/6 (e) 11/13
129. A bag contains 3 red, 4 black and 5 green identical balls. Two balls are picked at random,
one after the other without replacement. Find the probability that one is red and the other is
green. (a) 2/3 (b) 5/11 (c) 5/22 (d) 5/24 (e) 5/48
130. The table below gives the distribution of outcomes obtained when a die is rolled 100 times

No. on die 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 18 14 20 1 15 17
6

What is the experimental probability that is shows at most 4 when rolled again?
(a) 8/25 (b) 12/25 (c) 13/25 (d) 2/3 (e) 17/25
131. A bag contain red, black and green identical balls. A ball is picked and replaced. The table
below shows the result of 100 trials. Find the experimental probability of picking a green
ball.

Colour of ball Red Black Green

No. of occurrences 54 30 16

(a) 16 (b) 21/25 (c) 1/3 (d) 4/21 (e) 4/25

19
132. A bag contains 3 white, 6 red and 5 blue identical balls. A ball is picked at random from the
bag. What is the probability that it is either white or blue? (a) 9/14 (b) 4/7 (c) 3/7 (d) 5/14
(e) 3/14
133. A die with faces numbered 1 to 6 is rolled once. What is the probability of obtaining 3 or 4?
(a) 1/38 (b) 1/6 (c) 1/3 (d) ½ (e) 2/3
134. A box contains 2 white and 3 blue identical balls. If two balls are picked at random, one after
the other, without replacement, what is the probability of picking two falls of different
colours? (a) 6/25 (b) 7/20 (c) 3/5 (d) 2/3 (e) 5/6
135. From the set A = (3, 2,2 3, 9, 7), a number is selected at random. Find the probability that it
is a rational number. (a) 1/5 (b) 2/5 (c) 3/5 (d) 4/5
136. A group of eleven people can speak either English or French or both, Seven can speak
English and six can speak French. What is the probability that a person chosen at random can
speak both English and French? (a) 1/11 (b) 4/11 (c) 5/11 (d) 11/13
137. A survey shows that 28% of all the men in a village wear size 9 shoes. What is the
probability that a man selected at random in the village wears size 9 shoes? (a) 7/25 (b) 41/50
(c) ½ (d) 1
138. The probabilities that Kodjo and Adoga passed an examination are ¾ and 3/5 respectively.
Find the probability of both boys failing the examination. (a) 1/10 (b) 3/10 (c) 9/10 (d) 2/3
A box contains 5 red, 3 green and 4 blue balls. A boy is allowed to take away two balls
from the box. Use this information to answer questions 37 and 38.
139. What is the probability that the two balls are red? (a) 5/33 (b) 9/33 (c) 103/132 (d) 31/36
140. What is the probability that one is green and the other is blue? (a) 2/11 (b) 5/12 (c) 8/12 (d) 7/11
141. If the probability that an event will occur is p and the probability that it will not occur is q,
which of the following is true? (a) p – q = 1 (b) q – p = 0 (c) p + q = 1 (d) p + q = 0
142. The numbers of goals scored by a school team in 10 netball matches are as follows: 3, 5, 7, 7,
8, 8, 8, 11, 11, 12. Find the probability that in a match, the school team will score at most 8
goals. (a) 7/10 (b) 2/5 (c) 3/5 (d) 1/5

20
STEP 6: FACE VALIDATION: The items generated were upon cursory
inspection by the Mathematics Teacher at Government Secondary school
Gwagwalada, FCT Abuja.

STEP 7: TRIAL-TESTING: After the items were scrutinized by the Mathematics

teacher, 120 items were trial-tested by a sample of 20 science students of
Government Secondary School,Bwari, FCT Abuja. Items that met the statistical
qualities were then trial tested to obtain the coefficient of reliability

STUDENTS RESPONSES TO EACH ALTERNATIVE

Table2
A B C D E
Item Key U L U L U L U L U L
1 C - - - - 10 10 - - - -
2 B 2 3 3 0 1 2 2 3 2 2
3 B 1 2 5 3 1 2 2 1 1 2
4 A 6 5 - 2 - - 1 2 3 1
5 A 9 4 1 2 - 1 - 1 - 2
6 B 1 2 6 4 1 3 - - 2 1
7 B - 1 10 7 - 1 - 1 - -
8 A - - 2 3 1 2 3 4 4 1
9 E - 1 - 2 - 2 - 1 10 4
10 A 6 5 - 1 1 2 3 - 1 2
11 A 8 4 - 1 1 2 1 2 - 1
12 C 1 2 1 2 5 4 - 1 3 1
13 A 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 3
14 A 6 3 - 2 - 1 2 3 2 1
15 B 1 2 5 4 1 2 1 2 2 -
16 E 1 3 - 2 - 2 - 2 9 1
17 C - 1 - 1 9 7 - 1 - -
18 E - 1 - 1 - - - 1 10 7
19 C - 1 - - 10 9 - - - -
20 C - - 10 10 - - - - - -
21 C 1 3 - 1 8 0 1 4 - 2
22 A 5 3 1 2 - 1 3 2 1 2
23 C - 2 - 1 10 7 - - - -
24 E 5 2 1 5 2 3 - - 2 -
25 D - 3 - 1 - 1 10 4 - 1
26 B - 1 10 7 - 2 - - - -

21
27 A 9 2 1 3 - 2 - 2 - 1
28 C - - - - 10 10 - - - -
29 A 4 1 2 4 1 3 2 2 1 -
30 A 8 - - 2 - 2 - 2 2 4
31 B 8 1 1 1 1 5 - 1 - 2
32 E 2 1 4 1 3 2 - - 1 6
33 A - - 4 3 2 3 2 2 2 2
34 B - 2 6 3 1 2 2 3 1 -
35 A 4 - 3 5 2 3 1 1 - 1
36 C 1 5 - 1 7 1 1 2 1 1
37 B 1 2 7 2 2 4 - 1 - 1
38 C - - - 1 9 4 1 5 - -
39 B 2 3 1 - 2 4 2 1 3 2
40 D 1 3 1 2 0 0 5 3 3 2
41 A 9 4 1 2 - 1 - 1 - 2
42 C 1 2 - 3 6 2 1 2 1 2
43 B - 1 6 2 1 2 1 3 1 3
44 C - 1 - 1 9 7 - 1 - -
45 E - 1 - 1 - - - 1 10 7
46 D - 3 - 1 - 1 10 4 - 1
47 C - - - 1 9 4 1 2 1 2
48 A 4 - 3 5 2 3 1 1 - 1
49 B 1 2 7 2 2 4 - 1 - 1
50 B 2 3 7 3 - 1 1 2 - 1
51 C - - - 1 9 8 - 1 - 1
52 D - 3 - 1 - 1 10 4 - 1
53 C - 1 - 1 6 3 3 4 - 2
54 D 1 - - 1 - 2 7 4 - 1
55 B 1 2 11 3 - 1 - 1 - 1
56 A 8 7 1 2 - - - 1 - 1
57 A 9 5 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 3
58 C - 1 - 2 9 5 1 1 - 1
59 A 8 3 - 2 1 2 - 1 1 2
60 C - - 1 1 8 8 1 1 - -
61 D 1 2 - 1 - - 9 6 - 1
62 D - 1 - 1 1 2 8 4 1 2
63 E 1 3 - 1 - 1 - 1 9 4
64 A 10 3 - 2 - 1 - 3 - 1
65 B 1 2 9 4 - 1 - 2 - 1
66 C 1 2 - 1 8 4 - 2 - 1
67 A 7 3 - 2 1 2 1 2 1 1
68 A 8 2 1 3 - 1 1 2 - 2

22
69 A 7 2 - 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
70 B - - 9 8 1 1 - - - 1
71 A 9 5 - 1 1 2 - 1 - 1
72 C - 1 1 2 7 3 1 2 1 2
73 C - 1 - 1 8 4 1 2 1 2
74 D 1 2 - 1 1 2 7 4 1 1
75 A 8 6 - 1 1 2 - - 1 1
76 B - 1 9 7 1 - - 1 - 1
77 B - - 8 7 1 1 - 1 1 1
78 C 1 2 1 2 6 3 1 2 1 1
79 D 1 2 - 1 1 2 7 5 1 1
80 E - 1 1 2 1 2 - 1 8 4
81 E 1 2 1 2 1 2 - 1 7 3
82 D 2 3 1 2 2 3 2 1 3 1
83 C - 2 - 1 9 3 1 3 - 2
84 D 1 2 1 2 1 1 6 3 1 2
85 A 7 5 - 1 1 2 1 2 1 -
86 B - 1 9 8 1 1 - - - -
87 B 1 1 8 7 - - 1 2 - -
88 C 1 2 - 1 8 4 1 2 - 1
89 D - 1 1 2 1 2 7 5 1 -
90 D - 1 1 2 - 1 9 4 - 2
91 D 1 2 - 1 1 2 6 4 2 1
92 B 1 2 5 3 1 2 1 2 2 1
93 C - 2 1 2 8 3 - 1 1 2
94 D 1 3 1 2 - 1 7 3 1 1
95 C 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 2
96 B - 1 6 4 1 2 2 3 1 -
97 A 8 3 1 2 - 1 - 2 1 2
98 A 6 3 - 2 2 3 - 1 2 1
99 D 1 2 - 1 - - 8 5 1 2
100 B - 2 9 3 - 1 1 2 - 2
101 C - 1 1 2 9 4 - 1 - 2
102 D 1 2 - 1 - 1 9 5 - 1
103 C - 1 1 2 8 5 1 2 - -
104 B 2 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 2 2
105 A 3 2 2 3 - - 3 2 2 3
106 C 1 2 1 2 6 4 1 2 1 -
107 D - 1 1 2 1 - 7 4 1 3
108 A 10 4 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 2
109 B 1 2 9 4 - 1 - 2 - 1

23
110 C - 2 1 2 8 3 1 2 - 1
111 B 1 2 1 2 - 1 7 3 1 2
112 D - 3 2 2 2 3 4 1 2 1
113 E 1 2 1 2 1 2 6 4 1 -
114 A 9 4 1 3 - 1 - 1 - 1
115 B 1 2 8 4 1 2 - 1 - 1
116 B - 1 7 3 1 2 1 2 1 2
117 C - 2 2 3 5 3 1 2 2 -
118 C 1 2 1 2 6 3 1 1 1 2
119 B - 1 9 5 1 2 - 1 - 1
120 A 8 6 1 2 1 1 - 1 - -

STEP 8: EMPIRICAL ITEM ANALYSIS

This involves the determination of the Difficulty, the Discrimination and the
Distracter indices of the test items

Difficulty Index = U+L

N

Discrimination = U-L
1N
2

Distracter index = L-U

1N
2
Where U= Number of candidates in the upper group who answered the item
correctly
L = Number of candidates in the lower group who answered the item correctly
N= Number of candidates in both the upper and lower groups

24
Tables 3: Estimation of the Item Characteristics

ӿ= key

Items Difficulty Discrimination Distracter index

index P index D
A B C D E
1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 * 0.00 0.00
2 0.15 0.30 0.10 * 0.10 0.10 0.00
3 0.40 0.20 0.10 * 0.10 -0.10 0.10
4 0.55 0.10 * 0.20 0.00 0.10 -0.20
5 0.65 0.50 * 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20
6 0.50 0.20 0.10 * 0.20 0.00 -0.10
7 0.85 0.30 0.10 * 0.10 0.10 0.00
8 0.00 0.00 * 0.10 0.10 0.10 -0.30
9 0.70 0.60 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.10 *
10 0.55 0.10 * 0.10 0.10 -0.20 0.10
11 0.60 0.40 * 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
12 0.45 0.10 0.10 0.10 * 0.10 -0.20
13 0.15 0.10 * 0.10 0.10 -0.20 0.10
14 0.45 0.30 * 0.20 0.10 0.10 -0.10
15 0.45 0.10 0.10 * 0.10 0.10 -0.20
16 0.50 0.80 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 *
17 0.80 0.20 0.10 0.10 * 0.10 0.00
18 0.85 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.10 *
19 0.95 0.10 0.10 0.00 * 0.00 0.00
20 1.00 0.00 0.00 * 0.00 0.00 0.00
21 0.40 0.80 0.20 0.10 * 0.30 0.20
22 0.40 0.20 * 0.10 0.10 -0.10 0.10
23 0.85 0.30 0.20 0.10 * 0.00 0.00
24 0.10 0.20 -0.30 0.40 0.10 0.00 *
25 0.70 0.60 0.30 0.10 0.10 * 0.10
25
26 0.85 0.30 0.10 * 0.20 0.00 0.00
27 0.55 0.70 * 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.10
28 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 * 0.00 0.00
29 0.25 0.30 * 0.20 0.20 0.00 -0.10
30 0.40 0.80 * 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
31 0.10 0.00 -0.70 * 0.40 0-.10 0.20
32 0.35 0.50 -0.10 -0.30 -0.10 0.00 *
33 0.00 0.00 * -0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00
34 0.45 0.30 0.20 * 0.10 0.10 -0.10
35 0.20 0.30 * 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.10
36 0.40 0.60 0.40 0.10 * 0.10 0.00
37 0.45 0.50 0.10 * 0.20 0.10 0.10
38 0.65 0.50 0.00 0.10 * 0.40 0.00
39 0.05 0.10 0.10 * 0.20 -0.10 -0,10
40 0.40 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.00 * -0.10
41 0.65 0,50 * 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20
42 0.40 0.40 0.10 0.30 * 0.10 0.10
43 0.40 0.40 0.10 * 0.10 0.20 0.20
44 0.80 0.20 0.10 0.10 * 0.10 0.00
45 0.85 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.10 *
46 0.70 0.60 0.39 0.10 0.10 * 0.10
47 0.65 0.50 0.00 0.10 * 0.10 0.10
48 0.20 0.40 * 0.2 0.20 0.10 0.10
49 0.45 0.50 0.10 * 0.20 0.10 0.10
50 0.50 0.40 0.10 * 0.10 0.10 0.10
51 0.85 0.10 0.00 0.10 * 0.10 0.10
52 0.70 0.60 0.30 0.10 0.10 * 0.10
53 0.85 0.30 0.10 0.10 * 0.10 0.20
54 0.55 0.30 -0.10 0.10 0.20 * 0.10
55 0.70 0.80 0.10 * 0.10 0.10 0.10
56 0.75 0.10 * 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.10
57 0.70 0.40 * 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.20
58 0.70 0.40 0.10 0.20 * 0.00 0.10
59 0.55 0.50 * 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10
60 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 * 0.00 0.00
61 0.75 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.00 * 0.10
62 0.60 0.40 0.10 0.10 0.10 * 0.10
63 0.65 0.50 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 *
64 0.65 0.70 * 0.20 0.10 0.30 0.10
26
65 0.65 0.50 0.10 * 0.10 0.20 0.10
66 0.60 0.40 0.10 0.10 * 0.20 0.10
67 0.50 0.40 * 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10
68 0.50 0.60 * 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.20
69 0.45 0.50 * 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10
70 0.85 0.10 0.00 * 0.00 0.00 0.10
71 0.70 0.40 * 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
72 0.50 0.40 0.10 0.10 * 0.10 0.10
73 0.60 0.40 0.10 0.10 * 0.10 0.10
74 0.55 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.10 * 0.00
75 0.70 0.20 * 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00
76 0.80 0.20 0.10 * -010 0.10 0.10
77 0.75 0.10 0.00 * 0.00 0.10 0.00
78 0.45 0.30 0.10 0.10 * 0.10 0.00
79 0.60 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 * 0.00
80 0.60 0.40 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 *
81 0.50 0.40 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 *
82 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 * -0.20
83 0.60 0.60 0.20 0.10 * 0.20 0.20
84 0.45 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.00 * 0.10
85 0.60 0.20 * 0.10 0.10 0.10 -0.10
86 0.85 0.10 0.10 * 0.00 0.00 0.00
87 0.75 0.10 0.00 * 0.00 0.10 0.00
88 0.60 0.40 0.10 0.10 * 0.10 0.10
89 0.60 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 * -0.10
90 0.65 0.50 0.10 0.10 0.10 * 0.20
91 0.50 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 * -0.10
92 0.40 0.20 0.10 * 0.10 0.10 -0.10
93 0.55 0.50 0.20 0.10 * 0.10 0.00
94 0.50 0.40 0.20 0.10 0.10 * 0.00
95 0.25 0.10 0.10 0.10 * -0.10 0.00
96 0.50 0.20 0.10 * 0.10 0.10 -0.10
97 0.55 0.50 * 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.10
98 0.45 0.30 * 0.20 0.10 0.10 -0.10
99 0.65 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.00 * 0.10
100 0.60 0.60 0.20 * 0.10 0.10 0.20
101 0.65 0.50 0.10 0.10 * 0.10 0.20
102 0.70 0.40 0.10 0.10 0.10 * 0.10
103 0.65 0.40 0.10 0.10 * 0.10 0.00
27
104 0.20 0.20 0.00 * 0.20 0.00 0.00
105 0.25 0.10 * 0.10 0.00 -0.10 0.10
106 0.50 0.20 0.10 0.10 * 0.10 -0.10
107 0.55 0.30 0.10 0.10 -0.10 * 0.20
108 0.70 0.60 * 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20
109 0.65 0.50 0.10 * 0.10 0.20 0.10
110 0.55 0.50 0.20 0.10 * 0.10 0.10
111 0.50 0.40 0.10 0.10 0.10 * 0.10
112 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.00 0.10 * -0.10
113 0.50 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 -0.10 *
114 0.65 0.50 * 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10
115 0.60 0.40 0.10 * 0.10 0.10 0.10
116 0.50 0.40 0.10 * 0.10 0.10 1.10
117 0.40 0.20 0.20 0.10 * 0.10 -0.20
118 0.54 0.30 0.10 0.10 * 0.00 0.10
119 0.70 0.40 0.10 * 0.10 0.10 0.10
120 0.70 0.20 * 0.10 0.00 0.10 0.00

Comment, interpretation and selection of the items

The criterion for taking decision/selection of the items is as follows:

Difficulty index: The items to be selected here are those with difficulty index
between 0.30 to 0.70

Discrimination index: The items to be selected here are those with the difficulty
index between 0.2 to 1.0

sDistracterindex: The distracters to be selected here are those with positive

distracter indices. Those that did not attract respondents or have zero distracter
index will not be selected

Table4
Items Status/decision Remark/comment
1 Discarded Too easy item and does not discriminate
2 Discarded Very difficult item
3 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good. Distracter D should be
28
 replaced
4 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good. Distracter E should be
replaced
5 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
6 Accepted Moderately difficult and discriminates good. Distracter E
should be replaced
7 To be modified Difficult item
9 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
10 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good. Distracter D should be
replaced
11 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
12 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
13 Discarded Very difficult item
14 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
15 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
16 Accepted Moderately difficult and discriminates good
17 To be modified Easy item
18 To be modified Easy item
19 Discarded Very easy item
20 Discarded Very easy item
21 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
22 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
23 Discarded Very easy item
24 Discarded Very difficult item
25 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
26 Discarded Very easy item
27 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
28 Discarded Perfectly easy item
29 To be modified Difficult item
30 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
31 Discarded Very difficult item
32 Accepted Fairly difficult item. Distracter A&B should be replaced
33 Discarded Perfectly difficult item
34 Accepted Fairly difficult item. Distracters D should be replaced as it
discriminates negatively
35 To be modified Difficult item
36 Accepted Fairly difficult item. Distracter D should be replaced
37 Accepted Fairly difficult item and discriminates good
38 Accepted Fairly difficult item. Distracter A&D should be replaced as they
did not discriminates
39 Discard Too difficult item
40 Accepted Fairly difficult item. Distracter C and E should be replaced
41 Accepted Fairly difficult item and discriminates good
42 Accepted Fairly difficulty item and discriminates good
43 Accepted Fairly difficult item and discriminates good

29
44 To be modified Easy item
45 Discarded Very difficult item
46 Accepted Fairly difficult item and discriminates good
47 Accepted Fairly difficult item and discriminates good
48 To be modified Difficult item
49 Accepted Fairly difficult item
50 Accepted Moderately difficult item
51 Discarded Very difficult item
52 Accepted Fairly difficult item and discriminates good
53 Discarded Very difficult item
54 Accepted Fairly difficult item. Distracter A should be replaced as it
discriminates negatively
55 Accepted Fairly difficult item and discriminates good
56 To be modified Easy item
57 Accepted Fairly difficult item and discriminates good
58 Accepted Fairly difficult item and discriminates good
59 Accepted Fairly difficult item and discriminates good
60 To be modified Easy item
61 To be modified Easy item
62 Accepted Fairly difficulty item and discriminates good
63 Accepted Fairly difficulty item and discriminates good
64 Accepted Fairly difficulty item and discriminates good
65 Accepted Fairly difficulty item and discriminates good
67 Accepted Fairly difficulty item and discriminates good
68 Accepted Fairly difficulty item and discriminates good
69 Accepted Fairly difficulty item and discriminates good
70 Discarded Very easy item
71 Accepted Fairly difficulty item and discriminates good
72 Accepted Fairly difficulty item and discriminates good
73 Accepted Fairly difficulty item and discriminates good
74 Accepted Fairly difficult item. E should be replaced discriminates
75 Accepted Fairly difficult item. Distracter D and E should replaced
76 To be modified Easy item
77 To be modified Easy item
78 Accepted Fairly difficult item. Distracter E should be replaced
79 Accepted Fairly difficult item. Distracter E should be replaced
80 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
81 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
82 Discarded Too difficult item
83 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
84 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminate good. Distracter C should be
replaced
85 Accepted Fairly and discriminates good. Distracter E should be replaced
86 Discarded Very easy
87 To be modified Easy item

30
88 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
89 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminate good. Distracter should be
replaced
90 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
91 Accepted Moderately difficult and discriminate good. Distracter E should
be replaced
92 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good. Distracter E should be
replaced
93 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
94 Accepted Moderately difficult and discriminate good. Distracter E should
be replaced
95 To be modified Difficult item
96 Accepted Moderately difficult and discriminate good. Distracter E should
be replaced
97 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
98 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good. Distracter E should be
replaced
99 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good. Distracter C should be
replaced
100 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
101 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
102 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
103 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
104 To be modified Difficult item
105 To be modified Difficult item
106 Accepted Moderately difficult and discriminate good. Distracter E should
be replaced
107 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good. Distracter C should be
replaced
108 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
109 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
110 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
111 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
112 To be modified Easy item Fairly
113 Accepted Moderately difficult and discriminates good. Distracter D
should be replaced
114 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
115 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
116 Accepted Moderately difficult and discriminates good
117 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good. Distracter E should be
replaced
118 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
119 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good
120 Accepted Fairly difficult and discriminates good. Distracter C and E
should be replaced

31
 STEP 9: ITEM SELECTION

Based on the interpretations made, items that met the satisfied psychometric
statistical qualities were selected for the final form of the instrument.

FINAL FORM OF THE INSTRUMENT

(50 Items Achievement Test in Mathematics)

INSTRUCTION: Answer all the questions. From the options lettered A-E, choose
the option that is correct.TIME: 90 Minutes

1. Given that log2a = log84, find a (a) 2½ (b) 41/3 (c) 42/3 (d) 22/3 (e) 23
2. Find the 4th term of an A.P whose first term is 2 and common differences is 0.5 (a) 0.5 (b) 2.5
(c) 3.5 (d) 4 (e) 4.5
3. The first term a, of an A.P. is equal to twice the common difference d. Find, in terms of d, the 5 th
term of the A.P. (a) 4d (b) 5d (c) 6d (d) a + 5d (e) 2a + 4d
4. The common ration of a G.P is 2. If the 5th term is greater than the 1st term by 45, find the 5th term
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 45 (d) 48 (e) 90
5. The nth term of a sequence is given by 3.2n -2. Write down the first three terms of the sequence.
(a) 3/2, 0, 6 (b) 3/2, 3, 6 (c) 2/3, 3, 8/3 (d) 2/3, ¾, 6 (e) 2/3, 3, 1/3
6. The nth term of a sequence is given by (-1) n-22n-1. Find the sum of the second and third terms (a)
-2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 6 (e) 12
7. Two fair dice are tossed together once. Find the probability that the sum of the outcome is at
least 10. (a) 1/12 (b) 5/36 (c) 1/6 (d) ¼ (e) 5/18

32
8. From a box containing 2 red, 6 white and 5 black balls, a ball is randomly selected. What is the
probability that the ball is black? (a) 2/13 (b) 5/13 (c) 5/11 (d) 5/6 (e) 11/13
9. A bag contains 3 red, 4 black and 5 green identical balls. Two balls are picked at random, one
after the other without replacement. Find the probability that one is red and the other is
green. (a) 2/3 (b) 5/11 (c) 5/22 (d) 5/24 (e) 5/48

10. The table below gives the distribution of outcomes obtained when a die is rolled 100 times

No. on die 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 18 14 20 1 15 17
6

What is the experimental probability that is shows at most 4 when rolled again?
(a) 8/25 (b) 12/25 (c) 13/25 (d) 2/3 (e) 17/25
11. A bag contains red, black and green identical balls. A ball is picked and replaced. The table
below shows the result of 100 trials. Find the experimental probability of picking a green
ball.

Colour of ball Red Black Green

No. of occurrences 54 30 16

(a) 16 (b) 21/25 (c) 1/3 (d) 4/21 (e) 4/25

12. Given that log102 = 0.3010 and log103 = 0.4771, calculate without using mathematical tables
or calculator, the value of Log1054 (a) 2.7323 (b) 1.7323 (c) 3.7333 (d) 4.2373 (e)
0.7323
13. Find the value of K given that Logk – Log(k-2) = log 5 (a) 4.5 (b) 3.5 (c) 2.5
(d) 1.5 (e) 0.5
14. Simplify 0.63954 ÷ 0.003, giving your answer correct to two significant figures.
(a) 213.18 (b) 213.00 (c) 213 (d) 210 (e) 21
15. Express 7/19 as a percentage correct to 1 decimal place (a) 2.7% (b) 3.7% (c) 27.1%
(d) 36.8% (e) 35.3%
16. A string is 4.8m. a boy measured it to be 4.95m find the percentage error. (a) 5/16% (b)
15/16% (c) 31/33% (d) 31/8% (e) 15%

33
17. A piece of cloth was measured as 6.10m. if the actual length of the cloth is 6.35m find the
percentage error, correct to two decimal places. (a) 3.05% (b) 3.94% (c) 15.00%
(d) 25.00% (e) 39.30%
18. A sales boy gave a change of N68 instead of N72. Calculate his percentage error. (a) 4%
(b) 55/9% (c) 515/17% (d) 7% (e) 6%

19. The side of a rhombus is 10cm long, correct to the nearest whole number. Between what
limits should the perimeter P lie? (a) 39cm ≤ P ≤ 41cm (b) 38cm ≤ P < 42cm
(c) 38.5cm ≤ P < 41.5cm (d) 38.5 ≤ P ≤ 40cm (e) 35cm and 39
20. Amina had m mangoes. She ate 3 and shared the remainder equally with her brother Uche.
Each had at least 10. Which of the following inequalities represents the statement above?
(a) m/2 – 3 ≤ 10 (b) m/2 – 3 ≥ 10 (c) m -3/2 ≥ 10 (d) m-3/2 ≤ 10 (e) m/5
21. Find the range of values of x for which x + 2/4 – x + 1/3> ½ (a) x > 4 (b) x > - 4 (c) x <
4 (d) x < - 4 (e) x=10
22. If x is a positive integer, list the values of x which satisfy the inequalities 3x – 4 < 6 and x –
1 > 0. (a) (1,2,3) (b) (2,3) (c) (2,3,4) (d) (2,3,4,5) (e) (5,6,7)
23. The mean of the numbers 2, 5, 2x and 7 is less than or equal to 5. Find the range of values of
x (a) x ≤ 3 (b) x ≥ 3 (c) x < 3 (d) x > 3 (e) x = 8
24. Given the graph of y = 2x2 – 5x – 3. For what values of x will y be negative?
(a) – ½ ≤ x < 3 (b) – ½ < x ≤ 3 (c) – ½ < x < 3 (d) – ½ ≤ x ≤ 3 (e) – ½ ≤ x ≤ 5
25. Find the gradient of the line joining the points (2, - 3) and (2,5)
(b) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) undefined (e) 8
26. The table below shows some values for a linear graph

X 0 1¼ 2 4
Y 3 5½

Find the gradient of the line

(b) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5

34
27. A straight line passes through the points P(1,2) and Q(5,8). Calculate the gradient of the line
PQ. (a) 2/5 (b) 2/3 (c) 3/2 (d) 5/3(e) 7/8
28. Calculate the gradient (slope) of the joining points (-1,1) and (2, - 2).
(b) -1 (b) – ½ (c) ½ (d) -1 (e) -2
29. A curve is such that when y = 0, x = -2 or x = 3. Find the equation of the curve
(a) y = x2 – 5x – 6 (b) y = x2 + 5x – 6 (c) y = x2 + x – 6 (d) y = x2 – x – 6 (e) y = x2-3
30. Find the equation of a straight line passing through the point (1, -5) and having gradient
of ¾ (a) 3x + 4y – 23 = 0 (b) 3x + 4y + 23 = 0 (c) 3x – 4y + 23 = 0
(d) 3x – 4y – 23 = 0 (e) 3x – 6y – 23 = 0

31. The table shows the scores of a group of students in a test

Score 1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of students 1 4 5 6 X 2

If the average score is 3.5, find the value of x. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5

The table below gives the distribution of marks obtained by a number of pupils in a class
test. Use this information to answer questions 32 – 34

Marks 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 4 7 12 18 11 8

32. The mode of the distribution is (a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 8 (d) 18 (e) 12
33. Find the median of the distribution (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5
34. How many pupils scored at least 2 marks? (a) 12 (b) 23 (c) 37 (d) 49 (e) 50
35. Find, correct to two decimal places, the mean of 9, 13, 16, 17, 19, 23, 24 (a) 23.00
(b) 17.29 (c) 16.50 (d) 16.33 (e) 15.60
36. Find the average of the first four prime numbers greater than 10. (a) 20 (b) 19 (c) 17 (d)
15 (e) 25
The table below gives the marks scored by a group of students in a test

Marks 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 1 2 7 5 4 3

35
 Use the table to answer questions 37
37. What is the median mark? (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5

38. Solve for t in the equation 3/4t + 1/3(21 – t) 11 (a) 9/13 (b) 5/13 (c) 5 (d) 93/5 (e) ¾
39. Given that x = 2 and y = - ¼, evaluate x2y – 2xy (a) 0 (b) 1/5 (c) 1 (d) 2 (e) 5
5
40. If P = ½ and /p-1 = /p+x, find the value of x (a) -21/2 (b) -11/2 (c) 11/2 (d) 21/2 (e) 4/5
1 2

41. If E = M N and E = 75, M =120,N =5000, find S (a) 1000 (b) 2000 (c)3000 (d) 4000 (e)70
S+N
42. Subtract ½ (a – b – c) from the sum of ½ (a – b + c) and ½ (a + b – c) (a) ½ (a + b + c) (b)
½ (a – b – c) (c) ½ (a – b + c) (d) ½ ( a + b – c) (e) a+c
43. If x = 2/3 and y = -6, evaluate xy – y/x (a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 8 (d) 9 (e) 10
44. Solve the equation 1/5x + 1/x = 3 (a) 1/5 (b) 2/5 (c) 3/5 (d) 4/5 (e) ¾
45. Find the 8th term of the A.P -3, -1, 1….. (a) 13 (b) 11 (c) -8 (d) -11 (e) -17
A box contains 5 red, 3 green and 4 blue balls. A boy is allowed to take away two balls
from the box. Use this information to answer question 46 and 47
46. What is the probability that the two balls are red?
(a) 5/33 (b) 9/33 (c) 103/132 (d) 31/36 (e) 5/21
47. What is the probability that one is green and the other is blue?
(a) 2/11 (b) 5/12 (c) 8/12 (d) 7/11 (e) 2/3
48. If the probability that an event will occur is p and the probability that it will not occur is q,
which of the following is true? (a) p – q = 1 (b) q – p = 0 (c) p + q = 1 (d) p + q = 0
49. The numbers of goals scored by a school team in 10 netball matches are as follows: 3, 5, 7,
7, 8, 8, 8, 11, 11, 12. Find the probability that in a match, the school team will score at most
8 goals. (a) 7/10 (b) 2/5 (c) 3/5 (d) 1/5 (e) ½
50. Find the sum of the first five terms of the G.P 2, 6, 18……. (a) 484 (b) 243 (c) 242
(d) 130 (e) 121

STEP 10: DETERMINATION OF TEST LENGTH.

The length of this test shall be 90 minutes.

36
STEP 11: RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE 50 STANDARDIZED
MATHEMATICS ITEMS
To establish the reliability coefficient of this test, the items were trial tested on a
sample of 20 students. The scores obtained were as follows

Table 5

Scores Frequency Pass/fail

92 1 1
90 1 1
85 1 1
82 1 1
80 1 1
75 2 1
70 1 1
64 1 1
63 1 1
62 1 1
53 1 1
40 1 0
39 2 0
34 1 0
25 1 0
24 1 0
23 1 0
21 1 0
Pass=1, Fail=0

The reliability analysis for these set of scores obtained from the trial testing was
done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The reliability

37
procedure used was the Cronbach alpha method because the items are
dichotomous. The result of the analysis is shown below

Case Processing Summary

N %

Cases Valid 20 100.0

Excluded a
0 .0

Total 20 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Cronbach's Alpha Based on Standardized N of Items

Alpha Items

.073 0.822 100

Item Statistics

Mean Std. Deviation N

Scores 58.6100 23.45490 20

achievement 0.7010 0.34261 20

Summary Item Statistics

Mean Minimum Maximum Range Maximum / Variance N of Items

Minimum

Item Means 28.600 .600 56.600 56.000 94.333 1568.000 100

Item Variances 290.411 .253 580.568 580.316 2298.083 168383.208 100

Scale Statistics

Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items

38
 58.6100 512.800 23.42190 100

Hence, the reliability of the test as shown on the second table was obtained to be
0.822. This means that the test is highly stable.

STEP 12: DETERMINATION OF CUT OFF SCORE

The cut-off score for this 50 items test is a score of 50. A student with a core of 50
and above on the achievement test will be considered to have passed the test while
those with a score of less than 50 will be considered to have failed the test

STEP 13: PREPARATION OF SCORING KEY

The scoring key for the 50 item achievement test is given below

1 B 21 C 41 B
2 A 22 D 42 C
3 A 23 C 43 E
4 B 24 D 44 A
5 B 25 B 45 A
6 E 26 A 46 B
7 A 27 C 47 D
8 A 28 A 48 C
9 A 29 A 49 C
10 A 30 B 50 B
11 B 31 E
12 E 32 B
13 C 32 C
14 E 34 B
15 D 35 E
16 B 36 B
17 A 37 C
18 A 38 E
19 A 39 D

39
APPENDIX
ITEM BANK

The items that met the psychometric statistical qualities but were not included in
the 50 test items are kept in the item bank.

1. The first term a, of an A.P. is equal to twice the common difference d. Find, in terms of d, the 5 th
term of the A.P. (a) 4d (b) 5d (c) 6d (d) a + 5d (e) 2a + 4d
2. The common ration of a G.P is 2. If the 5th term is greater than the 1st term by 45, find the 5th term
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 45 (d) 48 (e) 90
3. The nth term of a sequence is given by 3.2n -2. Write down the first three terms of the sequence.
(a) 3/2, 0, 6 (b) 3/2, 3, 6 (c) 2/3, 3, 8/3 (d) 2/3, ¾, 6 (e) 2/3, 3, 1/3
4. Two fair dice are tossed together once. Find the probability that the sum of the outcome is at
least 10. (a) 1/12 (b) 5/36 (c) 1/6 (d) ¼ (e) 5/18
5. From a box containing 2 red, 6 white and 5 black balls, a ball is randomly selected. What is the
probability that the ball is black? (a) 2/13 (b) 5/13 (c) 5/11 (d) 5/6 (e) 11/13
6. A bag contains 3 red, 4 black and 5 green identical balls. Two balls are picked at random, one
after the other without replacement. Find the probability that one is red and the other is
green. (a) 2/3 (b) 5/11 (c) 5/22 (d) 5/24 (e) 5/48
7. The table below gives the distribution of outcomes obtained when a die is rolled 100 times

No. on die 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 18 14 20 1 15 17
40
 6

What is the experimental probability that is shows at most 4 when rolled again?
(a) 8/25 (b) 12/25 (c) 13/25 (d) 2/3 (e) 17/25
8. A bag contain red, black and green identical balls. A ball is picked and replaced. The table below
shows the result of 100 trials. Find the experimental probability of picking a green ball.

Colour of ball Red Black Green

No. of occurrences 54 30 16

(b) 16 (b) 21/25 (c) 1/3 (d) 4/21 (e) 4/25

9. A bag contains 3 white, 6 red and 5 blue identical balls. A ball is picked at random from the bag.
What is the probability that it is either white or blue? (a) 9/14 (b) 4/7 (c) 3/7 (d) 5/14 (e)
3/14
10. A die with faces numbered 1 to 6 is rolled once. What is the probability of obtaining 3 or 4?
(a) 1/38 (b) 1/6 (c) 1/3 (d) ½ (e) 2/3
11. A box contains 2 white and 3 blue identical balls. If two balls are picked at random, one
after the other, without replacement, what is the probability of picking two falls of different
colours? (a) 6/25 (b) 7/20 (c) 3/5 (d) 2/3 (e) 5/6

41
42