PHY 2049/2061 Enriched General Physics II (Spring 2022) Student name:

(Teacher: Dr. Dario Arena, TA: Mr. Khoa Le)

HOMEWORK #1 – Solution

Section A. Mastering Physics Questions

(Go to Mastering Physics, complete Homework 1)

Section B. Show detailed solution for problems 1 – 4 on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A 2.00-L sample of an ideal gas initially at 1.00 atm and 273 K undergoes an isobaric (pressure
is constant) process that cools the sample to 265 K. (a) What is the final pressure in the gas? (b)
What is the final volume of the gas?

a. Since it is an isobaric process, the pressure in the gas remained unchanged. 𝑃𝑓 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
b. We use the combined gas law:
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 2 𝑉2
= ⇔ =
𝑇1 𝑇2 273 265
⇒ 𝑉2 = 1.94 𝑙

2. A person makes a quantity of iced tea by mixing 500 g of hot tea (essentially water) with an
equal mass of ice at its melting point. Assume the mixture has negligible energy exchanges with
its environment. If the tea’s initial temperature is 𝑇𝑖 = 90℃, when thermal equilibrium is reached,
what are (a) the mixture’s temperature 𝑇𝑓 and (b) the remaining mas 𝑚𝑓 of ice? If 𝑇𝑖 = 70℃, when
thermal equilibrium is reached, what are (c) 𝑇𝑓 and (d) 𝑚𝑓 ?

First, we will need to calculate the required energy to melt 500 𝑔 of ice:
𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡 = 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 166,500 𝐽
The energy transferred as heat from 𝑇𝑖 = 90℃ to 𝑇𝑓 = 0℃ is:
𝑄𝑡𝑒𝑎 = 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑓 ) = 188,370 𝐽
a. As we can easily see that:
𝑄𝑡𝑒𝑎 > 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡
Therefore, we can calculate the energy absorbed as heat by ice is:
𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝐿𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 + 𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 (𝑇𝑓 − 0℃)
And the energy transferred as heat from the water is:
𝑄𝑡𝑒𝑎 = 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑓 )
So,
⇒ 𝑄𝑡𝑒𝑎 = 𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑒
 ⇔ 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑓 ) = 𝐿𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 + 𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 (𝑇𝑓 − 0℃)
𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝑖 − 𝐿𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒
⇒ 𝑇𝑓 = = 5,22℃
(𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 + 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
(Due to 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑒 )
b. Due to 𝑄𝑡𝑒𝑎 > 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡 , there is no ice left.
c. The energy transferred as heat from 𝑇𝑖 = 70℃ to 𝑇𝑓 = 0℃ is:
𝑄𝑡𝑒𝑎 = 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑓 ) = 146,510 𝐽
Again, as we can easily see that:
𝑄𝑡𝑒𝑎 < 𝑄𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡
Therefore, 𝑇𝑓 = 0℃
d. We can calculate the energy absorbed as heat by ice and partly melted the ice is:
𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝐿𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑚 = (𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 )𝐿𝑖𝑐𝑒
So,
⇒ 𝑄𝑡𝑒𝑎 = 𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑒
⇔ 𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑓 ) = (𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 )𝐿𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑐𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝑖
⇒ 𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 − = 0.06 𝑘𝑔 = 60 𝑔
𝐿𝑖𝑐𝑒

3. a) What is the rate of energy loss in watts per square meter through a glass window 3.0 𝑚𝑚
thick if the outside temperature is −20℉ and the inside temperature is +72℉?
b) A storm window having the same thickness of glass is installed parallel to the first window with
an air gap of 7.5 𝑐𝑚 between the two windows. What now is the rate of energy loss if the
conduction is the only energy-loss mechanism? (Extra credit-5 points)

a. The thermal conductivity of glass is:

𝑘𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 0.8 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾
The rate of energy loss in watts per square is:
𝐻𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑘(𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐶 ) 0.8(295.37 𝐾 − 244.26 𝐾)
= = = 13629.33 𝑊/𝑚2
𝐴 𝐿 0.003
b. The energy now passes in succession through 3 layers, one of air and two of glass. The
total rate of energy loss or heat transfer rate H is the same in each layer and is given
by:
𝐻 (𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐶 )
=
𝐴 ∑ 𝐿/𝑘
Here the sum in the denominator is over the layers. If 𝐿𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 the thickness of a glass
layer. 𝐿𝑎𝑖𝑟 is the thickness of the air layer. k is the thermal conductivity of glass, and
𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑟 is thermal conductivity of air. Then the denominator is:
 𝐿 2𝐿𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑖𝑟
∑ = +
𝑘 𝑘𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑟
The thermal conductivity of air is
𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0.024 𝑊/𝑚. 𝐾
Therefore, the rate of energy-loss occurs at the following rate:
𝐻 (𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐶 ) (295.37 𝐾 − 244.26 𝐾)
= = = 16.32 𝑊/𝑚2
𝐴 ∑ 𝐿/𝑘 2𝐿𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑖𝑟
+
𝑘𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑎𝑖𝑟

4. Helium is a chemical element with atomic number 𝑍 = 2 and it is the first in the noble gas group
in the periodic table.
a). At 24.0 °𝐶, what is the average speed of atoms of helium gas? The mass of each atom is
6.646 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔.
b). What is the root-mean-square speed of helium atoms (mass 6.646 × 10−27 kg) in a star where
the temperature is 1.8 × 104 𝐾.

a. The average speed of Helium atoms at 24℃ can be expressed as:

8𝑘𝑏 𝑇
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒 = √ ≈ 1253 𝑚/𝑠
𝜋𝑚
b. The root-mean-square speed of Helium atoms at 1.8 × 104 𝐾 can be expressed as:
3𝑘𝑏 𝑇
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √ = 10591.5 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚