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Electronic Product
Assembly and
Servicing

Quarter 1
APPLYING QUALITY STANDARDS
(AQS)
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Definition of Terms

Quality Standards. They are set of exact specifications to become patterns of

actions.
Injury. It is a damage or harm caused to the structure or function of the body
caused by an outside agent or force, which may be physical or chemical.
Insulation. It is a material that resists the flow of electric current
Overhead. It is the change of angular position of two observations of a single object
relative to each other as seen by an observer caused by the motion of the
observer.
Potential Differences. In physics, it is the potential difference between two
points. It is the amount of work that would need to be done on an electric
charge to move it from one point to the other again.
Solder. It is an alloy used to join two metals together below their melting point.
Torque. In physics, it is a vector that measures the tendency of a force to rotate
an object about some axis (center).
Voltage. It is also called electric or electrical tension) it is the difference of
electrical potential between two points of an electrical or electronic circuit,
expressed in volts.
Voltage Drop. It is the reduction in voltage in an electrical circuit between the
source and load.
Switch. It is an electrical device having two states, ON (closed) or OFF (open).
Test. It is a sequence of operations intended to verify the correct
operation or malfunctioning of a piece of equipment or system.
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INTRODUCTION:
This module contains information and suggested learning activities on
APPLYING QUALITY STANDARDS ON ELECTRONIC COMPONENT PARTS. It
covers the
knowledge, skills and attitudes required to apply quality standards.

Completion of this module will help you better understand the succeeding
module.

This module consists of three (3) learning outcomes. Each learning outcome
contains learning activities supported by instructional sheets. Before you
perform the instructions, read the information sheets and answer the self-check
and activities provided to ascertain to yourself and your teacher that you have
acquired the knowledge necessary to perform the skill portion of the particular
learning outcome.

Upon completing this module, report to your teacher for an assessment to check
your achievement of knowledge and skills required of this module. If you pass
the assessment, you will be given a certificate of completion.

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of the module, you should be able to:

LO1. assess quality of received electronic

components;
LO2. assess own work; and
LO3. engage in quality improvements.
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SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Upon completion of the module, you should be able to:

No. Learning Outcome Code

LO 1 Assess quality of received materials TLE_IAEPAS9- 12AQS-

Ia-1
or components

LO 2 Assess own work TLE_IAEPAS9- 12AQS-Ib-

2

LO 3 Engage in quality improvement TLE_IAEPAS9- 12AQS-Ic-

3

LO 1: Assess quality standards

Assessment Criteria:

1. Quality of the electronic components is checked according to the specifications.

2. Quality standards on electronic components are separated from sub-standard
electronic components.
3. Electronic components, which do not conform to quality standard are
identified and marked for disposal.
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PRE-TEST

A. Direction: Identify what Plan, Do, Check, Act cycle is being referred by the
following sentences.

Write your answer in your quiz notebook.

1. Marvin knows that there must be another way. He needs to design a

better, more efficient way to study that will allow his time to exercise and

socialize.

a. Act b. Check c. Do D. Plan

2. The fifteen extra hours of studying has made Marvin feel fatigued. In addition,

he finds that his ability to concentrate during those hours is rather limited.

He has not exercised all week and has not seen any of his friends. This forced

isolation is discouraging him.

a. Act b. Check c. Do D. Plan

3. Marvin decides to add an additional thirty hours per week to his already busy
schedule.

He resolves that he must socialize less, get up earlier, and stay up later. At

the end of the week he will take an old exam to see how he is progressing.

a. Act b. Check c. Do D. Plan

4. By the end of the week, Marvin finds that he was able to add only fifteen

hours of studying. When he takes the examination, he is dismayed to

find that he does no better.

a. Act b. Check c. Do D. Plan

5. Marvin decides to continue with his new studying approach while

attempting to find time in his busy day to study more.

a. Act b. Check c. Do D. Plan

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Identification and Isolation of Faulty Electronic Components

PROPER HANDLING OF TEST PROBE IN ISOLATING FAULTY AND GOOD

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

Testing

Resistor Good

Resistor

The meter reading should be closed to the rated value of the resistor depending

on the tolerance of the resistor.

Defective Resistor

• The tester pointer does not deflect at all. The resistor is OPEN.

• The resistance reading has a big difference to the resistor rated value. The
resistor has change value.
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Testing

Capacitor Good

Capacitor

• The tester pointer deflects and then move back to its initial position.

Open Capacitor

• The tester pointer does not deflect at all. Shorted Capacitor

• The tester pointer rests on the 0 ohm scale, reverse and forward bias test.

Leaky Capacitor

• The tester pointer deflects toward the right position but does not return

to its initial position or remains stationary.

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Testing

Diode Open

Diode

• The tester pointer does not deflect even the prove is reversed.

Shorted Diode

• The resistance reading deflects and measures the same in both directions.
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Testing Transistor

Open Transistor
• The tester pointer does not deflect in the base to emitter or base to collector.

Shorted Transistor

• Two terminals of the transistor read the same resistance in both direction.

Testing SCR
• Proper testing of a good SCR as shown in the figure below.

NOTE: Setting for the multi-tester is X1 Ohm.

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Testing Triac
• Proper testing of TRIAC are shown in the figure below. NOTE: Setting for
the multi- tester is X1 Ohm.
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JOB SHEET 1.1

Quality Inspection procedure

Directions: With the use of assorted electronic components (20 pcs for each

kind), fill-out the table below and isolate the faulty electronic components with

the use of a multi-tester.

NOTE: Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. Do not write

anything in this module.
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CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Direction: Enumerate the 5 conditions of electronic components.

Item Condition
no.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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LO 2: Assess own work

Assessment Criteria:

1. The quality standard set by the organization is followed.

2. Completed work is checked against the organizational work procedures on

tools.

3. Information of the quality of the performance is recorded in accordance

with the organizational quality procedures.

4. Deviations from the specified quality standard and their causes are

reported in accordance with the organizational work procedure.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.1

The PDCA cycle

USE

The PDCA cycle is designed to be used as a dynamic model. The completion

of one turn of the cycle flows from the beginning of the next. Following in the

spirit of continuous quality improvement, the process can be realized and a new

test of change can begin.

This continual cycle of change is represented by the ramp of improvement.

Using what you learn in one PDCA, you can begin another more complex trial.
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Plan. It is a change or a test, aimed at improvement. In this phase, analyze what

you intend

to improve, looking for areas that hold opportunities for change. The first step is

to choose areas that offer the most return for the effort you put in-the biggest

bang for your buck.

Do. It is to carry out the change or test (preferably on a small scale).

Implement the change you decided on in the plan phase. Check or Study the

results. The basic questions are: What was learned? What went wrong? This is

a crucial step in the PDCA

cycle. After you have implemented the change for a short time, you must
determine how well it is working. Is it really leading to improvement in the way
you had hoped? You must decide on several measures with which you can
monitor the level of improvement. Run Charts can be helpful with this
measuring instruments.

Act. It is to adopt the change, abandon it, or run through the cycle again. After

planning a change, implementing and then monitoring it, you must decide

whether it is worth continuing that particular change. If it consumed too much

of your time, was difficult to adhere to, or even led to no improvement, you may

consider aborting the change and planning a new one. However, if the change

ads to a desirable improvement or outcome, you may consider expanding the

trial to a different area, or slightly increasing your complexity. This sends you

back into the Plan phase and can be the beginning of the ramp of improvement.

Example 1: The Student with Poor Grades in NCII Examination Robert is a

graduate student in a vocational high school who has just taken his first set

of examinations and is very unhappy with the results.

• What is he trying to accomplish? Robert knows that he

needs to improve his studying skills in order to gain a better

understanding of the material.

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• How will he know that a change is an improvement? Robert considers the most

important measure of his study skills to be his NCII holder. However, he does

not want to risk another examination period just to find out that his skills are

still not good. He decides that a better way to measure improvement is by

taking old exams for the NCII.

• What changes can he make that will result to improvement? Robert thinks that

he has spent too little time studying. He feels that the best way to improve his

study skills is by having an ample time.

Cycle 1

Plan: Robert decides to add an additional thirty hours per week to his already

busy schedule. He resolves that he must socialize less, get up earlier, and

stay up later. At the end of the week he will take an old exam to see how

he is progressing.

Do. By the end of the week, Robert finds that he was able to add only fifteen

hours of studying. When he takes the exam he is dismayed to find that he

does no better.

Check: The fifteen extra hours of studying has made Robert feel fatigued. In

addition, he finds that his ability to concentrate during those hours is

rather limited. He has not exercised all week and has not seen any of his

friends. This forced isolation is discouraging him.

Act: Robert knows that there must be another way. He needs to

design a better, more efficient way to study that will allow his time to

exercise and socialize.

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Plan: Robert contacts all his technical/technology school friends whom he

knows are doing well yet still have time for outside lives. Many of these

friends have similar advice that Robert thinks he can use. Based on his

findings, he decides to always attend lectures and go to some repair shop

to rewrite his class notes in a format he can understand and based on

what the professor/instructor has emphasized, and to use the assigned

text only as a reference.

Do: Robert returns to his original schedule of studying. However, instead of

spending a majority of her time poring over the text, he rewrites and studies

his notes. He goes to the text only when he does not understand his notes.

When Robert takes one of the old exams, he finds that he has done better,

but he still sees room for improvement. Check: Robert now realizes that he

has been spending too much time reading unimportant information in the

required text. He knows that his new approach works much better, yet he

still feels that he needs more studying time. He is unsure what to do,

because he doesn't want to take away from his social and physically active

life.

Act: Robert decides to continue with his new studying approach while

attempting to find time in his busy day to study more.

Cycle 3

Plan: In his search for more time to study, Robert realizes that there are many

places that he can combine exercising and socializing with studying. First,

he decides to study his rewritten notes while he is exercising on the repair

shop. Next, he intends to spend part of his socializing time studying with his

friends.

Do: Robert's friends are excited about studying together, and their sessions

turn into a fun and helpful use of everyone's time. Robert has found that
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he enjoys studying while he exercises. In fact, he discovers that he

remains on the repair shop longer when he's reading over his notes. When

Robert takes his exams this week, he is happy to find that his grades are

significantly higher.

Check: Robert now knows that studying does not mean being locked up in

his room reading hundreds of pages of text. He realizes that he can gain a

lot by studying in different environments while focusing on the most

important points.

Act: Robert chooses to continue with the changes he has made in his studying
habits.

What Robert initially thought would be an improvement turned out to only

discourage his further. Many people who are in Robert's place do not take the

time to study their changes and continue them even though they lead down a

disheartening path. By using the PDCA cycle, Robert was able to see that his

initial change did not work and that he had to find one that would better suit

him. With perseverance and the willingness to learn, Robert was able to turn

a negative outcome into a positive improvement experience

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SELF-CHECK 2.1

THE PDCA CYCLE

Directions: Write a simple case study in assessing your own work on

receiving electronic components by applying the PDCA

cycle.

NOTE: You can ask your English teacher for some tips.

Problem: Assessing own work in receiving electronic components by applying

the PDCA cycle.

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OPERATION SHEET 2.2

Accessory One’s Work Using the PDCA Cycle

Name: Date:

Address:

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CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Direction: Arrange the given statement using the PDCA Cycle.

● Get an actual resistor to be added to the resistor which got change value.

● Create some alternative ways

● Change value resistor, needs alternative

● Use multi-tester for the tolerable value of the resistor which got change value

Plan:

Do:

Check:

Act:

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LO 3: Engage in quality improvement

Assessment Criteria:

1. Existing organizational work procedures are assessed.

2. Process improvement procedures are applied and implemented.

3. Information on quality of organizational performance is recorded.

4. Deviation from specified quality standards and their causes are reported.

5. Improvement in work procedures is recommended.

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Direction: Identify the cycle base on the given statement. Write your

answer in your quiz notebook.

1. Practice always testing components to isolate the faults from the good

ones and get good remarks in evaluating group quality standards.

2. Less in knowledge about isolating faults from the good ones

3. The group intends to improve in testing components .

4. Review all notes in checking components

5. Need to replace.

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POST - TEST

A. Direction: Write T if the statement is correct and if wrong, change the

underline word with the correct answer. Write your answer on

your quiz notebook.

1. The tester pointer does not deflect at all. The resistor is SHORTED.

2. The tester pointer deflects and then move back to its initial

position. The component is GOOD.

3. The tester pointer rests on the 0 ohm scale, reverse and forward bias

test. The component is OPEN

4. The tester pointer deflects toward the right position but does not return

to its initial position or remains stationary. LEAKY

5. An instrument use to measure and to test the condition of the electronic

components is the Multi-tester.

B. Direction: Identify what PDCA cycle is being referred by the following sentences.

Write your answer in your quiz notebook.

1. Jhun knows that there must be another way. He needs to design a

better, more efficient way to study that will allow his time to exercise

and socialize.

a. Act b. Check c. Do D. Plan

2. The fifteen extra hours of studying has made Jhun feel fatigued. In addition,

he finds that his ability to concentrate during those hours is rather limited.

He has not exercised all week and has not seen any of his friends. This forced

isolation is discouraging him.

a. Act b. Check c. Do D. Plan

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3. Jhun decides to add an additional thirty hours per week to his already busy
schedule.

He resolves that he must socialize less, get up earlier, and stay up later.

At the end of the week he will take an old exam to see how he is

progressing.

a. Act b. Check c. Do D. Plan

4. By the end of the week, Jhun finds that he was able to add only

fifteen hours of studying. When he takes the examination, he is

dismayed to find that he does no better.

a. Act b. Check c. Do D. Plan

5. Jhun decides to continue with his new studying approach while

attempting to find time in his busy day to study more.

a. Act b. Check c. Do D. Plan

C. Direction: Identify the cycle base on the given statement. Write your

answer in your quiz notebook.

1. Need to replace.

2. Review all notes in checking components

3. The group intends to improve in testing components.

4. Practice always testing components to isolate the faults from the

good ones and get good remarks in evaluating group quality

standards.

5. Less in knowledge about isolating faults from the good ones

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BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPOENTS

RESISTOR
Resistors are used in virtually all electronic circuits and many electrical ones. Resistors,
as their name indicates resist the flow of electricity, and this function is key to the
operation most circuits.
Notes on Resistance: Resistance is one of the key factors used in electrical and electronic
circuits. Resistance is the property of materials to resist the flow of electricity, and it is
governed by Ohm's Law.

There are two main circuit symbols used for resistors. The oldest one is still widely used
in North America and consists of a jagged line representing the wire used in a resistor.
The other resistor circuit symbol is a small rectangle, and this is often termed the
international resistor symbol and it is more widely used in Europe and Asia.

The unit or resistance is the Ohm, Ω and resistor values may be seen quoted in
terms of Ohms - Ω, thousands of Ohms or kilohms - kΩ and millions of Ohms,
megohms, MΩ. When written on circuits values like 10k may be seen meaning 10
kilohm, or 10 kΩ. The Omega sign is often omitted and the decimal point replaced by
the multipler: e.g. 1R5 would be 1.5 Ohms, 100R is 100Ω, 4k7 is 4.7 kΩ, 2M2 is 2.2MΩ
and so forth.
There are many different types of resistor. Some are for special applications like
being used as variable resistors, and others are used for surge limitation whilst others
provide a variable resistance with temperature. All of these characteristics can be used.
However for fixed resistors there are different characteristics that need to be taken
into account.
Even though the actual resistance of the component is of paramount importance,

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other characteristics also need to be taken into consideration. Power dissipation, noise,
inductance, thermal stability and a number of other characteristics may all have a
bearing on the operation of the circuit in which the resistor is used.
Different materials and different structures within the resistor can have a major
impact. Accordingly when selecting a resistor to be used, these characteristics must also
be taken into consideration.

Types of Resistor
• Fixed resistors: Fixed resistors are by far the most widely used type of
resistor. They are used in electronics circuits to set the right conditions in a
circuit. Their values are determined during the design phase of the circuit, and
they should never need to be changed to "adjust" the circuit. There are many
different types of resistor which can be used in different circumstances and
these different types of resistor are described in further detail below.
• Variable resistors: These resistors consist of a fixed resistor element and a
slider which taps onto the main resistor element. This gives three connections
to the component: two connected to the fixed element, and the third is the
slider. In this way the component acts as a variable potential divider if all three
connections are used. It is possible to connect to the slider and one end to
provide a resistor with variable resistance.
Variable resistors and potentiometers are widely used for all forms of control:-
everything from volume controls on radios and sliders in audio mixers to a host of
areas where a a variable resistance is required.

Fixed Resistor Types

Carbon composition: The carbon composition resistor is a type of resistor that was
once very common - it was the main type of resistor, but are now seldom used because
newer forms of resistor provide better performance, they are smaller and also cheaper.

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Carbon composition resistors are formed by mixing carbon granules with a binder which
was then made into a small rod. This type of resistor was large by today's standards and
suffered from a large negative temperature coefficient.

Carbon film: This type of resistor was introduced during he early days of transistor
technology when power levels tended to be lower.

The carbon film resistor is formed by "cracking" a hydrocarbon onto a ceramic former.
The resulting deposited film had its resistance set by cutting a helix into the film. This
made these resistors highly inductive and of little use for many RF applications. They
exhibited a temperature coefficient of between -100 and -900 parts per million per
degree Celcius. The carbon film is protected either by a conformal epoxy coating or a
ceramic tube.
Metal oxide film resistor: This type of resistor is now the most widely used form of
resistor. Rather than using a carbon film, this resistor type uses a metal oxide film
deposited on a ceramic rod. As with the carbon film, the the resistance can be adjusted
by cutting a helical grove in the film. Again the film is protected using a conformal epoxy
coating. This type of resistor has a temperature coefficient of around + or - 15 parts per
million per °Celcius, giving it a far superior performance to that of any carbon based
resistor. Additionally this type of resistor can be supplied to a much closer tolerance, 5%
or even 2% being standard, with 1% versions available. They also exhibit a much lower
noise level than carbon types of resistor, however it has mainly been superseded but he
metal film resistor.
Metal film resistor: The metal film resistor is very similar to the metal oxide film
resistor. Visually it is very similar and the performance is also comparable. Instead of
using a metal oxide film, this type of resistor uses a metal film as the name indicates.
Metals such as nickel alloy may be used.

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Wire wound resistor: This resistor type is generally reserved for high power
applications. These resistors are made by winding wire with a higher than normal
resistance (resistance wire) on a former.

Surface mount resistors: Surface mount technology, SMT is now the major format
used for electronic components. They are easier to use in automated manufacturing,
and they are able to provide very high levels of performance. SMT resistors utilise
similar technologies to other forms, but in a surface mount format.

CAPACITOR

Capacitors are simple passive device that can store an electrical charge on their plates
when connected to a voltage source
The capacitor is a component which has the ability or “capacity” to store energy in the
form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference (Static Voltage) across its
plates, much like a small rechargeable battery.
In its basic form, a capacitor consists of two or more parallel conductive (metal) plates
which are not connected or touching each other, but are electrically separated either by

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air or by some form of a good insulating material such as waxed paper, mica, ceramic,
plastic or some form of a liquid gel as used in electrolytic capacitors. The insulating
layer between a capacitors plates is commonly called the Dielectric.
Due to this insulating layer, DC current can not flow through the capacitor as it blocks
it allowing instead a voltage to be present across the plates in the form of an electrical
charge.

The Capacitance of a Capacitor

Capacitance is the electrical property of a capacitor and is the measure of a capacitors

ability to store an electrical charge onto its two plates with the unit of capacitance being
the Farad (abbreviated to F) named after the British physicist Michael Faraday.

Capacitance is defined as being that a capacitor has the capacitance of One Farad when
a charge of One Coulomb is stored on the plates by a voltage of One volt. Note that
capacitance, C is always positive in value and has no negative units. However, the Farad
is a very large unit of measurement to use on its own so sub-multiples of the Farad are
generally used such as micro-farads, nano-farads and pico-farads, for example.

Standard Units of Capacitance

• Microfarad (μF) 1μF = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10-6 F

• Nanofarad (nF) 1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 = 0.000000001 = 10-9 F
• Picofarad (pF) 1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001 = 10-12 F
Then using the information above we can construct a simple table to help us convert
between pico-Farad (pF), to nano-Farad (nF), to micro-Farad (μF) and to Farads (F) as
shown.

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INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
An integrated circuit, or IC, is small chip that can function as an amplifier, oscillator,
timer, microprocessor, or even computer memory. An IC is a small wafer, usually made
of silicon, that can hold anywhere from hundreds to millions of transistors, resistors,
and capacitors. These extremely small electronics can perform calculations and store
data using either digital or analog technology.
Digital ICs use logic gates, which work only with values of ones and zeros. A low signal
sent to to a component on a digital IC will result in a value of 0, while a high signal
creates a value of 1. Digital ICs are the kind you will usually find in computers,
networking equipment, and most consumer electronics.

DIODES
A diode is an electrical device allowing current to move through it in one direction with
far greater ease than in the other. The most common kind of diode in modern circuit
design is the semiconductor diode, although other diode technologies exist.
Semiconductor diodes are symbolized in schematic diagrams such as the figure below.

When placed in a simple battery-lamp circuit, the diode will either allow or prevent
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current through the lamp, depending on the polarity of the applied voltage. (figure
below)

Diode operation: (a) Current flow is permitted; the diode is forward biased. (b) Current
flow is prohibited; the diode is reversed biased.
TRANSISTOR
The transistor is a semiconductor device that can both conduct and insulate. A
transistor can act as a switch and an amplifier. It converts audio waves into electronic
waves and resistors, controlling electronic current.

A transistor is a three-terminal device. Namely

Base: This is responsible for activating the transistor.

Collector: This is the positive lead.

Emitter: This is the negative lead.

Types of Transistors:

There are two types of transistors is present; they are bipolar junction
transistors (BJT), field-effect transistors (FET). A small current is flowing
between the base and the emitter; the base terminal can control a larger
current flow between the collector and the emitter terminals. For a field-effect
transistor, it also has the three terminals, they are gate, source, and drain,
and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. The
simple diagrams of BJT and FET are shown in the figure below:

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As you can see, transistors come in a variety of different sizes and shapes. One thing all
of these transistors have in common is that they each have three leads.

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