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PROGRAMMING
SEM : V
SEM V: UNIT 1

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Q. What is .NET Framework? Explain its architecture with help of diagram.

.NET Framework is a platform created by

Microsoft for building, deploying, and
running applications and services that use
.NET technologies, such as desktop
applications and Web services.
 It is a platform for application
developers.
 It is a Framework that supports
Multiple Language and Cross language
integration.
 It has IDE (Integrated Development
Environment).
 Framework is a set of utilities or can
say building blocks of our application
system.
 .NET Framework provides
interoperability between languages i.e. Common Type System (CTS).
 .NET Framework also includes the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR), which
responsible for maintaining the execution of all applications developed using the
.NET library.
 The .NET Framework consists primarily of a gigantic library of code.
Components of the .Net Framework:

User Interface and Program:

We can create various type of application using .net framework such as
Console Application
Windows Application
Web application

Base class Library:

 Base class library is one of component of .Net Framework. It supplies a library of
base classes that we can use to implement applications quickly.

CLR (Common Language Runtime)

 Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the programming (Virtual Machine
component) that manages the execution of programs written in any language that
uses the .NET Framework, for example C#, VB.Net, F# and so on.

We can say that it is heart and soul of .Net Framework or backbone.

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Q. Explain CLR in detail.

 Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the programming (Virtual Machine

component) that manages the execution of programs written in any language that
uses the .NET Framework, for example C#, VB.Net, F# and so on.
 We can say that it is heart and soul of .Net Framework or backbone.
 Programmers write code in any language, including VB.Net, C# and F# then
they compile their programs into an intermediate form of code called CLI in a
portable execution file (PE) that can be managed and used by the CLR and then
the CLR converts it into machine code to be will executed by
the processor.
 The information about the environment, programming language, its version
and what class libraries will be used for this code are stored in the form of
metadata with the compiler that tells the CLR how
to handle this code.
 The CLR allows an instance of a class written in one language to call a
method of the class written in another language.

Components of the CLR:

CTS
Common Type System (CTS) describes a
set of types that can be used in different .Net
languages in common. That is, the
Common Type System (CTS) ensure that
objects written in different .Net languages
can interact with each other. For
Communicating between programs
written in any .NET complaint language,
the types must be compatible on the basic
level.
These types can be Value Types or
Reference Types. The Value Types are
passed by values and stored in the stack.
The Reference Types are passed by references
and stored in the heap.
CLS
CLS stands for Common Language Specification and it is a subset of CTS. It
defines a set of rules and restrictions that every language must follow which runs
under .NET framework. The languages which follow these set of rules are said to
be CLS Compliant. In simple words, CLS enables cross-language integration or
Interoperability.
For Example
if we take C-Sharp and VB.net in C# each statement must have to end with a
semicolon it is also called a statement Terminator but in VB.NET each statement
should not end with a semicolon (;). So, these syntax rules which we have to
follow from language to language differ but CLR can understand all the language
Syntax because in.NET each language is converted into MSIL code after
compilation and the MSIL code is language specification of CLR.
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MSIL

It is language independent code. When you compile code that uses the .NET
Framework library, we don't immediately create operating system - specific native
code.

Instead, we compile our code into Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) code.
The MSIL code is not specific to any operating system or to any language.

Advantages -
 MSIL provide language interoperability as code in any .net language is compiled on
MSIL
 Same performance in all .net languages
 support for different runtime environments
 JIT compiler in CLR converts MSIL code into native machine code which is executed
by OS
Functions of the CLR
o Garbage Collector
o Exception handling
o Type safety
o Memory management (using the Garbage Collector)
o Security
o Improved performance

Q. What is namespace? How to create namespace and alias?

A namespace is designed for providing a way to keep one set of names separate from
another. The class names declared in one namespace does not conflict with the same
class names declared in another.
Defining a Namespace
A namespace definition begins with the keyword namespace followed by the namespace
name as follows:

namespace namespace_name
{
// code declarations
}

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Example:

using System;
namespace first_space{
class namespace_cl{
public void func(){
Console.WriteLine("Inside first_space");
}
}
}

namespace second_space{
class namespace_cl{
public void func(){
Console.WriteLine("Inside second_space");
}
}
}

class TestClass{
static void Main(string[] args){
first_space.namespace_cl fc = new first_space.namespace_cl();
second_space.namespace_cl sc = new second_space.namespace_cl();
fc.func();
sc.func();
Console.ReadKey();
}
}

The using Keyword

The using keyword states that the program is using the names in the given namespace.
For example, we are using the System namespace in our programs. The class Console is
defined there. We just write:
Console.WriteLine ("Hello there");
We could have written the fully qualified name as: System.Console.WriteLine("Hello
there");

Alias of Namespace:

using A=System.Console;
class Test{
static void Main(){
A.Write("Craetion of Alias");
A.ReadKey();
}
}

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Q. Explain different types of data types in C#.

OR
Q. Explain primitive and non-primitive data types in C#

The data types in C# are categorized into the following types:

 Value types
 Reference types
 Pointer types Value Type
Value type variables can be assigned a value directly. They are derived
from the class System.

ValueType.
The value types directly contain data. Some examples are int, char, and float, which
stores numbers, alphabets, and floating-point numbers, respectively. When you declare
an int type, the system allocates memory to store the value.

Reference Type
The reference types do not contain the actual data stored in a variable, but they
contain a reference to the variables.
In other words, they refer to a memory location. Using multiple variables, the
reference types can refer to a memory location. If the data in the memory location is
changed by one of the variables, the other variable automatically reflects this change in
value. Example of built-in reference types are: object, dynamic, and string.

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Q. Explain the implicit and explicit conversion of data types with examples.

The process of converting from one data type to another data type is called conversion.

 Conversion can be 2 types as follows:

 When one type of data is assigned to another type of variable, an implicit type
conversion will take place automatically if

o The two types are compatible.

o The destination type has a range that is greater than the source type.

 When these two conditions are met, a widening conversion takes place. For
example, the int type is always large enough to hold all valid byte values, and both
int and byte are compatible integer types, so an implicit conversion can be applied.

 For widening conversions, the numeric types, including integer and floating-point
types, are compatible with each other.

 For example, the following program is perfectly valid since long to double is a
widening conversion that is automatically performed.
using System;
class LtoD {
static void Main(){
long L; double D;
L = 100123285L; D = L;
Console.WriteLine("L and D: " + L + " " + D);
}
}

Casting Incompatible Types

Although the implicit type conversions are helpful, they will not fulfil all programming
needs because they apply only to widening conversions between compatible types. For
all other cases we must employ a cast. A cast is an instruction to the compiler to
convert the outcome of an expression into a specified type. Thus, it requests an explicit
type conversion.
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A cast has this general form:

(target-type) expression

Here, target-type specifies the desired type to convert the specified expression to. For

Example

double x, y;

if you want the type of the expression x/y to be int, you can write

(int) (x / y)

Here, even though x and y are of type double, the cast converts the outcome of the
expression to int. The parentheses surrounding x / y are necessary. Otherwise, the
cast to Int would apply only to the x and not to the outcome of the division.

The cast is necessary here because there is no implicit conversion from double to int.
When a cast involves a narrowing conversion, information might be lost.

Q. Explain Boxing and Unboxing with reference to value type and reference
type.

Boxing:
Any type, value or reference can be assigned to an object without explicit conversion.
When a compiler fined a value where it needs a reference type, it creates an object
‘box’ into which it places the value of the value type.
Example: -

int m = 10; object om = m;

When executed, this code creates a temporary reference _type ‘box’ for the object on
heap. We can also use a C-style cast for boxing.

int m = 10;
object om = (object) m;

Note that the boxing operation creates a copy of the value of the m integer to the
object om. Both the variables exist but the value of om resides on the heap. This means
that the values are independent of each other.

Example

int m =10;
object om = m;
m = 20;
Console.WriteLine(m); // m= 20 Console .WriteLine(om); //om=10

Unboxing:
Unboxing is the process of converting the object type back to the value type.

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Remember that a variable can be unboxed only if it has been previously boxed. In
contrast to boxing, unboxing is an explicit operation.
Example:-

int m = 100;
object om = m; //boxing int n = (int) om; //unboxing

When performing unboxing, C# checks the value type we request is actually stored in
the object under conversion. Only if it is, the value is unboxed.

Q. List and explain the comparison and logical operators in C#.

Comparison operators:
It is also called as relational operator. They are used to compare at least two operands.
Below is the list of relational operators as follows:

10

Logical operators
Logical operators are used to combine two or more condition. Below is list of logical
operators used in C#.

Q. Explain flow control, explain what is break and continue statement

The statements inside your source files are generally executed from top to bottom, in
the order that they appear. Control flow statements, however, break up the flow of
execution by employing decision making, looping, and branching, enabling your
program to conditionally execute particular blocks of code.

Break Statement
The break statement is used to exit from loops and switch statements. The break
statement terminates the execution control from a loop or a switch statement to the
next statement after the loop or switch statement.
The general format is: Example:-Write a program to generate the following triangle

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1
12
123
using System;
class demo{
public static void Main(){
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
for(int j=1;j<=5;j++){
Console.Write(" "+j);
if(j==i){
break;
}
}
Console.WriteLine(" ");
}
}
}
Continue Statement
The continue statement causes early iteration of a loop. It skips the remaining
statements after the continue statement and moves the execution control to the next
iteration of the loop.
The general format is:
using System;
class demo{
public static void Main(){
for(int i=1;i<=25;i++){
if(i%2!=0){
continue;
}
else{
Console.Write(" "+i);
}
}
}
}
Use the break keyword to stop the loop and the continue keyword to skip one loop cycle
and continue to the next.
using System;
public class Program{
public static void Main(){
Console.WriteLine("Demonstrating the use of break.\n");
for (int x = 1; x < 10; x++){
if (x == 5) break;
Console.WriteLine("Number " + x);
}
Console.WriteLine("\nDemonstrating the use of continue.\n");
for (int x = 1; x < 7; x++){
if (x == 5) continue;
Console.WriteLine("Number " + x);
}
}
}
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Q. Give general form of switch statement. Explain with example.

 The switch statement is similar to if statement in that it executes code conditionally

based on the value of a test. However, switch enables us to test for multiple values
of a test variable in one go, rather than just a single condition.
 This test is limited to discrete values, rather than clauses such as ‘‘greater than X,’’
so its use is slightly different; but it can be a powerful technique.
 The basic structure of a switch statement is as follows:
switch (<testVar>)
{
case<comparisonVal1>:
<code to execute if <testVar> == <comparisonVal1>> break;
case<comparisonVal2>:
<code to execute if <testVar> == <comparisonVal2>> break;

case<comparisonValN>:
<code to execute if <testVar> == <comparisonValN>> break;
default:
<code to execute if <testVar> != comparisonVals> break;
}

Example:

class SwitchEg{
static void Main(string[] args){
const string myName = "karli";
const string brotherName = "john";
const string sisterName = "ploppy";
string name;
Console.WriteLine("What is your name?");
name = Console.ReadLine();
switch (name.ToLower()){
case myName:
Console.WriteLine("You have the same name as me!"); break;
case brotherName:
Console.WriteLine("My, what a sexy name you have!"); break;
case sisterName:
Console.WriteLine("That’s a very silly name."); break;
}
Console.WriteLine("Hello {0}!", name);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Q. Give syntax of foreach loop. Explain with example.

A foreach loop mostly used with array and collection such ArrayList. A foreach loop
enables us to address each element in an array using this simple syntax:

foreach (<baseType><name> in <array>)

{

// can use <name> for each element

This loop will cycle through each element, placing it in the variable <name> in turn,
without danger of accessing illegal elements. We don’t have to worry about how many
elements are in the array, and we can be sure that we get to use each one in the loop.

The main difference between using this method and a standard for loop is that foreach
gives us read- only access to the array contents, so we can’t change the values of any
of the elements.

Example
using System;
class Abc{
static void Main(string[] args){
string[] friendNames = {"Robert Barwell", "Mike Parry", "Jeremy Beacock"};
Console.WriteLine("Here are {0} of my friends:", friendNames.Length);
foreach (string friendName in friendNames){
Console.WriteLine(friendName);
}
Console.ReadKey();
}

Q. Difference between for and foreach loop

A for loop executes a statement or a block of statements repeatedly until a specified

expression evaluates to false. There is need to specify the loop bounds (minimum or
maximum).
Example:
int j = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++){

j= j + i ;

The foreach statement repeats a group of embedded statements for each element in an
array or an object collection. You do not need to specify the loop bounds minimum or
maximum.

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Example:

int j = 0;
int[] tempArr = new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 };
foreach (int i in tempArr ){
j=j+i;
}

Q.Explain variable sized array with suitable example.

OR
Q.Explain jagged array with example.

Jagged array is also called Array of Array or variable sized array. In a jagged array,
each row may have different number of columns.
It is equivalent to an array of variable sized one-dimensional arrays. The Length
property is used to get the length of each one-dimensional array.

A jagged array can be declared and initialized as follows:

datatype[][] arrayname=new datatype[rowsize][];
arrayname[0]=new datatype[]{val1,val2,val3, …};
arrayname[1]=new datatype[]{val1,val2,val3, …};
arrayname[2]=new datatype[]{val1,val2,val3, …};
Example

class numadd{
public static void Main(){
int[][] x=new int[4][];
x[0]=new int[2]{5,13};
x[1]=new int[3]{7,8,11};
x[2]=new int[4]{2,3,4,5};
x[3]=new int[1]{9};
for(int i=0;i<4;i++){
for(int j=0;j<x[i].Length;j++){
Console.Write(x[i][j]+"\t");
}
Console.Write("\n");
}
}
}
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Q. Explain ref parameter and out parameter

Reference Parameter:
It is used as a call by reference in C#. It is used in both places; when we declare a
method and when we call the method. In this example we create a function (cube) and
pass a ref parameter in it, now we look at the value before we call the function and
after we call the function.
Class TryRef{
public void cube(ref int x){
x= x * x * x;
}
}
class Program{
static void Main(string[] args){
TryRef tr = new TryRef();
int y = 5;
Console.WriteLine("The value of y before the function call: " + y);
tr.cube(ref y);
Console.WriteLine("The value of y after the function call: " + y);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

Output Parameter:
Sometimes we do not want to give an initial value to the parameter; in this case we
use the out parameter. The declaration of the out parameter is the same as the ref
parameter. But it is used to
pass the value out of a method. Now we look at the

class TryOut{
public int mul(int a, out int b){
b = a * a;
return b;
}
}
class Program{
static void Main(string[] args){
TryOut to = new TryOut();
int x,y;
x = to.mul(10, out y);
Console.WriteLine("The output is: "+x);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

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Q. Is Multiple Main () allowed in C#? Justify

We can use more than on Main Method in C# program, But there will only one Main
Method which will act as entry point for the program.

using System;
class A{
static void Main(string[] args){
Console.WriteLine("I am from Class A");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
class B{
static void Main(string[] args){
Console.WriteLine("I am from Class B");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
Try to execute Program as given below:

csc filename.cs /main:classname

As in given program there are two classes A and B in which each containing A Main
Method. We may write as.

csc filename.cs /main:A [ for Class A Main Execution ] or, csc filename.cs /main:B [ for
Class B Main Execution ]

Q. Difference between Structures and Classes.

Structure Class
It is value type It is reference type.
Structure stored in stack memory. Class stored in heap memory.
Does not consist of parametrized Consist of parametrized constructor.
constructor.
Does not allow inheritance. Allow inheritance.
Does not consist of destructor. Consist of destructor.
Structure created with help of struct Classes created with the help of class
keyword. keyword.
Example:- struct Book Example:- class Abc
{ {
} }

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Q. Need of enumerator data type in C#

 An enum is a value type with a set of related named constants often referred to
as an enumerator list.
 The enum keyword is used to declare an enumeration. It is a primitive data
type, which is user defined.
 Enums type can be integer (float, int, byte, double etc.). But if you used beside
int it has to be cast.
 The keyword enum is used to create numeric constants in .NET framework.
 There must be a numeric value for each enum type.
 The default underlying type of the enumeration elements is int. By default, the
first enumerator has the value 0, and the value of each successive enumerator is
increased by 1.

Example:-
using System;
enumDays {Sat, Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri};
class Abc{
public static void main(){
Console.WriteLine((int)Days.Wed); Console.WriteLine((Days)4);
}
}

Q. Explain inheritance and polymorphism.

Inheritance
Inheritance is the concept we use to build new classes using the existing class
definitions. Through inheritance we can modify a class the way we want to create new
objects. The original class is known as base or parent class & the modified class is
known as derived or subclass or child class. The
concept of inheritance facilitates the reusability of existing code & thus improves the
integrity of programs & productivity of programmers.

Polymorphism
Polymorphism is the ability to take more than one form. For example, an operation may
exhibit different behavior in different situations. The behavior depends upon the types
of data used on the operation. Polymorphism is extensively used while implementing
inheritance.

Two types
Compile time polymorphism Runtime time polymorphism

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Q. What are sealed classes and sealed methods? Why are they used?

The methods declared with a sealed keyword in its header are known as sealed
methods. Such method provides a complete implementation to its base class virtual
method using the override keyword.
Characteristics
 A method cannot be defined as sealed unless that method is an override of a
method in its base class.
 A sealed method cannot be overridden further.
 Sealed methods are useful to avoid problems caused by overriding the existing
functionality.
 It prevents the user from changing the internal functionality of a class.
Example:
using System;
class A{
public virtual void F(){
Console.WriteLine("A.F");
}
public virtual void G(){
Console.WriteLine("A.G");
}
}
class B: A{
sealed override public void F(){
Console.WriteLine("B.F");
}
override public void G(){
Console.WriteLine("B.G");
}
}
class C: B{
override public void G(){
Console.WriteLine("C.G");
}
}
The class B provides two override methods: an F method that has the sealed modifier
and a G method that does not. B's use of the sealed modifier prevents C from further
overriding F.
Sealed Classes:
 Generally if we create classes we can inherit the properties of that created class
in any class without having any restrictions.
 In some situation we will get requirement like we don’t want to give permission
for the users to derive the classes from it or don’t allow users to inherit the
properties from particular class.
 For that purpose we have keyword called “sealed” in OOPS.
 When we defined class with keyword “Sealed” then we don’t have a chance to
derive that particular class and we don’t have permission to inherit the
properties from that particular class.
 A sealed class cannot be inherited.
 It is an error to use a sealed class as a base class.
 Use the sealed modifier in a class declaration to prevent inheritance of the class.
 It is not permitted to use the abstract modifier with a sealed class.
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Example:
using System;
sealed class MyClass{
public int x; public int y;
}
class MainClass{
public static void Main(){
MyClass mC = new MyClass();
mC.x = 110;
mC.y = 150;
Console.WriteLine("x = {0}, y = {1}", mC.x, mC.y);
}
}

Q. What are the rules in defining a constructor? Explain static constructor with
example.

Rules for constructor:

 A constructor should have the same name as that of its class.
 Constructors can take any number of arguments.
 Constructor cannot return any value.
 A static constructor is used to initialize static variables of a class. It is declared
using the static keyword. A class can have only one static constructor.
Static Constructor:
The general syntax of a static constructor is shown below.
static classname()
{
//static member initializations;
}

 Also note that a static constructor is parameter less and no access modifiers
are allowed with its declaration. The exact timing of static constructor
execution is implementation-dependent, but is subject to the following rules:
 The static constructor for a class executes before any instance of the class is
created.
 The static constructor for a class executes before any of the static members for
the class are referenced.
 The static constructor for a class executes after the static fields initializes for
the class.
 The static constructor for a class executes at most one time during a single
program execution.

Example:
class A{
static A(){
Console.WriteLine("static constructor A is invoked");
}
public static void Main(){
}
}
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Q. Explain various Types of Constructors in C#

Default and Parameterized

 When constructor does not accept any parameter then it is referred as default
constructor or zero parametrized.
 When constructor accepts the parameter then it is referred as parametrized
constructor.
Example:

using System;
class test{
double length, breadth;
public test(){
Console.WriteLine("default cons");
}
public test(double l, double b){
//Console.WriteLine("paramaterized cons");
length = l;
breadth = b;
}
public double area(){
return (length * breadth);
}
}
class testmain{
public static void Main(){
test defaultcon =new test();//calls default cons
test t1 = new test(10.05, 100.45);
double result = t1.area();
Console.WriteLine("area of rectangle-->" + result);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

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Private constructor
Private constructors are used to restrict the instantiation of object using ‘new’ operator.
A private constructor is a special instance constructor. It is commonly used in classes
that contain static members only. This type of constructors is mainly used for creating
singleton object. If you don't want the class to be inherited we declare its constructor
private.
Example:
using System;
class test{
private test(){
Console.WriteLine("private cons ");
}
public test(int x){
Console.WriteLine("non private cons--->"+ x);
}
}
class testmain{
public static void Main(){
test t1 = new test();//Error'test.test()' is inaccessible due to its protection level
test t2 = new test(10);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

Static Constructor
There can be only one static constructor in the class. The static constructor should be
without parameters. It can only access the static members of the class. There should be
no access modifier in static constructor definition.
Example:
using System;
class test{
static int x;
static test(){
Console.WriteLine("static cons ");
x = 10;//set the values for static member here
}
public static void show(){
Console.WriteLine("show of x--->" + x);
}
}
class testmain{
public static void Main(){
test.show();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

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Copy constructor
When constructor accepts the object as parameter then it is referred as copy
constructor.
Example:
using System;
class test{
double length, breadth;
public test(){
Console.WriteLine("default cons");
}
public test(double l, double b){
//Console.WriteLine("paramaterized cons");
length = l;
breadth = b;
}
public test(test t1){
length = t1.length;
breadth = t1.breadth;
}
public double area() {
return (length * breadth);
}
}

class testmain
{
public static void Main(){
test defaultcon = new test();//calls default cons
test t1 = new test(10,10);
double result = t1.area();
Console.WriteLine("area of rectangle t1-->" + result);
test t2 = new test(20, 20);
double result1 = t2.area();
Console.WriteLine("area of rectangle t2-->" + result1);
test t3 = new test(t2);
double result_copy = t3.area();
Console.WriteLine("area of rectangle t3 is copy_con of t2-->" +
result_copy);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

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Q. How multiple inheritance achieved using interfaces?

C# does not support multiple inheritance among classes. However, you can use
interfaces to implement multiple inheritance. The following program demonstrates this:
Example:
using System;
class Shape{
protected int width; protected int height;
public void setWidth(int w){
width = w;
}
public void setHeight(int h){
height = h;
}
}
public interface PaintCost{
int getCost(int area);
}
class Rectangle : Shape, PaintCost{
public int getArea(){
return (width * height);
}
public int getCost(int area){
return area * 70;
}
}
class RectangleTester{
static void Main(string[] args){
Rectangle Rect = new Rectangle();
int area;
Rect.setWidth(5);
Rect.setHeight(7);
area = Rect.getArea();
Console.WriteLine("Total area: {0}", Rect.getArea());
Console.WriteLine("Total paint cost: ${0}" , Rect.getCost(area));
Console.ReadKey();
}
}

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Q. When is explicit interface necessary?

C# does not support multiple inheritances among classes, but a class has the option of
implementing one or more interfaces.
 One challenge with interfaces is that they may include methods that have the
same signatures existing class members or members of other interfaces.
 Explicit interface implementations can be used to disambiguate class and interface
methods that would otherwise conflict.
 Explicit interfaces can also be used to hide the details of an interface that the
class developer considers private.
 To explicitly implement an interface member, just use its fully qualified name in
the declaration.
 A fully qualified interface name takes the form InterfaceName.MemberName
Example:
interface I1{
void A();
}
interface I2{
void A();
}
class C : I1, I2{
public void I1.A(){
Console.WriteLine("A() from I");
}
void I2.A(){
Console.WriteLine("A() from I2");
}
}

Q. Explain the similarities and differences between Interfaces and Abstract

classes

Similarities:
 Both abstract classes and interfaces may contain members that can be inherited
by a derived class.
 Neither interfaces nor abstract classes may be directly instantiated, but we can
declare variables of these types. If we do, we can use polymorphism to assign
objects that inherit from these types to variables of these types.
 In both cases, we can then use the members of these types through these
variables, although we don’t have direct access to the other members of the
derived object.

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Differences:
 Derived classes may only inherit from a single base class, which means that only
a single abstract class can be inherited directly. Conversely, classes can use as
many interfaces as they want
 Abstract classes may possess both abstract members and non-abstract members.
Interface members conversely, must be implemented on the class that uses the
interface they do not possess code bodies.
 Moreover, interface members are by definition public but members of abstract
classes may also be private (as long as they aren’t abstract), protected, internal,
or protected internal. In addition, interfaces can’t contain fields, constructors,
destructors, static members, or constants.

Q. Explain method overriding with example

 Method overriding in C# is achieved through inheritance.

 If a class is inherited by a derived class, then the derived class can override the
base class method. This concept is termed as Method Overriding.
 Method Overriding is implemented in C# using the keywords virtual and
override. The base class method that has to be overridden must be marked as
virtual or abstract (if the base class is an abstract class).
 The derived class method that overrides the base class method should be marked
with the keyword override.
Example:
using System; class A{
public virtual void Test() {
Console.WriteLine("A::Test()");
}
}
class B : A{
public override void Test() {
Console.WriteLine("B::Test()");
}
}
class C : B{
public override void Test() {
Console.WriteLine("C::Test()");
}
}
class Program{
static void Main(string[] args){
A a = new A();
B b = new B();
C c = new C();
a .Test(); // output --> "A::Test()"
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b.Test(); // output --> "B::Test()"

c.Test(); // output --> "C::Test()" a = new B();
a.Test(); // output --> "B::Test()" b = new C();
b.Test(); // output --> "C::Test()" Console.ReadKey();
}
}

Q. Differentiate Overloading and Overriding

Overloading
Method Overloading means having two or more methods with the same name but with
different signature (different parameters list and different type of parameters) in same
class or in different classes. Method Overloading forms compile-time polymorphism.

Overriding
Method overriding means having two methods with same name and same signature,
one method in base class and other method in derived class.
A subclass inherits methods from a base class. Sometimes, it is necessary for the
subclass to modify the methods defined in the base class. This is referred to as method
overriding.
This can be achieved by using the virtual and override keywords. We have to use the
virtual keyword for the method which in base class and override keyword for the
method in subclass.
By default functions are not virtual in C# and so you need to write “virtual” explicitly.

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Q. Explain method hiding with example.

In a C# program a derived class can have methods with the same signature as that of
its base class methods. This hides the base class methods by its derived class
counterparts and gives a warning. This warning can be suppressed by using the new
keyword with the derive class methods. This means that the members of the base class
are made intentionally hidden by the members having the same signature in the
derived class. The new function will never be invoked by a base class pointer.
Example:-
class demo{
public void disp(){
System.Console.WriteLine("From disp method of base class");
}
}

class test:demo{
new public void disp(){
System.Console.WriteLine("From disp method of derived class");
}
public static void Main(){
test t=new test(); t.disp();
}
}

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Q. What is the difference between overriding methods and hiding methods?

Overriding methods:
In method overriding we can override a method in base class by creating similar
method in derived class this can be achieved by using inheritance principle and using
“virtual & override” keywords.
If we want to override base class method then we need to declare base class method
with “virtual” keyword and the method which we created in derived class to override
base class need to declare with “override” keyword like as shown below
Example:-

class SampleA{
public virtual void Show(){
Console.WriteLine("Sample A Test Method");
}
}
class SampleB:SampleA{
public override void Show(){
Console.WriteLine("Sample B Test Method");
}
}
class Program{
static void Main(string[] args){
SampleA a=new SampleA();
SampleB b=new SampleB();
a.Show();
b.Show();
a = new SampleB();
a.Show();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

Hiding methods:
To hide base class methods in derived classes we can declare derived class methods
with new keyword. To use new keyword, we need to write the code like as shown
below
Example:-
class SampleA{
public void Show(){
Console.WriteLine("Sample A Test Method");
}
}
class SampleB:SampleA{
public new void Show(){
Console.WriteLine("Sample B Test Method");
}
}
class Program{
static void Main(string[] args){

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SampleA a=new SampleA();

SampleB b=new SampleB();
a.Show();
b.Show();
a = new SampleB();
a.Show();
Console.ReadLine();
}
}

Q. Define each of the following terms:

Derived class

The functionality of an existing class can be extended by creating a new class from it.
The new class is then called a child class or derived class. The derived class inherits the
properties of the base class.

Abstract class

An Abstract class is a non-instantiable class which is either partially implemented, or

not at all implemented. It can have abstract methods as well as non-abstract methods.
Abstract classes require subclasses to provide implementations for the abstract
methods. It provides default functionality to its sub classes.

Static class

A static class is class whose objects cannot be created and must contain only static
members.

Sealed class

A sealed class is a class which cannot be inherited. In C#, the sealed modifier is used
to define a class as sealed.

Partial class

It is possible to split the definition of a class over two or more source files. Each source
file contains a section of the type or meth

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Q. Write a short note on Assembly.

An assembly in ASP.NET is a collection of single-file or multiple files. The assembly that

has more than one file contains either a dynamic link library (DLL) or an EXE file. The
assembly also contains metadata that is known as assembly manifest.
The assembly manifest contains data about the versioning requirements of the
assembly, author name of the assembly, the security requirements that the assembly
requires to run, and the various files that form part of the assembly.
The biggest advantage of using ASP.NET Assemblies is that developers can create
applications without interfering with other applications on the system. When the
developer creates an application that requires an assembly that assembly will not affect
other applications.
The assembly used for one application is not applied to another application. However,
one assembly can be shared with other applications. In this case the assembly has to
be placed in the bin directory of the application that uses it.

This is in contrast to DLL in the past. Earlier developers used to share libraries of code
through DLL. To use the DLL that is developed by another developer for another
application, we must register that DLL in our machine. In ASP.NET, the assembly is
created by default whenever we build a DLL. We can check the details of the manifest
of the assembly by using classes located in the System.Reflection namespace.

Thus, we can create two types of ASP.NET Assemblies in ASP.NET: private ASP.NET
Assemblies and shared assemblies. Private ASP.NET Assemblies are created when you
build component files like DLLs that can be applied to one application.
Shared ASP.NET Assemblies are created when you want to share the component files
across multiple applications. Shared ASP.NET Assemblies must have a unique name
and must be placed in Global Assembly Cache (GAC). The GAC is located in the
Assembly directory in WinNT. You can view both the manifest and the IL using
ILDisassembler (ildasm.exe).

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Q. List and Explain the Components of assemblies.

An assembly is a fundamental building block of any .NET framework application. It

contains the code that is executed by common language runtime. For example, when
we build a simple C# application, Visual Studio creates an assembly in the form of a
single portable executable (PE) file, specifically an EXE or DLL.
Every assembly has a file called ‘manifest’ file that stores all information about that
assembly. This information’s are known as metadata.

The manifest file contains all the metadata needed to specify the assembly's version
requirements, security identity, and all metadata needed to define the scope of the
assembly and resolve references to resources and classes.
Components of Assembly Manifest
It describes the assembly. The manifest file contains all the metadata needed to
specify the assembly's version requirements, security identity, and all metadata
needed to define the scope of the assembly and resolve references to resources and
classes.

Type Metadata
It contains metadata, which describes each type (class, structure, enumeration, and so
forth)

MSIL
It contains Intermediate language code.

Resources
It contains bitmaps, icons, audios and other types of resources.

Q. Difference between public assembly and private assembly

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Q. How Garbage collector works.

Every time our application instantiates a reference-type object, the CLR allocates space
on the managed heap for that object. However, we never need to clear this memory
manually. As soon as our reference to an object goes out of scope (or our application
ends), the object becomes available for garbage collection. The garbage collector runs
periodically inside the CLR, automatically reclaiming unused memory for inaccessible
objects.

The .NET Framework provides automatic memory management called garbage

collection. A .NET program that runs in a managed environment is provided with this
facility by .NET CLR (common language runtime).
The purpose of using Garbage Collector is to clean up memory. In .NET all dynamically
requested memory is allocated in the heap which is maintained by CLR. The garbage
collector continuously looks for heap objects that have references in order to identify
which ones are accessible from the code. Any objects without reference will be
removed at the time of garbage collection. The Garbage collection is not deterministic.
It is called only when the CLR decides that it is most needed. It happens in a situation
such as the heap for the given process is becoming full and requires a clean-up. In the
common language runtime (CLR), the garbage collector serves as an automatic
memory manager. It provides the following benefits:
 Enables you to develop your application without having to free memory.
 Allocates objects on the managed heap efficiently.
 Reclaims objects that are no longer being used, clears their memory, and keeps
the memory available for future allocations. Managed objects automatically get
clean content to start with, so their constructors do not have to initialize every
data field.
 Provides memory safety by making sure that an object cannot use the content of
another object.
GC.Collect () method:
 This method is used to call garbage collector explicitly. It is used to force a
garbage collection to occur at any time.

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Q. What is namespace? Explain System namespace.

Namespaces are C# program elements designed to help you organize our programs.
They also provide assistance in avoiding name clashes between two sets of code.
Implementing Namespaces in our own code is a good habit because it is likely to save
us from problems later when we want to reuse some of our code.
For example, if we created a class named Console, we would need to put it in our own
namespace to ensure that there wasn't any confusion about when the System.Console
class should be used or when our class should be used. Generally, it would be a bad
idea to create a class named Console, but in many cases your classes will be named
the same as classes in either the .NET Framework Class Library or namespaces help us
to avoid the problems that identical class names would cause. System is fundamental
namespace for C# application. It contains all the fundamental classes and base classes
which are required in simple C# application. These classes and sub classes defines
reference data type, method and interfaces. Some classes provide some other feature
like data type conversion, mathematical function. Some functionality provided by
System namespace
Commonly-used value
Mathematics
Remote and local program invocation
Application environment management
Reference data types
Events and event handlers
Interfaces Attributes Processing exceptions
Data type conversion
Method parameter manipulation

Alias of namespace
Below example demonstrate use of alias where A is alias for System.Console
namespaces.

using A=System.Console;
class Abc{
public static void Main(){
A.Write(“Welcome to C# !!!!”);
}
}

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Q. List and explain the use of any five namespaces in c#.

The System namespace contains fundamental classes and base classes that define
commonly-used value and reference data types, events and event handlers, interfaces,
attributes, and processing exceptions.
 The System.Collections namespace contains interfaces and classes that define
various collections of objects, such as lists, queues, bit arrays, hash tables and
dictionaries.
 The System.Text.RegularExpressions namespace contains classes
like Regex, Match and MatchCollection Class that provide access to the
.NET Framework regular expression engine.
 The System.Data namespace provides access to classes that represent the
ADO.NET architecture. ADO.NET lets you build components that efficiently
manage data from multiple data sources.
 The System.Drawing parent namespace contains types that support basic GDI+
graphics functionality.

Q. What are the different types of collections in .NET? Explain.

Collection: Collections are basically group of records which can be treated as a one
logical unit.
.NET Collections are divided in to four important categories as follows.
 Indexed based.
 Key Value Pair.
 Prioritized Collection.
 Specialized Collection.

Indexed based:
It helps us to access the value by using generated index number by the collection.
ArrayList: A simple resizable, index-based collection of objects.

Key Value Pair: It helps you to access value by the user defined key.
SortedList: A sorted collection of name/value pairs of objects.
Hashtable: A collection of name/value pairs of objects that allows retrieval by name or
index
Prioritized Collection: It helps us to get the element in a particular sequence.
Queue: A first-in, first-out collection of objects
Stack: A last-in, first-out collection of objects

Specialized Collection:
It is very specific collections which are meant for very specific purpose like hybrid
dictionary that start as list and become Hashtable.
StringCollection: A simple resizable collection of strings
StringDictionary: A collection of name/values pairs of strings that allows retrieval by
name or index
ListDictionary: An efficient collection to store small lists of objects
HybridDictionary: A collection that uses a ListDictionary for storage when the number
of items in the collection is small, and then migrate the items to a Hashtable for large
collections
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Q. What is ArrayList? Explain Property and Methods of ArrayList.

ArrayList is a non-generic type of collection in C#. It can contain elements of any data
types. It is similar to an array, except that it grows automatically as you add items in it.
Unlike an array, we don't need to specify the size of ArrayList.

Example: Initialize ArrayList

ArrayList myArryList = new ArrayList();
Example: Add elements into ArrayList
ArrayList arryList1 = new ArrayList();
arryList1.Add(1);
arryList1.Add("Two");
arryList1.Add(3);
arryList1.Add(4.5);

ArrayList arryList2 = new ArrayList();

arryList2.Add(100);
arryList2.Add(200);

//adding entire arryList2 into arryList1 arryList1.AddRange(arryList2);

Example: Insert()
ArrayList myArryList = new ArrayList();
myArryList.Add(1);
myArryList.Add("Two");
myArryList.Add(3);
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myArryList.Add(4.5);
myArryList.Insert(1, "Second Item");
myArryList.Insert(2, 100);

Example: Remove()
ArrayList arryList1 = new ArrayList();
arryList1.Add(100);
arryList1.Add(200);
arryList1.Add(300);
arryList1.Remove(100); //Removes 1 from ArrayList

Example: RemoveAt()
ArrayList arryList1 = new ArrayList();
arryList1.Add(100);
arryList1.Add(200);
arryList1.Add(300);
arryList1.RemoveAt(1); //Removes the first element from an ArrayList

Example: Contains()
ArrayList myArryList = new ArrayList();
myArryList.Add(100);
myArryList.Add("Hello World");
myArryList.Add(300);
Console.WriteLine(myArryList.Contains(100));

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Q. What is generic class? Explain with example.

Generics introduced in C# 2.0. Generics allow us to define a class with placeholders for
the type of its fields, methods, parameters, etc. Generics replace these placeholders
with some specific type at compile time.

A generic class can be defined using angle brackets <>. For example, the following is a
simple generic class with a generic member variable, generic method and property.
Example:
class MyGenericClass<T>{
private T genericMemberVariable;
public MyGenericClass(T value){
genericMemberVariable = value;
}
public T genericMethod(T genericParameter){
Console.WriteLine("Parameter type: {0}, value: {1}",typeof(T).ToString(),genericParameter);
Console.WriteLine("Return type: {0}, value: {1}", typeof(T).ToString(), genericMemberVariable);
return genericMemberVariable;
}

public T genericProperty { get; set; }

}
MyGenericClass<int> intGenericClass = new MyGenericClass<int>(10);
int val = intGenericClass.genericMethod(200);
As we can see in the above code, MyGenericClass is defined with <T>. <> indicates
that MyGenericClass is generic and the underlying type would be defined later, for now
consider it as T. We can take any character or word instead of T.
Output:
Parameter type: int, value: 200 Return type: int, value: 10

Q. How to create and user property in C#.

In C#, properties are nothing but natural extension of data fields. They are usually
known as ' smart fields' in C# community. We know that data encapsulation and hiding
are the two fundamental characteristics of any object-oriented programming language.

In C#, data encapsulation is possible through either classes or structures. By using

various access modifiers like private, public, protected, internal etc it is possible to
control the accessibility of the class members.
Usually inside a class, we declare a data field as private and will provide a set of public
SET and GET methods to access the data fields.
In C#, properties are defined using the property declaration syntax. The general form of
declaring a property is as follows.

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<acces_modifier> <return_type> <property_name>{

get{
}
set{
}
}
Example:
using System;
class MyClass{
private int x; public int X{
get{
return x;
}
set{
x = value;
}
}
}

class MyClient{
public static void Main(){
MyClass mc = new MyClass();
mc.X = 10;
int xVal = mc.X;
Console.WriteLine(xVal);//Displays 10
}
}

Q. What is delegate? Explain the steps to implement delegate in C#.NET.

Delegate:
The dictionary meaning of ‘Delegates’ is “A person acting for another person”. A
delegate in C# is a class type object & is used to invoke a method that has been
encapsulated into it at the time of its creation. Following steps are used to create
delegate:
Delegate declaration
modifier delegate return_type delegate_name(parameters)

Delegate methods definition

modifier function_name(parameters)
{
//statement(s)
}

Delegate instantiation
new delegate_type(expression);

Delegate invocation
Delegate_object (parameters);
Note: signature of delegate and function must be same
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Example:
public delegate void MyDelegate(int , int );
class Abc{
public void Addition(int a, int b){
Console.WriteLine (“Addition :”+(a+b));
}
public void Subtraction(int a, int b) {
Console.WriteLine (“Subtraction :”+(a-b));
}
}
class Xyz{
public static void Main(){
Abc a1=new Abc();
MyDelegate m1=new MyDelegate(a1.Addition);
MyDelegate m2=new MyDelegate(a1.Subtraction);
m1(10,20);
m2(40,5);
Console.Read();
}
}
Q. What is delegate? Explain multiple delegate with example.

Delegate:
A delegate in C# is similar to a function pointer in C or C++. It is a reference type
object that allows the programmer to encapsulate a reference to a method in it. It
defines the return type and signature for a method and can refer to any methods that
are of the same format in the signature.
When same delegate is used to call method multiple time then it is referred as Multicast
delegate or Multiple delegate.
Following are condition for multicast delegate:
 void is used as return type
 Out parameter is not allowed as arguments
Example
public delegate void MyDelegate();
class Abc{
public void Show(){
Console.WriteLine (“New Delhi”);
}
public void Display(){
Console.WriteLine (“New York”);
}
}
class Xyz{
public static void Main(){
Abc a1=new Abc();
MyDelegate m1=new MyDelegate(a1.Show);
MyDelegate m2=new MyDelegate(a1.Display);
m1=m1+m2+m1+m2-m1;
m1();
Console.Read();
}
}
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Q. Delegates in C# are used for Event Handling. Justify this statement with a
relevant example program
Events:
An important C# feature is built upon the foundation of delegates: the event. An event
is, essentially, an automatic notification that some action has occurred. Events work like
this: An object that has an interest in an event registers an event handler for that
event. When the event occurs, all registered handlers are called. Event handlers are
represented by delegates. Events are members of a class and are declared using the
event keyword.

Its most commonly used form is shown here:

event event-delegate event-name;

Here, event-delegate is the name of the delegate used to support the event, and event-
name is the name of the specific event object being declared.
Example:

using System;
delegate void MyEventHandler();
class MyEvent{
public event MyEventHandler SomeEvent;
public void OnSomeEvent() {
if(SomeEvent != null)
SomeEvent();
}
}
class EventDemo{
static void Handler() {
Console.WriteLine("Event occurred");
}
static void Main(){
MyEvent evt = new MyEvent();
evt.SomeEvent += Handler; evt.OnSomeEvent();
}
}

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