MATH 322 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL

METHODS

LECTURE SLIDES
 CHAPTER 1

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

2
 ▪ Populations, Samples,
and Processes.

▪ Pictorial and Tabular

Methods in Descriptive
Statistics.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ▪ Measures of Location.

▪ Measures of Variability

Exercises
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Descriptive statistics are graphical or numerical methods utilized to summarize data in

such away that important features of the sample can be depicted.

 Statistics: Statistics is concerned with scientific methods for collecting, organizing,

summarizing, presenting and analyzing data, drawing valid conclusions and making
reasonable decisions of such analysis. The term ‘stasistics’ is used to denote the data
themselves or numbers derived from data, such as averages. As an example
Employment statistics, Accident statistics can be given.
 Data: A collection of values to be used for statistical analysis.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

 Population: In collecting data it is often impossible or impractical to observe the entire for example
sands on the beach, number of defective bolts produced in a factory in a given day, all possible
outcomes in successive tosses of a fair coin, etc.. Therefore instead of examining the entire group called
the Population (universe), one examines a small part of it which represents the group, called Sample. A
population can be finite or infinite.

 Raw Data: Collected data which does not need to be numerical. i.e. weights of certain set of students,
days of the week, etc.
 Array: Arrangement of raw numerical data in ascending or descending order.

 Range: Maximum data – minimum data.

 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

 Class Interval: A class interval is a division of data for use in Histogram(a type of Bar graph). For
instance, it is possible to partition scores on a 100 point test into class intervals of 1-25, 26-49,
50-74 and 75-100. The end numbers are called class limits; the smaller numbers are Lower
Class Limits (LCL) and the larger numbers are the Upper Class Limits (UCL). The numbers 0.5-
25.5, 25.5-49.5, 49.5-74.5, 74.5-100.5 are called class boundaries. For example 0.5 is a lower
class boundary and 25.5 is an upper class boundary of the first class.

 Class Interval Size (widthness=c): Upper class boundary – lower class boundary.

 Class Frequency: Number of individuals belonging to each class.

 Class Mark(CM): The midpoint of the class interval.

FREQUENCY TABLES (FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS):
The first step in drawing a frequency distribution is to construct a frequency table. A frequency
table is a way of organizing the data by listing every possible score (including those not actually
obtained in the sample) as a column of numbers and the frequency of occurrence of each score
as another. Simply a frequency distribution is an arrangement of data by classes together with
the corresponding class frequency. Computing the frequency of a score is simply a matter of
counting the number of times that score appears in the set of data. It is necessary to include
scores withzero frequency in order to draw the frequency polygons correctly.
General Rules for forming Frequency Distributions:
1. Find the range
2. Divide the range into a convenient number of class intervals having the same size (possible
number of class intervals are changing between 5 and 20).
3. find the class frequencies.
HISTOGRAMS:
What is a Histogram?
A histogram is “a representation of a frequency distribution by means of rectangles whose widths
represent class intervals and whose areas are proportional to the corresponding frequencies.”
Histograms: A histogram is drawn by plotting the scores (midpoints) on the X-axis and the
frequencies on the Y-axis. A bar is drawn for each score value, the width of the bar corresponding to
the real limits of the interval and the height corresponding to the frequency of the occurrence of the
score value
Histogram
16
14 3.2
12

FREQUENCY
10
3.7
8
6
4 4.2
2.7
2 4.7
1.7 2.2
0
1.5-1.9 2.0-2.4 2.5-2.9 3.0-3.4 3.5-3.9 4.0-4.4 4.5-4.9
CLASS MIDPOINTS
BATTERY LİFES (İN YEARS)
 FREQUENCY POLYGONS:

A frequency polygon is drawn exactly like a histogram except that points are drawn rather
than bars. The X-axis begins with the midpoint of the interval immediately lower than the
lowest interval and ends with the interval immediately higher than the highest interval.
Relative Frequency of a class: It is a percentage which is obtained by dividing the frequency of the
class to the total frequency of all classes.

Relative Frequency Distribution: Arrangement of data by classes together with the corresponding
relative frequencies.

Cumulative Frequency: The total frequency of all values less than the upper class boundary of a
given class interval is called the cumulative frequency upto and including that class interval.
Plotting scores on the X-axis and the cumulative frequency on the Y-axis draws the Ogive
(cumulative frequency polygon). The points are plotted at the intersection of the upper class
boundary of the interval and the cumulative frequency
HOW TO DRAW AN OGIVE ?
Class Boundaries Frequency (fi) Class Boundaries Cummulative Frequencies (cfi)
1.45-1.95 2 less then 1.45 0
1.95-2.45 1 less then 1.95 2
2.45-2.95 4 less then 2.45 3
2.95-3.45 15 less then 2.95 7
less then 3.45 22
3.45-3.95 10
less then 3.95 32
3.95-4.45 5 less then 4.45 37
4.45-4.95 3 less then 4.95 40

45
4.95, 40
40 4.45, 37

35 3.95, 32
Cummulative Frequencies (cfi)

30

25 3.45, 22

20

15

10 2.95, 7

5 2.43, 3
1.95, 2
1.45, 0
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Class Boundaries
 HOW TO DRAW AN OGIVE ?
45

4.95, 40
40
4.45, 37

35
3.95, 32

30

Cummulative Frequencies (cfi)

Class Boundaries Frequency (fi)
1.45-1.95 2
25
1.95-2.45 1 3.45, 22
2.45-2.95 4
20
2.95-3.45 15
3.45-3.95 10
3.95-4.45 5 15
4.45-4.95 3

10
Class Boundaries Cummulative Frequencies (cfi) 2.95, 7

less then 1.45 0

5
2.43, 3
less then 1.95 2 1.95, 2
less then 2.45 3 1.45, 0
less then 2.95 7 0
less then 3.45 22 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
Class Boundaries
less then 3.95 32
less then 4.45 37
less then 4.95 40
Relative Cumulative Frequency: This is also called the percentage cumulative frequency which is obtained by
dividing the cumulative frequency to the total frequency. Drawing the X-axis as before and the relative
cumulative frequency on the Y-axis draws the Percentage Ogive (relative cumulative frequency polygon).

Ogive: The graph showing the cumulative frequency less than any upper-class boundary is called a cumulative-
frequency polygon or Ogive.

Cummulative
Cummulative Relative
RelativeCummulative
Cummulative
Percentage Ogive)
Class
ClassBoundaries
Boundaries Frequencies
Frequencies(cfi)
(cfi) Frequencies
Frequencies(cfi/N)
(cfi/N) 1.2

Relative Cummulative Frequencies (cfi/N)

1
less
lessthen
then 1.45
1.45 00 0.000
0.000 1 0.925
less
lessthen
then 1.95
1.95 22 0.050
0.050 0.8
0.8
less
lessthen
then 2.45
2.45 33 0.075
0.075
0.55
0.6
less
lessthen
then 2.95
2.95 77 0.175
0.175
less
lessthen
then 3.45
3.45 22
22 0.550
0.550 0.4

less 0.175
lessthen
then 3.95
3.95 32
32 0.800
0.800 0.2
0.05 0.075
less
lessthen
then 4.45
4.45 37
37 0.925
0.925 0
0
less
lessthen
then 4.95
4.95 40
40 1.000
1.000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Class Boundaries
EXAMPLE 1.1:
The frequency distribution of the ages of sample of 400 diabetics obtained by a research physician are
given below
MEASURES OF LOCATION

The Sample Mean: One obvious and very useful measure is the Sample Mean. The mean is simply a
numerical average.

The Sample Median: The sample median is

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY(DISPERSION)

Dispersion: The degree to which nimerical data tend to spread about an average value is called the dispersion
or variation. The most common measures of dispersions are range,variance and standard deviation.

Sample Range: The simplest measure of variability (dispersion) is the sample range Xmax - Xmin .

Definition:
EXAMPLE 2:
A manufacturer of electronic components is interested in determining the lifetime of a certain type of
battery. A sample, in hour of life, is as follows:
123, 116, 122, 110, 175, 126, 125, 111, 118, 117

(a) Find the sample mean and median.

(b) Find the sample variance, standard deviation and the range.
MEAN AND VARIANCE COMPUTED FROM GROUPED DATA:

Mean: If 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , ⋯ , 𝑥𝑘 occur 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , ⋯ , 𝑓𝑘 times, respectively (i.e. occur with frequencies 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , ⋯ , 𝑓𝑘 ),

the arithmetic mean is

Variance: If 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , ⋯ , 𝑥𝑘 occur with frequencies 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , ⋯ , 𝑓𝑘 respectively, the variance can be written as

EXAMPLE 3:
Use the given frequency distribution of the weights of the 100 students at XYZ University to find the
mean, variance and the standard deviation.
EXAMPLE 4:
The following data represents the age of the buildings (in years) of a given area in Lefkosa

(a) Construct the frequency table using the following classes: 2-7, 8-13, 14-19, 20-25, 26-31, 32-37.
(b) Draw the relative cumulative frequency Histogram and the Percentage Ogive.
(c) Estimate the percentage of houses whose age is under 15 years.
a) Class Frequencies
Intervals
2-7 6
8-13 10
14-19 7
20-25 4
26-31 2
32-37 1
b) Percentage Ogive
Class Cumulative Relative Cumulative
Boundaries Ferquencies Frequencies 1.20
31.5, 0.97 37.5, 1

RELATIVE CUMULATIVE
< 1.5 0 0.00 25.5, 0.9
< 7.5 6 0.20
1.00
19.5, 0.77

FREQUENCIES
< 13.5 16 0.53 0.80
< 19.5 23 0.77 13.5, 0.53
0.60
< 25.5 27 0.90
< 31.5 29 0.97 0.40 7.5, 0.2
< 37.5 30 1 0.20 1.5, 0
0.00
(15−13.5) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
c) 6+10+ × 7 = 17.75 ≈ 18
6 CLASS BOUNDARIES
Example: Complete the tables given below.
Example: The marks obtained by 40 students out of 50 in a class are given below in the
table. Find the mode of the below data.

Marks (in $) 42 36 30 45 50
Number of
7 10 13 8 2
Students

Example: The runs scored in a cricket match by 11 players is as follows:

7, 16, 121, 51, 101, 81, 1, 16, 9, 11, 16

Find the mean, mode, median of this data.

Mean = 39 1/11;
Mode = 16;
Median = 16